Antarctic ices shelves in a changing climate - Jenkins, Adrian (Ice and climate news, 2008)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; isshelf

Decline in energy storage in the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in the Southern Ocean - Konishi, Kenji; Tamura, Tsutomu; Zenitani, Ryoko; Bando, Takeharu; Kato, Hidehiro; Walløe, Lars (Polar Biology, 2008)
The annual trend in energy storage in the Antarctic minke whale was examined using catch data from all 18 survey years in the Japanese Whale Research Program (JARPA). Regression analyses clearly showed that blubber thickness, girth and fat weight have been decreasing for nearly 2 decades. The decrease per year is estimated at approximately 0.02 cm for mid-lateral blubber thickness and 17 kg for fat weight, corresponding to 9% for both measurements over the 18-year period. Furthermore, "date", "extent of diatom adhesion", "sex", "body length", "fetus length", "latitude", "age" and "longitude" were all identified as partially independent predictors of blubber thickness. The direct interpretation of this substantial decline in energy storage in terms of food availability is difficult, since no long-term krill abundance series is available. However, an increase in the abundance of krill feeders other than minke whales and a resulting decrease in the krill population must be considered as a likely explanation.
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvaler; krill; marin biologi; plankton; vågehvaler

Crustal structure and tectonic provinces of the Riiser-Larsen Sea area (East Antarctica): results of geophysical studies - Leitchenkov, German; Guseva, J; Gandyukhin, V; Grikurov, G; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Sand, M; Golynsky, A; Aleshkova, N (Marine Geophysical Researches, 2008)
Keywords: Sørishavet; kontinentalmargin; marin geofysikk; seismologi; stratigrafi

Halo of ice deformation observed over the Maud Rise seamount - Lindsay, Ronald; Kwok, Ronald; de Steur, Laura; Meier, Walt (Geophysical Research Letters, 2008)
A distinctive halo of sea ice deformation was observed above the Maud Rise seamount in the eastern Weddell Sea in the winter of 2005. The deformation halo is coincident with a halo of low mean ice concentration that is often observed in the region. Monthly mean ice vorticity estimates for the months July through November reveal the deformation zone most clearly in an arc about 100 km northwest of the seamount where there is a strong gradient in the bathymetry at depths of 3000–5000 m. The deformation was computed from satellite-based ice motion vectors derived from Envisat Synthetic Aperture Radar backscatter images. The deformation halo is evidence of a Taylor cap circulation over the seamount, which has been described and analyzed with modeling studies and concurrent oceanographic observations obtained during an extensive field campaign.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havis; havstrømmer; hydrografi; oseanografi; sjøis; vannvirvler

Wintertime ocean conditions over the southern Weddell Sea continental shelf, Antarctica - Nicholls, Keith W; Boehme, Lars; Biuw, Martin; Fedak, Michael A (Geophysical Research Letters, 2008)
During the austral winter of 2007 a Weddell Seal tagged with a miniaturized conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) instrument travelled over the central southern Weddell Sea continental shelf. The instrument yielded 750 CTD profiles, 250 of them to the sea floor. The data show a full depth flow of water onto the shelf via a sill at the shelf break (74°S 44°W). The warmth from the core of the flow was able to maintain the surface mixed layer above the freezing point, resulting in a band of reduced ice-production. An estimate of the on-shelf flux suggests that this flow accounts for most of the estimated 3 Sv of water draining from the southern Weddell Sea continental shelf.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; kontinentalsokkel; marin zoologi; oseanografi; saltinnhold; seler; temperatur

Hilsen fra Sørishavet - Pedersen, Ronald (Berlevågingen, 2008)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; krill; marinbiologi; teknologi

Comparison of contemporary and fossil diatom assemblages from the western Antarctic Peninsula shelf - Pike, Jennifer; Allen, Claire S.; Leventer, Amy; Stickley, Catherine E.; Pudsey, Carol J. (Marine Micropaleontology, 2008)
During the past ten years, the Antarctic Peninsula has been identified as the most rapidly warming region of the Southern Hemisphere and it is important to place this warming in the context of the natural climate and oceanographic variability of the recent geological past. Many biological proxies, such as marine diatom assemblages, have been used to determine Southern Ocean palaeoceanographic conditions during the Late Quaternary, however, few investigations have attempted to link observations of modern floras with the fossil record. In this study we examine a suite of modern austral spring (December 2003) and summer (February 2002) surface water samples from along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) continental shelf and compare these to core-top, surface sediment samples. Using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of diatom abundance data we investigate the relationship of contemporary diatom floras with the fossil record. This multivariate analysis reveals that our modern assemblages can be divided into three groups: summer southern WAP sites, summer northern WAP sites, and spring WAP sites. Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important environmental variable for explaining seasonal differences in diatom assemblages between spring and summer, but sea surface salinity (SSS) is more important for understanding temporally-equivalent regional variations in assemblage. Our summer diatom samples are more reminiscent of early season assemblages, reflecting the unusually late sea ice retreat from the region that year. When the modern assemblages are compared to the fossil record, it is clear that most of the important diatoms from the summer assemblage are not preserved into the sediments, and that the fossil record more closely reflects spring assemblages. This observation is important for any future attempts to quantitatively reconstruct palaeoceanographic conditions along the WAP during the Late Quaternary and highlights the need for many more such studies in order to address longer timescales, such as interannual variability, in the context of the fossil record.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestantarktis; diatomeer; marin biologi; marin geologi; mikropaleontologi; paleoseanografi

Helse og helbred sønnafor verden. Litt om legetjenester og helsetilstand blant hvalfangere - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Mdisinhistorie til sjøs, 2008)
Keywords: Sørishavet; helsevesenet; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk

The Cosmonaut Sea Wedge - Solli, Kenneth; Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Leitchenkov, German; Guseva, J; Gandyukhin, V (Marine Geophysical Researches, 2008)
Keywords: Sørishavet; kontinentalmargin; marin geofysikk; sedimenter

Rødt gull i Sørishavet - Stephansen, Susanne Moen (Polaråret: et magasin om det internasjonale polaråret 2007-2008, 2008)
En rekelignende skapning i Sørishavet er Kjell Inge Røkkes nye yndling. Den kan nemlig brukes i alt fra slankemidler til fiskefôr. Men vet vi nok om krill til å slippe trålerne løs? Forskningsskipet G.O. Sars har vært på tokt for å finne u mer.
Keywords: Sørishavet; krill; marin biologi

Land-fast ice variation during the past five decades: Lützow-Holm Bay, Antarctica - Ushio, Shuki (Ice and climate news, 2008)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; isshelf

Blocking primers to enhance PCR amplification of rare sequences in mixed samples – a case study on prey DNA in Antarctic krill stomachs - Vestheim, Hege; Jarman, Simon N. (Frontiers in Zoology, 2008)
Identification of DNA sequence diversity is a powerful means for assessing the species present in environmental samples. The most common molecular strategies for estimating taxonomic composition depend upon PCR with universal primers that amplify an orthologous DNA region from a range of species. The diversity of sequences within a sample that can be detected by universal primers is often compromised by high concentrations of some DNA templates. If the DNA within the sample contains a small number of sequences in relatively high concentrations, then less concentrated sequences are often not amplified because the PCR favours the dominant DNA types. This is a particular problem in molecular diet studies, where predator DNA is often present in great excess of food-derived DNA.
Keywords: Scotiahavet; Sørishavet; genetikk; genetisk analyse; krill; marin biologi; plankton; taksonomi

Seasonal forecast of Antarctic sea ice and beyond - Yuan, Xiaojun (Ice and climate news, 2008)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis

Liksomoppdagerne i Antarktis - Aasheim, Stein P (Snø & ski: årbok, 2007)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner

Growth rate and its variability in erect Antarctic bryozoans - Barnes, David K. A.; Webb, Karen E.; Linse, Katrin (Polar Biology, 2007)
Climate is altering rapidly in parts of the Arctic and Antarctic but we know little about how marine organisms are responding to, or might respond to such changes. Knowledge of within-taxon variability is the vital context (currently missing) to interpretation of environmental signals. We investigated growth in six species and three genera of erect Antarctic bryozoans, an ideal model taxon to investigate such response. Cellarinella margueritae, C. nodulata, C. rogickae, C. watersi, Melicerita obliqua and Stomhypselosaria watersi, extended 3.4, 5.2, 4.6, 4.1, 4.9 and 4.5 mm year(-1) and synthesised 24, 55, 45, 176, 34 and 46 mg CaCO3 year(-1), respectively. The maximum ages of these species ranged from 11 to 15 years except M. obliqua, which reached 32 years. This is the first investigation of growth rates of closely related Antarctic invertebrate species and reports the slowest growth rates of bryozoans known from anywhere to date. Our data coupled with that from literature shows that Antarctic bryozoan growth varies << 10(1) between species, 10(1) between genera, 10(2) between morphologies and is similar to 10(1) slower than in tropical or temperate regions. However, within encrusting types the slowest growing species grow at similar rates from poles to tropics. Age was a strong confounding factor across our Antarctic study species but age-standardised data showed a possible decline in annual growth from 1992 to 2003. We identify several factors increasing this environmental signal strength, including (1) the importance of generic (though not necessarily species) identification and (2) use of dry-mass or ash-free dry-mass as the measures of growth.
Keywords: Sørishavet; bryozoa; klimaendringer; marin biologi; mosdyr

Variations in behavior and condition of a Southern Ocean top predator in relation to in situ oceanographic conditions - Biuw, Martin; Boehme, L.; Guinet, C.; Hindell, M.; Costa, D.; Charrassin, J.-B.; Roquet, F.; Bailleul, F.; Meredith, M.; Thorpe, S.; Tremblay, Y.; McDonald, B.; et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007)
Responses by marine top predators to environmental variability have previously been almost impossible to observe directly. By using animal-mounted instruments simultaneously recording movements, diving behavior, and in situ oceanographic properties, we studied the behavioral and physiological responses of southern elephant seals to spatial environmental variability throughout their circumpolar range. Improved body condition of seals in the Atlantic sector was associated with Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling regions within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, whereas High-Salinity Shelf Waters or temperature/salinity gradients under winter pack ice were important in the Indian and Pacific sectors. Energetic consequences of these variations could help explain recently observed population trends, showing the usefulness of this approach in examining the sensitivity of top predators to global and regional-scale climate variability.
Keywords: Sørishavet; marin biologi; oseanografi; sjøelefanter

Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossii) annual distribution, diving behaviour, breeding and moulting, off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica - Blix, Arnoldus Schytte; Nordøy, Erling S. (Polar Biology, 2007)
Six out of ten adult Ross seals that were tagged with Argos satellite-linked dive recorders off Queen Maud Land, just after the moult in February, provided data on location and diving activity throughout a year. Shortly after tagging, the animals headed 2,000 km north and stayed pelagic in the area south of the Antarctic Polar Front, until October when they went south into the pack-ice. Throughout the year they made about 100 dives a day, most to a depth of 100–300 m, the deepest dive on record being 792 m, while some dives were very shallow during their stay in the pack-ice. Most dives, outside the breeding and moulting period, lasted for 5–15 min throughout the year. This diving behaviour is consistent with feeding on mid-water fish, like Pleurogramma antarcticum, squid, and to some extent krill (Euphausia superba), when in the pack-ice, and myctophid fish and several species of squid, when in the open ocean. The nursing period was 13 days in mid-November, and moulting occurs in late January–early February, which is the period when sightings surveys for this species should be done.
Keywords: Sørishavet; marin biologi; pinnipedier; satellittsendere; seler; telemetri; zoologi

Fra selfangstskuter til vitenskapelige ekspedisjonsskip. Svend Foyn og ishavsekspansjonen fra Sør-Norge - Christensen, Olav (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årbok, 2007)
Keywords: Carl Anton Larsen; Nordmenn; Sørishavet; Vestfold; ekspedisjoner; fangst; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; vitenskap

Diversity and species distribution of polychaetes, isopods and bivalves in the Atlantic sector of the deep Southern Ocean - Ellingsen, Kari E.; Brandt, Angelika; Ebbe, Brigitte; Linse, Katrin (Polar Biology, 2007)
We examined deep-sea benthic data on polychaetes, isopods and bivalves from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Samples were taken during the expeditions EASIZ II (1998), ANDEEP I and II (2002) (depth: 742-6,348 m). The range between sites varies from 3 to 1,900 km. Polychaetes (175 species in total) and isopods (383 species) had a high proportion of species restricted to one or two sites (72 and 70%, respectively). Bivalves (46 species) had a higher proportion of species represented at more sites. Beta diversity (Whittaker and Jaccard) was higher for polychaetes and isopods than for bivalves. The impact of depth on species richness was not consistent among groups; polychaetes showed a negative relationship to depth, isopods displayed highest richness in the middle depth range (2,000-4,000 m), whereas bivalves showed no clear relationship to depth. Species richness was not related to latitude (58-74 degrees S) or longitude (22-60 degrees W) for any group.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; flerbørstemarker; isopoder; marin biologi; muslinger; skjell; tanglus

Marine-sedimentary geology - Kuhn, Gerhard; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Hass, Christian; Lensch, Norbert; Forwick, Matthias; Daniel, Kristin; Kober, Martin; Krüger, Stefan; Petitat, Manuel; Veit, Andreas (The Expedition ANT-XXIII/4 of the Research Vessel Polarstern in 2006, 2007)
Dynamic behaviour of the West Antarctic ice sheet in the Amundsen Sea Embayment during the later quaternary climatic cycles, pliocene to quaternary palaeoceanography in the Southwest Pacific, and holocene climate history of Maxwell Bay, King George Island.
Keywords: Sørishavet; havnivåstigning; innlandsis; klimaendringer; marin geologi; oseanografi

Modulation of the bipolar seesaw in the Southeast Pacific during Termination 1 - Lamy, Frank; Kaiser, Jérôme; Arz, Helge W; Hebbeln, Dierk; Ninnemann, Ulysses; Timm, Oliver; Timmermann, Axel; Toggweiler, J R (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007)
The termination of the last ice age (Termination 1; T1) is crucial for our understanding of global climate change and for the validation of climate models. There are still a number of open questions regarding for example the exact timing and the mechanisms involved in the initiation of deglaciation and the subsequent interhemispheric pattern of the warming. Our study is based on a well-dated and high-resolution alkenone-based sea surface temperature (SST) record from the SE-Pacific off southern Chile (Ocean Drilling Project Site 1233) showing that deglacial warming at the northern margin of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system (ACC) began shortly after 19,000 years BP (19 kyr BP). The timing is largely consistent with Antarctic ice-core records but the initial warming in the SE-Pacific is more abrupt suggesting a direct and immediate response to the slowdown of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation through the bipolar seesaw mechanism. This response requires a rapid transfer of the Atlantic signal to the SE-Pacific without involving the thermal inertia of the Southern Ocean that may contribute to the substantially more gradual deglacial temperature rise seen in Antarctic ice-cores. A very plausible mechanism for this rapid transfer is a seesaw-induced change of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system of the ACC and the southern westerly wind belt. In addition, modelling results suggest that insolation changes and the deglacial CO2 rise induced a substantial SST increase at our site location but with a gradual warming structure. The similarity of the two-step rise in our proxy SSTs and CO2 over T1 strongly demands for a forcing mechanism influencing both, temperature and CO2. As SSTs at our coring site are particularly sensitive to latitudinal shifts of the ACC/southern westerly wind belt system, we conclude that such latitudinal shifts may substantially affect the upwelling of deepwater masses in the Southern Ocean and thus the release of CO2 to the atmosphere as suggested by the conceptual model of [Toggweiler, J.R., Rusell, J.L., Carson, S.R., 2006. Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during ice ages. Paleoceanography 21. doi:10.1029/2005PA001154].
Keywords: Sørishavet; Sørishavsstrømmen; havstrømmer; oseanografi; paleoklimatologi

Kap. 4. Is og snø smelter. Kap. 5. Øyer og lavland kan drukne - Mathismoen, Ole; Ulvestad, Knut Ola (bildered.); Lie, Maya (bildered.) (Klima : hva skjer?, 2007)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; drivhuseffekten; global oppvarming; havnivåstigning; klimaendringer

The Southern Ice Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (SIOMIP) - O'Farrell, Siobhan (Ice and climate news, 2007)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; glasiologi; havis

A seismo-stratigraphic analysis of glaciomarine deposits in the eastern Riiser-Larsen Sea (Antarctica) - Solli, Kenneth; Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Leitchenkov, German; Guseva, J; Gandjukhin, V (Marine Geophysical Researches, 2007)
Keywords: Sørishavet; innlandsis; kontinentalsokkel; seismologi; stratigrafi

Hval og politikk : hvalfangstnæringens rolle i utformingen av den norske hvalfangstpolitikken på 1950-tallet - Thorsen, Eivind; Kolle, Nils (Universitetet i Bergen, 2007)
Siste halvdel av 1950-tallet var en viktig periode i norsk hvalfangst. Norge, som tidligere hadde vært den dominerende hvalfangstnasjonen, var som resultat av hard konkurranse kommet på defensiven i forhold til de andre hvalfangstnasjonene. Den høye hvaloljeprisen, som blant annet var forårsaket av Europas fettbehov i kjølvannet av den andre verdenskrig, resulterte i at nye nasjoner etter krigen engasjerte seg i hvalfangst. For å sikre seg en størst mulig andel av totalkvoten ønsket Sovjetunionen og Japan nå å foreta en kraftig utbygging av sine fangstflåter, noe som ville gjøre situasjonen enda vanskeligere for den norske hvalfangstnæringen. Det var av største viktighet at denne ekspansjonen ble stoppet, siden dette spørsmålet i norske hvalfangstkretser ble oppfattet som et være eller ikke være for norsk hvalfangst. De norske hvalfangstselskapene startet derfor en kampanje for å få regjeringen til å stanse de to landenes utbyggingsplaner. Mitt hovedfokus i denne oppgaven vil være å belyse hvalfangstnæringens rolle i utformingen av den norske hvalfangstpolitikken på 1950-tallet. For å kunne gi et svar på dette spørsmålet har jeg tatt for meg to av hvalfangstpolitikkens viktigste saker dette tiåret. Den første dreier seg om den nevnte kampen for å stanse Sovjetunionens og Japans ekspansjonsplaner, mens den andre dreier seg om kampen for en ordning med nasjonale kvoter. En studie av disse to sakene gir også innsyn i næringen som helhet. I tillegg til å kartlegge hvalfangstnæringens politiske innflytelse vil det også være viktig å gi en fremstilling av utviklingen innen hvalfangstreguleringen i denne perioden, altså siste halvdel av 1950-tallet. Med begrepet norsk hvalfangstpolitikk, mener jeg den politikken regjeringen utformet og som blant annet ble presentert på de årlige møtene i Den internasjonale hvalfangskommisjonen (IWC). For å kunne gi et godt svar på problemstillingen er det nødvendig å besvare flere underliggende spørsmål. Hvalfangstselskapene organiserte seg tidlig gjennom dannelsen av Norges Hvalfangstforbund. Dette var en organisasjon som kjempet for at hvalfangstredernes interesser ble ivaretatt. Hvalfangstrederne var i tillegg representert i Hvalrådet. Dette var et statlig organ som hadde en rådgivende funksjon i regjeringens utarbeidelse av den norske hvalfangstpolitikken. Følgende spørsmål blir derfor viktige i mitt arbeid: Hvilken rolle spilte Norges Hvalfangstforbund i utformingen av den norske hvalfangstpolitikken? Hvordan opererte næringens representanter for å få gjennomslag for sine interesser i Hvalrådet? Det vil også være nødvendig å kartlegge sammenhengen mellom Hvalrådet og regjeringen. I hvilken grad var Hvalrådets uttalelser utslagsgivende for den endelige norske hvalfangstpolitikken? Bortsett fra tiden da Norge stod utenfor Den internasjonale hvalfangstkonvensjonen, sendte landet hvert år en delegasjon til kommisjonens årlige møter. Det vil være viktig å undersøke i hvilken grad næringen var representert i disse delegasjonene. Møtte den norske delegasjonen med bundet mandat, eller hadde den en viss frihet til å forhandle? Mot slutten av oppgaven ønsker jeg å se komparativt på hvalfangstnæringens politiske innflytelse i forhold til landbruket og fiskerinæringen i den samme perioden. Oppnådde hvalfangstnæringen større politisk innflytelse sammenliknet med disse næringene, og hva skyldtes i tilfelle dette?
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk; politikk

Det første forskningstoktet til Antarktis - Tofte, Kari Østervold (Polaråret: et magasin om det internasjonale polaråret 2007-2008, 2007)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; marin biologi

Quantitative analysis of soft-bottom molluscs in the Bellingshausen Sea and around Peter I Island - Troncoso, Jesús S; Aldea, Cristian; Arnaud, Patrick; Ramos, Ana; García, Francisco (Polar Research, 2007)
Macrobenthic soft-bottom molluscs were sampled in 30 stations located in the Bellingshausen Sea at depths ranging from 90 to 3304 m. The samples were collected using a quantitative grab box-corer during the cruises BENTART 03, from 24 January to 3 March 2003, and BENTART 06, from 2 January to 16 February 2006. Molluscs represent 1074 specimens belonging to 62 species of Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Scaphopoda. The bivalve Cyamiocardium denticulatum was the most abundant species (448 specimens). The abundance per station varied between 1 and 446 specimens. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index ranged between one specimen and 2.36, the Pielou evenness index ranged between 0.00 and 1 and species richness ranged from 1 to 14 species. Diversity showed great variations at different stations. After multivariate analysis (cluster analysis and nonmetrical multidimensional scaling) based on Bray–Curtis similarities, we were able to separate two principal clusters. The first cluster groups together species from shallower bottoms near Peter I Island and the Antarctic Peninsula, and the second cluster groups together species from deeper bottoms in the Bellingshausen Sea. The combination of environmental variables with the highest correlations with faunistic data was that of depth and coarse sand at the surface.
Keywords: Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; bløtdyr; marin biologi; marine økosystemer; mollusker; oseanografi

International Workshop on Antarctic Sea-Ice Thickness, Hobart, Tasmania, 5-7 July 2006 - Worby, Tony; Ackley, Steve (Ice and climate news, 2007)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; konferanser

Antarctic sea ice processes and climate program, The International Polar Year - Ackley, Steve; Worby, Tony (Ice and climate news, 2006)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; glasiologi; havis; klima

Crustacea in Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice: Distribution, Diet and Life History Strategies - Arndt, Carolin E.; Swadling, Kerrie M. (Advances in Marine Biology, 2006)
This review concerns crustaceans that associate with sea ice. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing and contrasting the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice habitats, and the subsequent influence of these environments on the life history strategies of the crustacean fauna. Sea ice is the dominant feature of both polar marine ecosystems, playing a central role in physical processes and providing an essential habitat for organisms ranging in size from viruses to whales. Similarities between the Arctic and Antarctic marine ecosystems include variable cover of sea ice over an annual cycle, a light regimen that can extend from months of total darkness to months of continuous light and a pronounced seasonality in primary production. Although there are many similarities, there are also major differences between the two regions: The Antarctic experiences greater seasonal change in its sea ice extent, much of the ice is over very deep water and more than 80% breaks out each year. In contrast, Arctic sea ice often covers comparatively shallow water, doubles in its extent on an annual cycle and the ice may persist for several decades. Crustaceans, particularly copepods and amphipods, are abundant in the sea ice zone at both poles, either living within the brine channel system of the ice‐crystal matrix or inhabiting the ice–water interface. Many species associate with ice for only a part of their life cycle, while others appear entirely dependent upon it for reproduction and development. Although similarities exist between the two faunas, many differences are emerging. Most notable are the much higher abundance and biomass of Antarctic copepods, the dominance of the Antarctic sea ice copepod fauna by calanoids, the high euphausiid biomass in Southern Ocean waters and the lack of any species that appear fully dependent on the ice. In the Arctic, the ice‐associated fauna is dominated by amphipods. Calanoid copepods are not tightly associated with the ice, while harpacticoids and cyclopoids are abundant. Euphausiids are nearly absent from the high Arctic. Life history strategies are variable, although reproductive cycles and life spans are generally longer than those for temperate congeners. Species at both poles tend to be opportunistic feeders and periods of diapause or other reductions in metabolic expenditure are not uncommon.
Keywords: Sørishavet; copepoder; crustacea; havis; krill; marin biologi; plankton; polarområdene; sjøis

In the wake of Tønnessen and Johnsen : trends in whaling history research after 1970 - Basberg, Bjørn L. (Whaling and History II : new perspectives, 2006)
In 1970 the fourth and final volume of Arne Odd Johnsen and Joh. N. Tønnessens’s Den moderne hvalfangsts historie was published. The work represented a milestone in the writing about the development of the 20th century whaling industry. This paper reviews the literature that has been published in Norway and internationally on the history of modern whaling after Johnsen and Tønnessen, and analyses the focus, trends and direction in the research and writing on whaling history in the period.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; hvalfangstindustri; litteratur; pelagisk hvalfangst

The black book of 1913 - a means of disciplining whaling employees - Børresen, Dag Ingemar (Whaling and History II : new perspectives, 2006)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; hvalfangere; pelagisk hvalfangst

The biodiversity of the deep Southern Ocean benthos - Brandt, A; De Broyer, C; De Mesel, I; Ellingsen, K.E; Gooday, A.J; Hilbig, B; Linse, K; Thomson, M.R.A; Tyler, P.A (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2006)
Our knowledge of the biodiversity of the Southern Ocean (SO) deep benthos is scarce. In this review, we describe the general biodiversity patterns of meio-, macro- and megafaunal taxa, based on historical and recent expeditions, and against the background of the geological events and phylogenetic relationships that have influenced the biodiversity and evolution of the investigated taxa. The relationship of the fauna to environmental parameters, such as water depth, sediment type, food availability and carbonate solubility, as well as species interrelationships, probably have shaped present-day biodiversity patterns as much as evolution. However, different taxa exhibit different large-scale biodiversity and biogeographic patterns. Moreover, there is rarely any clear relationship of biodiversity pattern with depth, latitude or environmental parameters, such as sediment composition or grain size. Similarities and differences between the SO biodiversity and biodiversity of global oceans are outlined. The high percentage (often more than 90%) of new species in almost all taxa, as well as the high degree of endemism of many groups, may reflect undersampling of the area, and it is likely to decrease as more information is gathered about SO deep-sea biodiversity by future expeditions. Indeed, among certain taxa such as the Foraminifera, close links at the species level are already apparent between deep Weddell Sea faunas and those from similar depths in the North Atlantic and Arctic. With regard to the vertical zonation from the shelf edge into deep water, biodiversity patterns among some taxa in the SO might differ from those in other deep-sea areas, due to the deep Antarctic shelf and the evolution of eurybathy in many species, as well as to deep-water production that can fuel the SO deep sea with freshly produced organic matter derived not only from phytoplankton, but also from ice algae.
Keywords: Sørishavet; bentos; biodiversitet; biogeografi; marin biologi

Entanglement of Antarctic fur seals at Bouvetøya, Southern Ocean - Greg Hofmeyr, G.J.; Bester, Marthán N.; Kirkman, Steve P.; Lydersen, Christian; Kovacs, Kit M. (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2006)
Entanglements of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella were recorded during four summers from 1996 to 2002 at the subantarctic island, Bouvetøya. Rates of entanglement varied between 0.024% and 0.059%. These rates are low for a pinniped population and might be because of the geographic isolation of the haulout site. An apparent decrease in the levels of entanglement over the course of the study was likely due, at least in part, to the removal of entanglements by observers. At least two-thirds of entangling materials were generated by fishery sources. Since there is no known local source of anthropogenic marine pollution, seals become entangled either in waters distant from the island, or when materials drift into local waters. Significantly more subadults were found entangled than expected from the postulated population age class distribution.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; marin biologi; marin forurensning; pelsseler; pinnipedier

the Antarctic buoy program faces new challenges - Haas, Christian (Ice and climate news, 2006)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; klima

Fra Stangsgate til Sørishavet - Henningsen, Rune (Broen: aasgaardstrandiana, 2006)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst

Cetacean feeding, growth and energetics in relation to the marine ecosystem - implications for management? - Lockyer, Christina (Whaling and History II : new perspectives, 2006)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvaler; hvalfangst; marin biologi; marine økosystemer

Norwegian-Japanese whaling relations in the early 20th century : a case of successful technology transfer - Mageli, Eldrid (Scandinavian Journal of History, 2006)
Keywords: Japan; Norge; Sørishavet; hvalindustri; pelagisk hvalfangst

Bjarne Aagaard and his Crusade against Pelagic Whaling in the late 1920s - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Whaling and History II : new perspectives, 2006)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk hvalfangst

Comparison of the microalgal community within fast ice at two sites along the Ross Sea coast, Antarctica - Ryan, K.G.; Hegseth, E.N.; Martin, A.; Davy, S.K.; O'Toole, R.; Ralph, P.J.; McMinn, A.; Thorn, C.J. (Antarctic Science, 2006)
Diverse microbial communities survive within the sea ice matrix and are integral to the energy base of the Southern Ocean. Here we describe initial findings of a four season survey (between 1999–2004) of community structure and biomass of microalgae within the sea ice and in the underlying water column at Cape Evans and Cape Hallett, in the Ross Sea, Antarctica as part of the Latitudinal Gradient Project. At Cape Evans, bottom-ice chlorophyll a levels ranged from 4.4 to 173 mg Chl a m−2. Dominant species were Nitzschia stellata, N. lecointei, and Entomoneis kjellmanii, while the proportion of Berkeleya adeliensis increased steadily during spring. Despite being obtained later in the season, the Cape Hallett data show considerably lower standing stocks of chlorophyll ranging from 0.11 to 36.8 mg Chl a m−2. This difference was attributed to a strong current, which may have ablated much of the bottom ice biomass and provided biomass to the water below. This loss of algae from the bottom of the ice may explain why the ice community contributed only 2% of the standing stock in the total water column. Dominant species at Cape Hallett were Nitzschia stellata, Fragilariopsis curta and Cylindrotheca closterium. The low biomass at Cape Hallett and the prevalence of smaller-celled diatoms in the bottom ice community indicate that the ice here is more typical of pack ice than fast ice. Further data will allow us to quantify and model the extent to which ice-driven dynamics control the structure and function of the sea ice ecosystem and to assess its resilience to changing sea ice conditions.
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; alger; biomasse; fytoplankton; marin biologi

"Brategg" og ekspedisjonen til Antarktis i 1947/48: om skuta, ekspedisjonen og deltakrane - Sefland, Magnus (Isflaket, 2006)
Keywords: Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; båter; ekspedisjoner; historie

Modeling ocean processes below Fimbulisen, Antarctica - Smedsrud, Lars H.; Jenkins, Adrian; Holland, David M.; Nøst, Ole Anders (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2006)
Model simulations of circulation and melting beneath Fimbulisen, Antarctica, obtained using an isopycnic coordinate ocean model, are presented. Model results compare well with available observations of currents and hydrography in the open ocean to the north of Fimbulisen and suggest that Warm Deep Water exists above the level of a sub-ice-shelf bedrock sill, the principal pathway for warm waters to enter the sub-ice-shelf cavity. The model shows a southward inflow of Warm Deep Water over this sill and into the cavity, producing a mean cavity temperature close to −1.0°C. This leads to high levels of basal melting (>10 m/a) at the grounding line of Jutulstraumen and an average melting over the ice shelf base close to 1.9 m/a. The southward inflow is a compensating flow caused by the northward outflow of fresh, cold water produced by the basal melting. Results on inflow and melting are difficult to validate since no in situ measurements yet exist in the cavity. If such high melt rates are realistic, the mass balance of Fimbulisen must be significantly negative, and the ice shelves along Dronning Maud Land must contribute about 4.4 mSv of melt water to the Weddell Sea, about 15% of the total Antarctic meltwater input to the Southern Ocean.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; hydrografi; isshelf; oseanografi

A review of bipolarity concepts: history and examples from Radiolaria and Medusozoa (Cnidaria) - Stepanjants, Sofia D; Cortese, Giuseppe; Kruglikova, Svetlana Borisovna; Bjørklund, Kjell R (Marine Biology Research, 2006)
Bipolarity, its history and general interpretation are investigated and discussed herein. Apart from the classical view, namely that a bipolar distribution is a peculiar biogeographical phenomenon, we propose that it is ecologically controlled too. This approach was used for bipolarity assessment within the following groups: Phaeodaria, Nassellaria, Spumellaria (Radiolaria) and Medusozoa (Cnidaria). We recognize 46 bipolar radiolarian species and three radiolarian genera. However, although species concepts in radiolarians are relatively stable and well known, the high-rank taxonomy of radiolarians is still not well defined. Caution should therefore be taken in the interpretation of distribution data at a taxonomic level higher than the species. In the Medusozoa, bipolarity is observed for 23 species and 32 genera. The different ways in which bipolarity can develop are discussed under the different groups, but preference has been given to the recent and most probable routes of migration. In our investigation of the bipolarity phenomenon, we reviewed more than 400 articles dealing with taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of the modern fauna in both groups.
Keywords: Sørishavet; marinbiologi; migrasjon; nesledyr; plankton; økologi

Kvalfangst - Urdal, Sverre (Segn og soge: sogeblad for Ølen og Bjoa, 2006)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangst

Amundsen Sea ice production and transport - Assmann, Karen M.; Hellmer, Hartmut H.; Jacobs, Stanley S. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2005)
Drift and variability of sea ice in the Amundsen Sea are investigated with ice buoys deployed in March 2000 and a coupled ice-ocean model. The Bremerhaven Regional Ice Ocean Simulations (BRIOS) model results are compared with in situ ocean, atmosphere, and sea ice measurements; satellite observations; and 8?19 months of buoy drift data. We identify a zone of coastal westward drift and a band of faster eastward drift, separated by a broad transition region characterized by variable ice motions. The model represents drift events at scales approaching its resolution but is limited at smaller scales and by deficiencies in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction forcing. Two thirds of the modeled ice production in the southern Amundsen moves westward near the coast, its transport modulated by meridional wind strength, damping sea ice formation in the eastern Ross Sea. Half of the ice exported from the Ross moves eastward into the northern Amundsen Sea, a net sea ice sink that also receives more than one third of the ice generated to its south. A low rate of exchange occurs with the Bellingshausen Sea, which must have a more independent ice regime. Snow ice formation resulting from high precipitation accounts for one quarter of the ice volume in the Amundsen Sea, aiding the formation of thick ice in a region with generally divergent ice drift. Freshwater extraction by sea ice formation is roughly balanced by precipitation and ice shelf melting, but a positive trend in the surface flux is consistent with an Amundsen source for reported freshening in the Ross Sea.
Keywords: Amundsenhavet; Rosshavet; Sørishavet; geofysikk; havis; oseanografi

Iron and mixing affect biological carbon uptake in SOIREE and EisenEx, two Southern Ocean iron fertilisation experiments - Bakker, Dorothee C.E.; Bozec, Yann; Nightingale, Philip D.; Goldson, Laura; Messias, Marie-José; de Baar, Hein J.W.; Liddicoat, Malcolm; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Strass, Volker; Watson, Andrew J. (Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2005)
This study explores the changes in the surface water fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) and biological carbon uptake in two Southern Ocean iron fertilisation experiments with different hydrographic regimes. The Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment (SOIREE) experiment was carried out south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) at 61°S, 141°E in February 1999 in a stable hydrographic setting. The EisenEx experiment was conducted in a cyclonic eddy north of the APF at 48°S, 21°E in November 2000 and was characterised by a rapid succession of low to storm-force wind speeds and dynamic hydrographic conditions. The iron additions promoted algal blooms in both studies. They alleviated algal iron limitation during the 13-day SOIREE experiment and probably during the first 12 days of EisenEx. The fCO2 in surface water decreased at a constant rate of 3.8μatmday−1 from 4 to 5 days onwards in SOIREE. The fCO2 reduction was 35μatm after 13 days. The evolution of surface water fCO2 in the iron-enriched waters (or ‘patch’) displayed a saw tooth pattern in EisenEx, in response to algal carbon uptake in calm conditions and deep mixing and horizontal dispersion during storms. The maximum fCO2 reduction was 18–20μatm after 12 and 21 days with lower values in between. The iron-enriched waters in EisenEx absorbed four times more atmospheric CO2 than in SOIREE between 5 and 12 days, as a result of stronger winds. The total biological uptake of inorganic carbon across the patch was 1389ton C (±10%) in SOIREE and 1433ton C (±27%) in EisenEx after 12 days (1ton=106g). This similarity probably reflects the comparable size of the iron additions, as well as algal growth at a similar near-maximum growth rate in these regions. The findings imply that the different mixing regimes had less effect on the overall biological carbon uptake across the iron-enriched waters than suggested by the evolution of fCO2 in surface water.
Keywords: Sørishavet; alger; biogeokjemi; hydrografi; karbondioksid; marin kjemi; oseanografi

Bipolar patterns of intraspecific competition in bryozoans - Barnes, David K A; Kuklinski, Piotr (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2005)
Polar shores probably represent the most dynamic and extremely disturbed environments on the globe. Nevertheless intense battles amongst sessile organisms for space are commonplace on hard substrata, mainly between fast-growing pioneer species. In this study we examined spatial interactions in encrusting species at 3 sites within each of 2 high Arctic localities, Horsundfjord (77°N) and Kongsfjord (79°N) in Spitsbergen, and 2 Antarctic localities, Signy Island (60°S) and Adelaide Island (68°S). In both polar regions 1 to 11% of encrusting fauna were involved in intraspecific interactions. Intraspecific competition was common; it usually involved just 1 or 2 pioneer species, mainly ended in tied outcomes, and most variability was at a local scale. The proportion of intraspecific encounters varied considerably at local (km) scales (19 to 99% intraspecific at different sites), reflecting an extremely patchy environment due to ice scour. Most intraspecific encounters resulted in ties (stand-offs) and again most variability was at a local scale. Many intraspecific encounters were constructive, forming large (>1 m3) foliaceous colonies (termed bioconstructions) whose 3D structures can harbour rich biotas. In other colonies intraspecific competition caused crowding and accelerated ovicell production (reproductive activity). Homosyndrome (fusion) was not observed in the Arctic and was rare in the Antarctic, where its frequency differed significantly between competitor identities. We found that the likelihood of meeting conspecifics versus other species and of tied outcomes in encounters was related to the performance of species in interspecific competition: ties were most common, and homosyndrome only occurred in poor competitors. In the context of rapid Arctic and west Antarctic warming and ice-loading of nearshore waters, we predict strongly changing patterns of intraspecific competition. Indeed we suggest that decreased patchiness of intra- versus interspecific competition and decreased levels of intraspecific competition should be strong indicators of increases in surface water ice-loading from ice-sheet collapses. KEYWORDS: Sublittoral · Benthos · Bioconstruction · Climate change · Homosyndrome
Keywords: Sørishavet; bentiske organismer; bryozoa; klimaendringer; marin biologi; miljøendringer; oseanografi; polarområdene

Pioneer whalers in the Ross Sea, 1923–33 - Barr, William; Watt, James P C (Polar Record, 2005)
On Christmas Eve 1923, the whaling factory ship Sir James Clark Ross, commanded by Captain Carl Anton Larsen and accompanied by five catchers, reached the front of the Ross Ice Shelf; these were the first whaling vessels to operate in the Ross Sea. They had been dispatched by the Norwegian whaling company Hvalfangeraktienselskapet Rosshavet, which had obtained a licence from the British government. For most of the 1923–24 season, Sir James Clark Ross occupied an uneasy anchorage in the deep waters of Discovery Inlet, a narrow embayment in the front of the Ross Ice Shelf, while her catchers pursued whales widely in the Ross Sea. During that first season they killed and processed 221 whales (211 blue whales and 10 fin whales), which yielded 17,300 barrels of oil. During the next decade, with the exception of the 1931–32 season, Sir James Clark Ross and two other factory ships operated by Rosshavet, C.A. Larsen and Sir James Clark Ross II, operated in the Ross Sea. From the 1926–27 season onwards these ships were joined by up to three other factory ships and their catchers, operated by other companies. During the decade 1923–33 the Rosshavet ships killed and processed 9122 whales in the Ross Sea sector, mainly in the open waters of the Ross Sea south of the pack-ice belt. Total harvest for all factory ships from the Ross Sea sector for the period was 18,238 whales (mainly blue whales) producing 1,490,948 barrels of oil. From 1924 onwards the Rosshavet catchers wintered in Paterson Inlet on Stewart Island, New Zealand, and from 1925 onwards a well-equipped shipyard, Kaipipi Shipyard, operated on Price Peninsula in Paterson Inlet to service the Rosshavet ships.
Keywords: Carl Anton Larsen; Rosshavet; Sørishavet; hvalfangere; hvalfangstselskaper; pelagisk

Cryosphere-hydrosphere interactions: Numerical modeling using the regional ocean Modeling System (ROMS) at different scales - Bergamasco, Andrea; Budgell, W. P.; Carniel, Sandro; Sclavo, Mauro (Il Nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica. C. Geophysics and space physics, 2005)
Conveyor belt circulation controls global climate through heat and water fluxes with atmosphere and from tropical to polar regions and vice versa. This circulation, commonly referred to as thermohaline circulation (THC), seems to have millennium time scale and nowadays-a non-glacial period-appears to be as rather stable. However, concern is raised by the buildup Of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (IPCC, Third assessment report: Climate Change 2001, A contribution of working group I, II and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, UK) 2001, http://www.ipcc.ch) as these may affect the THC conveyor paths. Since it is widely recognized that dense-water formation sites act as primary sources in strengthening quasi-stable THC paths (Stommel H., Tellus, 13 (1961) 224), in order to simulate properly the consequences of such scenarios a better understanding of these oceanic processes is needed. To successfully model these processes, air-sea-ice-integrated modelling approaches are often required. Here we focus on two polar regions using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). In the first region investigated, the North Atlantic-Arctic, where open-ocean deep convection and open-sea ice formation and dispersion under the intense air-sea interactions are the major engines, we use a new version of the coupled hydrodynamic-ice ROMS model. The second area belongs to the Antarctica region inside the Southern Ocean, where brine rejections during ice formation inside shelf seas origin dense water that, flowing along the continental slope, overflow becoming eventually abyssal waters. Results show how nowadays integrated-modelling tasks have become more and more feasible and effective; numerical simulations dealing with large computational domains or challenging different climate scenarios can be run on multi-processors platforms and on systems like LINUX clusters, made of the same hardware as PCs, and codes have been accordingly modified. This relevant numerical help coming from the computer science can now allow scientists to devote larger attention in the efforts of understanding the deep mechanisms of such complex processes.
Keywords: Sørishavet; geofysikk; klimaendringer; klimamodeller; oseanografi; polarområdene

On the taxonomic status of the Antarctic amphipod crustacean genera Eclysis (Astyridae) and Bathypanoploea (Stilipedidae), with partial redescription of their type species and description of Bathypanoploea polarsterni n. sp. - Berge, Jørgen; Vader, Wim (Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2005)
The monotypic genus Eclysis K.H. Barnard, 1932 and its type species, E. similis Barnard, are redescribed based upon a newly discovered second specimen. The genus Bathypanoploea Schellenberg, 1939 is reviewed; B. schellenbergi Holman and Watling, 1983 is fixed as the type species. B. polarsterni n. sp. is described; Alexandrella pulchra Ren in Ren and Huang, 1991 is a new junior synonym of B. schellenbergi. The morphology of Eclysis and Bathypanoploea is examined, as well as their relationships to the Astyridae and Stilipedidae. See also Electronic Supplement at: http://www.senckenberg.de/odes/05-03.htm
Keywords: Sørishavet; amfipoder; taksonomi; zoologi

Hvalfangerselskapet Kosmos - Boye, Tore (Anders Jahres pengebinge, 2005)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalindustri; pelagisk

Southern Ocean deep-sea isopod species richness (Crustacea, Malacostraca): influences of depth, latitude and longitude - Brandt, Angelika; Ellingsen, Kari E.; Brix, Saskia; Brökeland, Wiebke; Malyutina, Marina (Polar Biology, 2005)
We examined deep-sea epibenthic sledge isopod data from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (SO) (depth range=742–5,191 m). Samples were taken during the expeditions EASIZ II (ANT XV-3) in 1998 and ANDEEP I and II (ANT XIX3/4) in 2002. A total of 471 isopod species were recorded from 28 sites. The species richness of the epibenthic sledge samples was highly variable (6–82 species). Species richness was highest at site 131-3 in 3,053 m depth in the north-eastern Weddell Sea. The highest numbers of species were sampled in the middle depth range and lower species richness was found in the shallower and deeper parts of the study area. Depth is suggested to explain isopod species richness better than both latitude and longitude. Between 58°S and 65°S, the number of species ranged from 9 to 82 (mean=35.9). Further south in the Weddell Sea, between 73°S and 74°S, species richness was lower and the number of species ranged from 6 to 35 (mean=19.2). With regard to longitude, the highest species richness (up to 82 species) was found between 50°W and 60°W in the area of the South Shetland Islands and around the Antarctic Peninsula, while numbers did not exceed 50 species in the eastern Weddell Sea. The haul length, ranging from 807 to 6,464 m, was positively correlated with depth; however, there was no linear relationship between haul length and species richness. We therefore suggest that depth was the most important factor explaining isopod species richness. However, only 28 sites were visited and the statistical power is thus limited. Sampling in the deep sea is expensive and time consuming and as yet this is the best isopod data set available from the Atlantic sector of the SO. Future expeditions are therefore important to better explain the current patterns of benthic diversity in Antarctica.
Keywords: Sør-Shetlandsøyene; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biodiversitet; isopoder; marin biologi

Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences - Camus, Lionel; Gulliksen, Bjørn; Depledge, Michael H; Jones, Malcolm B (Polar Research, 2005)
Inevitably, aerobic life leads to the formation of deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) which participate in biomolecule oxidation, hence augmenting biomolecule turnover. Organisms have adapted to counteract the noxious effects of ROS by developing a battery of antioxidant defences (AOX) which comprise enzymes and low-molecular weight scavengers. Past studies have reported elevated AOX levels in polar pectinid bivalves compared with temperate congeners. This fi nding is controversial as mitochondrial ROS generation is low in polar versus temperate species, and, to date, there is no generally accepted explanation of the causes of increased basal AOX levels in polar waters. We suggest that the low food availability in those ecosystems may result in polar marine ectotherms diverting some energy into the maintenance of high AOX. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (peroxyl, hydroxyl and peroxynitrite) of three clam species: Laternula elliptica (Antarctic), Mya truncata (Arctic) and Mya arenaria (temperate). The data confi rmed that polar bivalves are characterized by higher AOX. Herein, we propose that high AOX is required in environments characterized by low food availability as AOX effi ciently protects biomolecules, notably the RNA expressed at high levels by cold-water ectotherms. Also, high AOX may explain the relatively long lifespan of most polar ectotherms.
Keywords: Sørishavet; marin biologi; muslinger; polarområdene

Økonomi og økologi i ishavene - Kjeldstadli, Knut (Et splittet samfunn : 1905-1935, 2005)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangst; pelagisk; økologi; økonomi

Telonema antarcticum sp. nov., a common marine phagotrophic flagellate - Klaveness, Dag; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Thomsen, Helge Abildhauge; Eikrem, Wenche; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. (International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2005)
Telonema is a widely distributed group of phagotrophic flagellates with two known members. In this study, the structural identity and molecular phylogeny of Telonema antarcticum was investigated and a valid description is proposed. Molecular phylogeny was studied using small-subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. The pear-shaped cell had two subequal flagella that emerged laterally on the truncated antapical tail. One flagellum had tripartite hairs. The cell was naked, but had subsurface vesicles containing angular paracrystalline bodies of an unknown nature. A unique complex cytoskeletal structure, the subcortical lamina, was found to be an important functional and taxonomic feature of the genus. Telonema has an antero-ventral depression where food particles are ingested and then transferred to a conspicuous anterior food vacuole. The molecular phylogeny inferred from the SSU rRNA gene sequence suggested that Telonema represents an isolated and deep branch among the tubulocristate protists.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; fylogenetikk; marin biologi; mikrobiologi

Sediment characterization by echosounding and sampling - Kuhn, Gerhard; Brückner, Sylvia; Didik, Claudia; Forwick, Matthias; Hass, Christian; Lensch, Norbert; Schmitt, Wolfgang; Waldthausen, Constanze V; Wittling, Thomas (The Expedition ANTARKTIS-XX of RV Polarstern in 2002/2003 Reports of Legs 1 and 2, 2005)
The reconstruction of the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic development of the late Quaternary Southern Ocean and adjacent continental areas in high temporal and spatial resolution is a main goal of our longterm study. During ANT-XX/2 the sedimentary budget of biogenic and terrigenous components and their variability was investigated in cooperation with geochemical projects. Main objectives were the relationships between production of biogenic components and input of terrigenous components and involved nutrients.
Keywords: Sørishavet; geokjemi; marin geologi; oseanografi; paleoklimatologi

Interplay of turbidite and contourite deposition along the Cosmonaut Sea/Enderby Land margin, East Antarctica - Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Guseva, J.; Leitchenkov, German; Gandjukhin, V.; Løvås, O.; Sand, Morten; Brekke, Harald (Marine Geology, 2005)
Multichannel seismic reflection data from the Cosmonaut Sea margin of East Antarctica have been interpreted in terms of depositional processes on the continental rise. A major sediment lens is present below the upper continental rise along the entire Cosmonaut Sea margin. The lens probably consists of sediments supplied from the shelf and slope, being constantly reworked by westward flowing bottom currents redepositing the sediments into a large-scale plastered drift deposit prior to the main glacigenic input along the margin. High-relief elongated and sometimes semicircular depositional structures are found on the upper continental rise, stratigraphically above the regional sediment lens, and were mainly deposited by the action of closely spaced turbidity currents. On the lower continental rise, large-scale sediment bodies extend perpendicular to the continental margin and were deposited as a result of down-slope turbidity transport and westward flowing bottom currents. The elongated sediment mounds on the upper and lower continental rise were deposited after initiation of glacigenic input to the slope and rise.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; marin geofysikk; marin geologi

Holocene climate evolution in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere simulated by a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean-vegetation model - Renssen, Hans; Goosse, Hugues; Fichefet, Thierry; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Koç, Nalân (Holocene, 2005)
The Holocene climate is simulated in a 9000-yr-long transient experiment performed with the ECBilt-CLIO-VECODE coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean-vegetation model. This experiment is forced with annually varying orbital parameters and atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4. The objective is to study the impact of these long-term forcings on the surface temperature evolution during different seasons in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere. We find in summer a thermal optimum in the midHolocene (6-3 ka BP), with temperatures locally 3°C above the preindustrial mean. In autumn the temperatures experienced a long-term increase, particularly during the first few thousand years. The opposite trend was simulated for winter and spring, with a relatively warm Southern Ocean at 9 ka BP in winter (up to 3.5°C above the preindustrial mean) and a warm continent in spring (+3°C), followed by a gradual cooling towards the present. These long-term temperature trends can be explained by a combination of (1) a delayed response to orbital forcing, with temperatures lagging insolation by 1 to 2 months owing to the thermal inertia of the system, and (2) the long memory of the Southern Ocean. This long memory is related to the storage of the warm late winter-spring anomaly below the shallower summer mixed layer until next winter. Sea ice plays an important role as an amplifying factor through the ice-albedo and ice-insulation feedbacks. Our experiments can help to improve our understanding of the Holocene signal in proxies. For instance, the results suggest that, in contrast to recent propositions, teleconnections to the Northern Hemisphere appear not necessarily to explain the history of Southern Hemisphere temperature changes during the Holocene.
Keywords: Sørishavet; holocene; klimaendringer; klimamodeller; paleoklimatologi

”Admiralen” til Sydishavet – et 100 års minne - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Kulturminner, 2005)
Den 21. oktober 1905 forlot flytende kokeri Admiralen og hvalbåtene Ornen og Hauken Sandefjord med kurs for Falklandsayene og Syd Shetland. Dermed innledes et nytt kapittel i den moderne hvalfangsts histone. lnitiativtaker var Christen Christensen, hovedaksjoner og disponent for Aktieselskabet "Ørnen" som eide skipene det første norske hvalfangstselskap som uttrykkelig ble startet for eventuelt innkjøp av et dampskip for innredning til koker.
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstselskaper; oppdagelsesreiser; pelagisk

Warming of the deep water in the Weddell Sea along the Greenwich meridian: 1977–2001 - Smedsrud, Lars H. (Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2005)
The Weddell Deep Water (WDW) warmed substantially along the Greenwich meridian following the Weddell Polynya of the 1970s. Areas affected by the polynya contained ∼14GJ/m2 more heat in 2001 than in 1977. This warming would require a flux of ∼390W/m2 if it were to take place over a year. Large variations in heat content of the WDW are found between the Antarctic coast and Maud Rise (64°S). The small variation found north of Maud Rise is opposite in phase to that to the south, and the warming was close to monotonic south of 68°S. The mean warming of WDW along the section is ∼0.032°C per decade, comparable to the warming of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The mean warming compares with a surface heat flux of 4W/m2 over the 25 year period, an order of magnitude higher than the warming of the global ocean. As variation in mean salinity of the WDW follows the warming/cooling events, variation in inflow probably explains a cooling event between 1984 and 1989, and a warming event between 1989 and 1992. Cooling during the late 1990s is probably related to the reappearance of a polynya like feature in some winter months as an area 100km in diameter close to Maud Rise with 10–20% lower sea ice concentrations than the surrounding ocean.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havstrømmer; oseanografi; polynja

Dagbok fra en Sydhavstur 1906 - Sørlle, Petter; Kolltveit, Bård (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årbok, 2005)
Keywords: Sørishavet; dagbøker; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; hvalkokeri; polareksspedisjoner

Learning from the Antarctic whaling : report and proceedings - Walløe, Lars; Barthelmess, Klaus; Gambell, Ray; Ohsumi, Seiji; Komatsu, Masayuki (The Institute of Cetacean Research, 2005)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk

Whaler's cross on Deception Island - Barr, Susan; Downie, Rod; Sánchez, Rodolfo (Polar Record, 2004)
The cemetery at Whalers Bay, Deception Island, was the largest in the Antarctic prior to being partially buried and partially washed away during a volcanic eruption in 1969. In 2002 a wooden cross at Argentina's Decepción Station was identified as being that of the Norwegian whaler Peder Knapstad. It was removed, secured in a base, and re-erected at Whalers Bay.
Keywords: Antarktis; Deceptionøya; Sørishavet; kulturminneforvaltning; kulturminner

Whalers, explorers and scientists: historical perspectives on the development of the antarctic whaling industry - Basberg, Bjørn L (Antarctic challenges : historical and current perspectives on Otto Nordenskjöld's Antarctic expedition 1901-1903, 2004)
Keywords: Carl Anton Larsen; Norge; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk; polarområdene

Interannual controls on Weddell Sea surface water fCO2 during the autumn–winter transition phase - Bellerby, Richard G.J.; Hoppema, Mario; Fahrbach, Eberhard; de Baar, Hein J.W.; Stoll, Michel H.C. (Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2004)
The fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) of the surface waters of the Weddell Sea along the prime meridian has been described for the austral autumn in 1996 and 1998. For individual years, fCO2 has a strong linear relationship with sea surface temperature, although the relationships cannot be reconciled to provide an interannually consistent algorithm for remotely sensed assessment of fCO2. However, from the assumption that Weddell Sea surface water has a single end member (upwelled Warm Deep Water) we have determined the relative contributions of heating, ice-melt, and biological activity on fCO2. A breakdown of the controls shows that the measured annual fCO2 distributions can be recreated for both transects by adjusting solely for thermodynamic forcing, and model adjustments for salinity are small except in regions of significant upwelling during 1998. The incorporation of nitrate utilisation into the model results in a general and significant underestimation of fCO2. This runs contrary to the earlier findings of Sabine and Key (Mar. Chem. 60 (1998) 95) in the Southern Ocean although it is consistent with models in the area (Louanchi et al., Deep-Sea Res. I 48 (2001) 1581). A major caveat to these findings is the significant departure of the thermodynamic model and a tightening of the nitrate-adjusted model in 1998 in areas with deeper mixing in the southern Weddell Sea. We propose that there are two reasons for the discrepancies in our model: the source waters are not as homogenous as the model assumes; and there are geographical and seasonal variations of CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and the input of inorganic carbon and nitrate from below the mixed layer resulting in imbalances in the mixed layer concentration ratios.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; karbon syklus; karbondioksid; marin biologi; marin kjemi; oseanografi

Two new Antarctic stegocephalid (Amphipoda: Stegocephalidae: Stegocephalinae) species, with implications for the phylogeny and classification of the two genera Pseudo and Schellenbergia - Berge, Jørgen; Vader, Wim (ANDEEP (Antarctic benthic DEEP-sea) biodiversity: colonization history and recent community patterns: a tribute to Howard L. Sanders, 2004)
Descriptions and figures of two new species of the genus Pseudo Berge & Vader, 2001 (Stegocephalidae: Stegocephalinae) are presented, but the two species are not given formal scientific names due to lack of material (both are only known by a single specimen each). However, the two new species have a significant impact on the classification and proposed phylogeny of the subfamily, as the two genera Pseudo Berge & Vader, 2001 and Schellenbergia Berge & Vader, 2001 now have to be considered synonymous. Pseudo is selected as the senior synonym. A discussion of the relationships among the genera of the subfamily Stegocephalinae is provided.
Keywords: Sørishavet; amfipoder; fylogenetikk; taksonomi; zoologi

A survey of amphipod associates of sea urchins, with description of new species in the genera Lepidepecreella (Lysianassoidea: lepidepecreellid group) and Notopoma (Photoidea: Ischyroceridae) from Antarctic cidarids - Berge, Jørgen; Vader, Wim; Lockhart, Susanne (ANDEEP (Antarctic benthic DEEP-sea) biodiversity: colonization history and recent community patterns: a tribute to Howard L. Sanders, 2004)
The known associations between amphipods and echinoids are listed, separated into five different categories depending upon the nature of the associations. The new species Lepidepecreella andeep, found attached around the mouth of the cidarid sea urchin Aporocidaris antarctica, is described, as well as the new species Notopoma cidaridis. The tubes of the latter were found attached to the spines of the cidarid sea urchin Rhynchocidaris triplopora. These cases represent the first associations reported between amphipods and echinoids in the Antarctic. A key to both genera is provided.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; amfipoder; krepsdyr; pigghuder; sjøpiggsvin; taksonomi; zoologi

Flytende fabrikker – de norske hvalkokeriene - Bernhardt, Pernille Brastad (Fabrikken, 2004)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; hvalkokerier; kulturhistorie; pelagisk; sjøfolk

På hvalfangst under sovjetstjernen - Børresen, Dag Ingemar (Arbeiderhistorie, 2004)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Norge; Sørishavet; arbeiderbevegelse; arbeidsforhold; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjøfolk

The distribution and speciation of iron along 6°E in the Southern Ocean - Croot, Peter L.; Andersson, Karen; Öztürk, Murat; Turner, David R. (The SWEDARP 1997/98 Expedition, 2004)
The distribution and speciation of iron was determined along a transect in the eastern Atlantic sector (6°E) of the Southern Ocean during a collaborative Scandinavian/South African Antarctic cruise conducted in late austral summer (December 1997/January 1998). Elevated concentrations of dissolved iron (>0.4nM) were found at 60°S in the vicinity of the Spring Ice Edge (SIE) in tandem with a phytoplankton bloom, chiefly dominated by Phaeocystis sp. This bloom had developed rapidly after the loss of the seasonal sea ice cover. The iron that fuelled this bloom was mostly likely derived from sea ice melt. In the Winter Ice Edge (WIE), around 55°S, dissolved iron concentrations were low (<0.2nM) and corresponded to lower biological productivity, biomass. In the Antarctic Polar Front, at approximately 50°S, a vertical profile of dissolved iron showed low concentrations (<0.2nM); however, a surface survey showed higher concentrations (1–3nM), and considerable patchiness in this dynamic frontal region. The chemical speciation of iron was dominated by organic complexation throughout the study region. Organic iron-complexing ligands ([L]) ranged from 0.9 to 3.0nM Fe equivalents, with complex stability logKFeL′=21.4–23.5. Estimated concentrations of inorganic iron (Fe′) ranged from 0.03 to 0.79pM, with the highest values found in the Phaeocystis bloom in the SIE. A vertical profile of iron-complexing ligands in the WIE showed a maximum consistent with a biological source for ligand production and near surface minimum possibly consistent with loss via photodecomposition. This work further confirms the role iron that has in the Southern Ocean in limiting primary productivity.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; biogeokjemi; marin kjemi; oseanografi

Diesel oil and PCB-degrading psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from Antarctic seawaters (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea) - De Domenico, Maria; Lo Giudice, Angelina; Michaud, Luigi; Saitta, Marcello; Bruni, Vivia (Polar Research, 2004)
Fifty-seven Antarctic marine bacteria were examined for their ability to degrade commercial diesel oil as the sole organic substrate at both 4 °C and 20 °C. Based on the preliminary screening, two isolates (B11 and B15) with high capacity to degrade diesel oil were selected and their biodegradation effi ciency was quantifi ed by gas chromatographic analysis. As expected for psychrotrophs, diesel oil biodegradation was slower at 4 °C than at 20 °C. The two strains also mineralized the C28 n-paraffi n octacosane at 20 °C and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at 4 °C and 20 °C.
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; bakterier; biologisk nedbrytning; kjemi; marin biologi; marin økologi

Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics - Doney, Scott C; Lindsay, Keith; Caldeira, Ken; Campin, J.-M.; Drange, Helge; Dutay, Jean-Claude; Follows, Michael; Gao, Yongqi; Gnanadesikan, Anand; Gruber, N; Ishida, Akio; Joos, Fortunat; et al. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2004)
A suite of standard ocean hydrographic and circulation metrics are applied to the equilibrium physical solutions from 13 global carbon models participating in phase 2 of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2). Model-data comparisons are presented for sea surface temperature and salinity, seasonal mixed layer depth, meridional heat and freshwater transport, 3-D hydrographic fields, and meridional overturning. Considerable variation exists among the OCMIP-2 simulations, with some of the solutions falling noticeably outside available observational constraints. For some cases, model-model and model-data differences can be related to variations in surface forcing, subgrid-scale parameterizations, and model architecture. These errors in the physical metrics point to significant problems in the underlying model representations of ocean transport and dynamics, problems that directly affect the OCMIP predicted ocean tracer and carbon cycle variables (e.g., air-sea CO2 flux, chlorofluorocarbon and anthropogenic CO2 uptake, and export production). A substantial fraction of the large model-model ranges in OCMIP-2 biogeochemical fields (±25–40%) represents the propagation of known errors in model physics. Therefore the model-model spread likely overstates the uncertainty in our current understanding of the ocean carbon system, particularly for transport-dominated fields such as the historical uptake of anthropogenic CO2. A full error assessment, however, would need to account for additional sources of uncertainty such as more complex biological-chemical-physical interactions, biases arising from poorly resolved or neglected physical processes, and climate change.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biogeokjemi; hydrografi; karbon syklus; karbondioksid; klimaendringer; oseanografi

Den første norske oljealderen - Elstad, Åsa (Norsk polarhistorie, 2004)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; hvalfangstindustri; hvalolje; pelagisk

"Havfruer" og sjøkvinner - Elstad, Åsa (Kystkvinner i Norge, 2004)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; Vestfold; hvalfangst; kulturhistorie; pelagisk

Ein grådig fangstnasjon? - Elstad, Åsa; Finstad, Bjørn-Petter (Norsk polarhistorie, 2004)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalindustri; hvalolje; kulturhistorie; pelagisk; politikk; økonomi

Ice shelf water overflow and bottom water formation in the southern Weddell Sea - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Østerhus, Svein; Fahrbach, Eberhard; Rohardt, Gerd; Schröder, Michael; Nicholls, Keith William; Padman, Laurie; Woodgate, Rebecca A. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2004)
Cold shelf waters flowing out of the Filchner Depression in the southern Weddell Sea make a significant contribution to the production of Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW), a precursor to Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). We use all available current meter records from the region to calculate the flux of cold water (<−1.9°C) over the sill at the northern end of the Filchner Depression (1.6 ± 0.5 Sv), and to determine its fate. The estimated fluxes and mixing rates imply a rate of WSBW formation (referenced to −0.8°C) of 4.3 ± 1.4 Sv. We identify three pathways for the cold shelf waters to enter the deep Weddell Sea circulation. One path involves flow constrained to follow the shelf break. The other two paths are down the continental slope, resulting from the cold dense water being steered northward by prominent ridges that cross the continental slope near 36°W and 37°W. Mooring data indicate that the deep plumes can retain their core characteristics to depths greater than 2000 m. Probably aided by thermobaricity, the plume water at this depth can flow at a speed approaching 1 m s−1, implying that the flow is occasionally supercritical. We postulate that such supercriticality acts to limit mixing between the plume and its environment. The transition from supercritical to slower, more uniform flow is associated with very efficient mixing, probably as a result of hydraulic jumps.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havstrømmer; isshelf; oseanografi

The effect of diapycnal mixing on the ventilation and CFC-11 uptake in the Southern Ocean - Gao, Yongqi; Drange, Helge (Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2004)
The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) is used to investigate the effect of diapycnal mixing on the oceanic uptake of CFC-11 and the ventilation of the surface waters in the Southern Ocean (south of 45°S). Three model experiments are performed: one with a diapycnal mixing coefficientKd (m2 s−1) of 2 × 10−7/N (Expt. 1), one withKd = 0 (Expt. 2), and one withKd = 5 × 10−8/N (Expt. 3),N (s−1) is the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. The model simulations indicate that the observed vertical distribution of CFC-11 along 88°W (prime meridian at 0°E) in the Southern Ocean is caused by local ventilation of the surface waters and westward-directed (eastward-directed) isopycnic transport and mixing from deeply ventilated waters in the Weddell Sea region. It is found that at the end of 1997, the simulated net ocean uptake of CFC-11 in Expt. 2 is 25% below that of Expt. 1. The decreased uptake of CFC-11 in the Southern Ocean accounts for 80% of this difference. Furthermore, Expts. 2 and 3 yield far more realistic vertical distributions of the ventilated CFC-waters than Expt. 1. The experiments clearly highlight the sensitivity of the Southern Ocean surface water ventilation to the distribution and thickness of the simulated mixed layer. It is argued that inclusion of CFCs in coupled climate models could be used as a test-bed for evaluating the decadal-scale ocean uptake of heat and CO2.
Keywords: Sørishavet; geofysikk; klimamodeller; klimatologi; oseanografi; strømmodeller

Effect of solar radiation and the subsequent dark periods on two newly isolated and characterized Antarctic marine bacteria - Hernández, Edgardo A; Ferreyra, Gustavo A; Mac Cormack, Walter P (Polar Research, 2004)
Two strains of psychrotolerant Antarctic marine bacteria were isolated and characterized using biochemical and molecular techniques. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene showed that UVvi strain belongs to the genus Arthrobacter whereas UVps strain is related to the Flexibacter-Cytophaga-Bacteroides (FCB) group. Response of the strains to solar radiation was studied during the summer of 1999 in Potter Cove, near Jubany station (South Shetland Island, Antarctica). The effect of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm), ultraviolet-A (UV-A, 320-400 nm) and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) on cell viability was studied using mixed cultures in quartz bottles covered with interferential filters and exposed to solar radiation. In all experiments, four treatments were used: dark (with light screened out), PAR (with UV radiation screened out), PAR+UV-A (UV-B screened out) and PAR+UV-A+UV-B. Under the assayed conditions, PAR+UV-A and PAR+UV-A+UV-B radiation showed similar negative effects on the viability of the studied strains. However, at the end of the exposure time, mortality values in PAR+UV-A+UV-B treatments were higher than those observed under PAR+UV-A treatments. In both PAR+UV-A and PAR+UV-A+UV-B treatments we observed high levels of hydrogen peroxide compared with the dark control. The Arthrobacter UVvi strain showed significant recovery in dark conditions after exposure to the PAR+UV-A but not after the PAR+UV-A+UV-B treatment. This strain proved to be more resistant to UV radiation than the FCB group-related UVps strain. The results showed that UV radiation has a deleterious effect on these Antarctic marine bacteria and also revealed that the analysed components of the Antarctic bacterioplankton may have different responses when they are exposed to the same irradiance conditions.
Keywords: Sørishavet; UV-stråling; bakterier; biokjemi; marin biologi; ozonlaget; plankton; ultrafiolett stråling

Input of Glaciomarine Sediments along the East Antarctic Continental Margin; Depositional Processes on the Cosmonaut Sea Continental Slope and Rise and a Regional Acoustic Stratigraphic Correlation from 40° W to 80° E - Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Guseva, J.; Leitchenkov, German; Gandjukhin, V,; Kudryavtsev, Genadii (Marine Geophysical Researches, 2004)
Multichannel seismic reflection data from the Cosmonaut Sea margin of East Antarctica have been interpreted in terms of depositional processes in the continental slope and rise area. A major sediment lens is present below the upper continental rise along the entire Cosmonaut Sea margin. The lens probably consists of sediments supplied from the shelf and slope, being constantly reworked by westward flowing bottom currents, which redeposited the sediments into a large scale drift deposit prior to the main glaciogenic input along the margin. High-relief semicircular or elongated depositional structures are also found on the upper continental rise stratigraphically above the regional sediment lens, and were deposited by the combined influence of downslope and alongslope sediment transport. On the lower continental rise, large-scale sediment bodies extend perpendicular to the continental margin and were deposited as a result of downslope turbidity transport and westward flowing bottom currents after initiation of glacigenic input to the slope and rise. We compare the seismostratigraphic signatures along the continental margin segments of the adjacent Riiser Larsen Sea, the Weddell Sea and the Prydz Bay/Cooperation Sea, focussing on indications that may be interpreted as a preglacial-glaciomarine transition in the depositional environment. We suggest that earliest glaciogenic input to the continental slope and rise occurred in the Prydz Bay and possibly in the Weddell Sea. At a later stage, an intensification of the oceanic circulation pattern occurred, resulting in the deposition of the regional plastered drift deposit along the Cosmonaut Sea margin, as well as the initiation of large drift deposits in the Cooperation Sea. At an even later stage, possibly in the middle Miocene, glacial advances across the continental shelf were initiated along the Cosmonaut Sea and the Riiser Larsen Sea continental margins.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; marin geofysikk; marin geologi; oseanografi

Seismic expression of glaciomarine deposits in the eastern Riiser Larsen Sea, Antarctica - Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Leitchenkov, German; Guseva, J.; Gandjukhin, V. (Marine Geology, 2004)
By studying multichannel seismic data across the continental slope and rise of the eastern Riiser Larsen Sea and through a comparison with other East Antarctic continental margins, the base of the glaciomarine deposits has been traced in this area. The seismic data reveal the presence of large channel-levee complexes as well as multiple types of contourite accumulations. Downslope and alonglope processes thus interacted in forming the glaciomarine deposits. The deposits are attributed to the advances of ice sheet, delivering huge amounts of sediment to the shelf edge and upper slope during glacial maxima. Oversteepening and instability generated down-slope turbidity currents forming channel–levee complexes whereas the contourite accumulations were probably mostly formed during interglacials. The spatial distribution of the current controlled deposits indicates that bottom currents flow along the western slope of the Gunnerus Ridge.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; marin geologi; oseanografi; seismologi

Southern Ocean climate variability - Nielsen, Simon Harder Holm (University of Tromsø and Norwegian Polar Institute, 2004)
Keywords: Sørishavet; havnivå; holocene; klimaendringer

Holocene climate in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean: Controlled by insolation or oceanic circulation? - Nielsen, Simon Harder Holm; Koç, Nalân; Crosta, Xavier (Geology, 2004)
The Holocene climate of the Southern Ocean is not well understood, mainly because of the lack of high-resolution reconstructions of ocean surface properties. Here we present a 12,500-yr-long, decadal-scale record of Holocene sea-surface temperatures and sea- ice presence from the Polar Front of the East Atlantic Southern Ocean. The record shows gradual climate change, with no abrupt Neoglacial cooling, and an unprecedented late Holocene warming. The dominant forcing factor appears to be precessional insolation; Northern Hemisphere summer insolation correlates to at least the early to middle Holocene climate trend. Spectral analysis reveals centennial-scale cyclic climate changes with periods of 1220, 1070, 400, and 150 yr. The record shows good correlation to East Antarctic ice cores and to climate records from South Georgia and Bunger Oasis. However, the record shows out-of-phase behavior with regard to climate records from the western Antarctic Peninsula and the Peru-Chile Current; such behavior hints at a climatic divide through Patagonia, the Drake Passage, and between West and East Antarctica.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; geologi; havis; klimaendringer; paleoklimatologi

Measurements of ice thickness and seabed topography under the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Nøst, Ole Anders (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2004)
This paper presents results from seismic measurements of the ice and water column thickness of the Fimbul Ice Shelf in the northeastern Weddell Sea. Seismic reflection measurements were conducted at 183 stations covering most of the ice shelf. Seismic velocities in the ice were derived from refraction measurements at 12 stations, distributed evenly across the area, as well as from temperature and density data from the Fimbul Ice Shelf. Velocities in the water were derived from temperature and salinity data from beneath the Fimbul Ice Shelf. Ice thicknesses were found to vary between 160 m and 550 m with uncertainties up to ±10 m. Water column thicknesses up to 900 m were found within the central ice shelf cavity, and values exceed 2000 m where the ice shelf overhangs the continental slope. Uncertainties in water column thickness are estimated to be ±60 m, and are dominated by the uncertainties in the shape of the seabed. Ice draft and seabed elevation was derived from ice and water column thickness assuming hydrostatic pressure. The resulting map of seabed elevation and water column thickness suggests that the strong westward flowing coastal current will be steered under the ice shelf and thus drive a sub-ice-shelf flow. Warm Deep Water does not have direct access to the ice shelf cavity, while relatively cold coastal waters shallower than 500 m will interact closely with the Fimbul Ice Shelf.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; havbunnen; isshelf; oseanografi

Iron enrichment and photoreduction of iron under UV and PAR in the presence of hydroxycarboxylic acid: implications for phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean - Öztürk, Murat; Croot, Peter L.; Bertilsson, Stefan; Abrahamsson, Katarina; Karlson, Bengt; David, Roland; Fransson, Agneta; Sakshaug, Egil (The SWEDARP 1997/98 Expedition, 2004)
Iron(III) photoreduction and the responses of phytoplankton under ultraviolet (UV) and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) were investigated with the presence of hydroxycarboxylic acid (glucaric acid (GA), a model compound for organic acids excreted by phytoplankton). The incubation experiments were carried out on board using seawater samples collected in the location of the winter ice edge (WIE) and the spring ice edge (SIE) of the Southern Ocean. In this paper, we focus on the results of experiment in WIE. Throughout the experiments, dissolved Fe(II), major nutrients and in vivo fluorescence were monitored regularly. In addition, Chl-a, POC/PON, cell densities of phytoplankton and bacteria, bacterial production, organic peroxide, hydrogen peroxide and total CO2 were measured. The results from the WIE show that iron enrichment had a substantial effect on phytoplankton growth rate. Fe(III) addition in the presence of GA (FeGA) gave higher Fe(II) concentration and higher growth rate of phytoplankton than those in controls. Our results suggest that hydroxycarboxylic acid had a significant chemical and biological impact. The presence of GA influenced iron photochemistry and iron availability to phytoplankton. Phytoplankton growth responses to iron enrichments in incubations under UV and PAR were completely dissimilar. It seems that FeGA addition prominently changes the harmful effect of UV on the phytoplankton population. This study provides preliminary information on how the photoreduction of iron(III) and the phytoplankton growth are affected by iron enrichment in the presence of hydroxycarboxylic acid.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; fotosyntese; marin biologi; oseanografi; phytoplankton

The diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its potential as an indicator species for cold water rather than for sea ice - Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum (Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment, 2004)
The importance of the diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Krieger in Helmcke & Krieger in the Arctic and Antarctic is well known. It is used as an indicator of sea ice when the paleoenvironment is being described. It is often among the dominant taxa in different sea ice communities, sometimes making an important contribution to a subsequent phytoplankton growth when released by ice melt. However, it may also dominate phytoplankton blooms in areas never experiencing sea ice. The use of F. cylindrus as an indicator for reconstruction of palaeoceanographic conditions is assessed from literature records. Its potential as an indicator species for sea ice appears to vary from region to region, but it is a good indicator of cold water.
Keywords: Sørishavet; diatomeer; marin biologi; paleoseanografi; phytoplankton; polarområdene

17th International FRISP Workshop held at the British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, U.K. on 17th and 18th June 2003 - Smedsrud, Lars H. (Forum for Research into Ice Shelf Processes Report, 2004)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis

Light rather than iron controls photosynthate production and allocation in Southern Ocean phytoplankton populations during austral autumn - van Oijen, Tim; van Leeuwe, Maria A.; Granum, E.; Weissing, Franz J.; Bellerby, Richard G. J.; Gieskes, W. W. C.; de Baar, Hein J. W. (Journal of Plankton Research, 2004)
The role of iron and light in controlling photosynthate production and allocation in phytoplankton populations of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean was investigated in April–May 1999. The 14C incorporation into five biochemical pools (glucan, amino acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) was measured during iron/light perturbation experiments. The diurnal Chl a-specific rates of carbon incorporation into these pools did not change in response to iron addition, yet were decreased at 20 μmol photons m−2 s−1, an irradiance comparable with the one at 20–45 m in situ depth. This suggests that the low phytoplankton biomass encountered (0.1–0.6 μg Chl a L−1) was mainly caused by light limitation in the deep wind mixed layer (>40 m). Regional differences in Chl a-specific carbon incorporation rates were not found in spite of differences in phytoplankton species composition: at the Antarctic Polar Front, biomass was dominated by a diatom population of Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, whereas smaller cells, including chrysophytes, were relatively more abundant in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current beyond the influence of frontal systems. Because mixing was often in excess of 100 m in the latter region, diatom cells may have been unable to fulfil their characteristically high Fe demand at low average light conditions, and thus became co-limited by both resources. Using a model that describes the 14C incorporation, the consistency was shown between the dynamics in the glucan pool in the field experiments and in laboratory experiments with an Antarctic diatom, Chaetoceros brevis. The glucan respiration rate was almost twice as high during the dark phase as during the light phase, which is consistent with the role of glucan as a reserve supplying energy and carbon skeletons for continued protein synthesis during the night.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; fotosyntese; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi; planteplankton

Adaptations and lifestyle in polar marine environments: a biological challenge for the study of fish evolution - Verde, Cinzia; Cocca, Ennio; de Pascale, Donatella; Parisi, Elio; di Frisco, Guido (Polar Research, 2004)
The climatic features of Antarctic waters are more extreme and constant than in the Arctic. The Antarctic has been isolated and cold longer than the Arctic. The polar ichthyofaunas differ in age, endemism, taxonomy, zoogeographic distinctiveness and physiological tolerance to environmental parameters. The Arctic is the connection between the Antarctic and the temperate-tropical systems. Paradigmatic comparisons of the pathways of adaptive evolution of fish from both poles address the oxygen-transport system and the antifreezes of northern and southern species, (i) Haemoglobin evolution has included adaptations at the biochemical, physiological and molecular levels. Within the study of the molecular bases offish cold adaptation, and taking advantage of the information on haemoglobin amino acid sequence, we analysed the evolutionary history of the ? and ? globins of Antarctic, Arctic and temperate haemoglobins as a basis for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships. In the trees, the constant physico-chemical conditions of the Antarctic waters are matched by clear grouping of globin sequences, whereas the variability typical of the Arctic ecosystem corresponds to high sequence variation, reflected by scattered intermediate positions between the Antarctic and non-Antarctic clades. (ii) Antifreeze (glyco)proteins and peptides allow polar fish to survive at sub-zero temperatures. In Antarctic Notothenioidei the antifreeze gene evolved from a trypsinogen-like serine protease gene. In the Arctic polar cod the genome contains genes which encode nearly identical proteins, but have evolved from a different genomic locus–a case of convergent evolution.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; biologi; evolusjon; fauna; fisker; fysiologi; klima; miljø; zoogeografi; økosystemer

Evidence for orbitally controlled size variations of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during the late Miocene - Grützner, J.; Rebesco, M.A.; Cooper, A.K.; Forsberg, C.F.; Kryc, K.A.; Wefer, G. (Geology, 2003)
Ocean Drilling Program Site 1165 penetrated drift sediments on the East Antarctic continental rise and recovered sediments from a low-energy depositional environment. The sediments are characterized by prominent alternations between a green to greenish-gray diatom-bearing hemipelagic facies and gray to dark gray hemiturbiditic facies. Our investigation of an upper Miocene section, using high-resolution color spectra, multisensor core logs, and X-ray fluorescence scans, reveals that sedimentation changes occur at Milankovitch orbital frequencies of obliquity and precession. We use this finding to derive an astronomical calibrated time scale and to calculate iron mass-accumulation rates, as a proxy for sediment-accumulation rates. Terrigenous iron fluxes change by as much as 100% during each obliquity cycle. This change and an episodic pattern of enhanced ice-rafted debris deposition during times of deglaciation provide evidence for a dynamic and likely wet-based late Miocene East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) that underwent large size variations at orbital time scales. The dynamic behavior of the EAIS implies that a significant proportion of the variability seen in oxygen isotope records of the late Miocene reflects Antarctic ice-volume changes.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; geologi; glasiologi; maringeologi; paleoklimatologi

Decadal decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent inferred from whaling records revisited on the basis of historical and modern sea ice records - Ackley, Stephen; Wadhams, Peter; Comiso, Josefino C; Worby, Anthony P (Polar Research, 2003)
In previous work, whaling catch positions were used as a proxy record for the position of the Antarctic sea ice edge and mean sea ice extent greater than the present one spanning 2.8° latitude was postulated to have occurred in the pre-1950s period, compared to extents observed since 1973 from microwave satellite imagery. The previous conclusion of an extended northern latitude for ice extent in the earlier epoch applied only to the January (mid-summer) period. For this summer period, however, there are also possible differences between ship and satellite-derived measurements. Our work showed a consistent summer offset (November– December), with the ship-observed ice edge 1 - 1.5° north of the satellitederived ice edge. We further reexamine the use of whale catch as an ice edge proxy where agreement was claimed between the satellite ice edge (1973–1987) and the ship whale catch positions. This examination shows that, while there may be a linear correlation between ice edge position and whale catch data, the slope of the line deviates from unity and the ice edge is also further north in the whale catch data than in the satellite data for most latitudes. We compare the historical (direct) record and modern satellite maps of ice edge position accounting for these differences in ship and satellite observations. This comparison shows that only regional perturbations took place earlier, without significant deviations in the mean ice extents, from the pre-1950s to the post-1970s. This conclusion contradicts that previously stated from the analysis of whale catch data that indicated Antarctic sea ice extent changes were circumpolar rather than regional in nature between the two periods.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; endringer; havis; historisk; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; iskant; observasjoner; satellite bilder; sjøis

Metandania tordi, a new stegocephalid (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda) species from the Southern Ocean - Berge, Jørgen; Vader, Wim (Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 2003)
A new stegocephalid (Amphipoda) species, Metandania tordi n.sp, is described, belonging to the subfamily Andaniexinae Berge & Vader 2001. The new species is the first record of the genus in the southern hemisphere. In addition, a morphological trait, previously not figured nor described within this family, is presented: a process proximally on the inner anterior surface of the fourth coxa. This locking-process is interpreted, and named accordingly, to enhance a relative stabilization of the third and fourth coxae. A brief comparison of the morphology of the fourth coxa between all five stegocephalid subfamilies is presented.
Keywords: Sørishavet; amfipoder; marin biologi; taksonomi

Sea ice extent and the global climate system - Dick, Chad (Polar Research, 2003)
Sea ice is a remarkable component of the global climate system. It can form over up to about 10 % of the global ocean area, and creates an insulating barrier between the relatively warm seawater and the cold atmosphere, allowing a temperature difference that may be tens of degrees over only a couple of meters. It reduces evaporation from the ocean, leading to a drier atmosphere than would otherwise exist. Sea ice modifies the radiation balance at the Earth’s surface because it supports snow (the most reflective of the Earth’s natural surfaces, with an albedo of up to approximately 0.8), where otherwise there would be seawater (the least reflective, with an albedo of about 0.07). As sea ice forms it excludes brine, deepening the ocean surface mixed layer and influencing the formation of deep and bottom water. As it melts, it releases relatively fresh water, stratifying the upper layers of the ocean. Through these processes sea ice exerts an enormous influence on the atmospheric and oceanic circulation in cold regions and indeed the climate of the rest of the globe.
Keywords: Sørishavet; globale klimasystemet; havis; klimaendringer; polarområdene; sjøis

Storms, ice, and whales : the antarctic adventures of a Dutch artist on a Norwegian whaler - Does, Willem van der (William B. Eerdmans, 2003)
Keywords: Carl Anton Larsen; Norge; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; hvalfangere; hvalfangst

A hindcast simulation of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice variability, 1955-2001 - Fichefet, Thierry; Goosse, Hugues; Morales Maqueda, Miguel Angel (Polar Research, 2003)
A hindcast simulation of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice variability during 1955–2001 has been performed with a global, coarse resolution ice–ocean model driven by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction / National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis daily surface air temperatures and winds. Both the mean state and variability of the ice packs over the satellite observing period are reasonably well reproduced by the model. Over the 47-year period, the simulated ice area (defined as the total ice-covered oceanic area) in each hemisphere experiences large decadal variability together with a decreasing trend of ~1 % per decade. In the Southern Hemisphere, this trend is mostly caused by an abrupt retreat of the ice cover during the second half of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. The modelled ice volume also exhibits pronounced decadal variability, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Besides these fluctuations, we detected a downward trend in Arctic ice volume of 1.8 % per decade and an upward trend in Antarctic ice volume of 1.5 % per decade. However, caution must be exercised when interpreting these trends because of the shortness of the simulation and the strong decadal variations. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments have revealed that the trend in Antarctic ice volume is model-dependent.
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; geofysikk; havis; observasjoner; polarområdene; satellitt; sjøis

Description and evaluation of the bergen climate model: ARPEGE coupled with MICOM - Furevik, Tore; Bentsen, Mats; Drange, Helge; Kindem, I. K. T.; Kvamstø, Nils Gunnar; Sorteberg, Asgeir (Climate Dynamics, 2003)
A new coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model has been developed, named the Bergen Climate Model (BCM). It consists of the atmospheric model ARPEGE/IFS, together with a global version of the ocean model MICOM including a dynamic–thermodynamic sea ice model. The coupling between the two models uses the OASIS software package. The new model concept is described, and results from a 300-year control integration is evaluated against observational data. In BCM, both the atmosphere and the ocean components use grids which can be irregular and have non-matching coastlines. Much effort has been put into the development of optimal interpolation schemes between the models, in particular the non-trivial problem of flux conservation in the coastal areas. A flux adjustment technique has been applied to the heat and fresh-water fluxes. There is, however, a weak drift in global mean sea-surface temperature (SST) and sea-surface salinity (SSS) of respectively 0.1 °C and 0.02 psu per century. The model gives a realistic simulation of the radiation balance at the top-of-the-atmosphere, and the net surface fluxes of longwave, shortwave, and turbulent heat fluxes are within observed values. Both global and total zonal means of cloud cover and precipitation are fairly close to observations, and errors are mainly related to the strength and positioning of the Hadley cell. The mean sea-level pressure (SLP) is well simulated, and both the mean state and the interannual standard deviation show realistic features. The SST field is several degrees too cold in the equatorial upwelling area in the Pacific, and about 1 °C too warm along the eastern margins of the oceans, and in the polar regions. The deviation from Levitus salinity is typically 0.1 psu – 0.4 psu, with a tendency for positive anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere, and negative in the Southern Hemisphere. The sea-ice distribution is realistic, but with too thin ice in the Arctic Ocean and too small ice coverage in the Southern Ocean. These model deficiencies have a strong influence on the surface air temperatures in these regions. Horizontal oceanic mass transports are in the lower range of those observed. The strength of the meridional overturning in the Atlantic is 18 Sv. An analysis of the large-scale variability in the model climate reveals realistic El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and North Atlantic–Arctic Oscillation (NAO/AO) characteristics in the SLP and surface temperatures, including spatial patterns, frequencies, and strength. While the NAO/AO spectrum is white in SLP and red in temperature, the ENSO spectrum shows an energy maximum near 3 years.
Keywords: Sørishavet; geofysikk; klimamodeller; klimatologi; polarområdene

Calcareous dinoflagellate associations and Maastrichtian–Tertiary climatic change in a high-latitude core (ODP Hole 689B, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea) - Hildebrand-Habel, Tania; Streng, Michael (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2003)
The distribution of calcareous dinoflagellates has been analysed for the Maastrichtian–Miocene interval of Ocean Drilling Project Hole 689B (Maud Rise, Weddell Sea). The investigation thus represents a primary evaluation of the long-term evolution in high-latitude calcareous dinoflagellate assemblages during the transition from a relatively warm Late Cretaceous to a cold Neogene climate. Major assemblage changes during this interval occurred in characteristic steps: (1) an increase in relative abundance of tangentially structured species – particularly Operculodinella operculata – at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary; (2) a diversity decrease and several first and last appearances across the Middle–Late Eocene boundary, possibly attributed to increased climate cooling; (3) a diversity decrease associated with the dominance of Calciodinellum levantinum in the late Early Oligocene; (4) the reappearance and dominance of Pirumella edgarii in the Early Miocene, probably reflecting a warming trend; (5) monogeneric assemblages dominated by Caracomia spp. denoting strong Middle Miocene cooling. The results not only extend the biogeographic ranges of many taxa into the Antarctic region, but also indicate that the evolution of high-latitude calcareous dinoflagellate assemblages parallels the changing environmental conditions in the course of the Cenozoic climate transition. Therefore, calcareous dinoflagellates contribute to our understanding of the biotic effects associated with palaeoenvironmental changes and might possess the potential for reconstructing past conditions. The flora in the core includes one new taxon: Caracomia arctica forma spinosa Hildebrand-Habel and Streng, forma nov. Additionally, two new combinations are proposed: Fuettererella deflandrei (Kamptner, 1956) Hildebrand-Habel and Streng, comb. nov. and Fuettererella flora (Fütterer, 1990) Hildebrand-Habel and Streng, comb. nov.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geologi; klimaendringer; paleogeografi; paleoklimatologi; polarområdene

Hvalfangsteventyret - Jacobsen, Erik (Cicero grafisk, 2003)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; Vestfold; biografier; erindringer; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjøfolk

Postglacial marine environmental changes in Maxwell Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica - Khim, Boo-Keun; Yoon, Ho Il (Polar Research, 2003)
Sediment textural properties and total organic carbon (TOC) contents of three sediment cores from Maxwell Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica, record changes in Holocene glaciomarine sedimentary environments. The lower sedimentary unit is mostly composed of TOC-poor diamictons, indicating advanced coastal glacier margins and rapid iceberg discharge in proximal glaciomarine settings with limited productivity and meltwater supply. Fine-grained, TOC-rich sediments in the upper lithologic unit suggest more open water and warm conditions, leading to enhanced biological productivity due to increased nutrient-rich meltwater supply into the bay. The relationship between TOC and total sulfur (TS) indicates that the additional sulfur within the sediment has not originated from in situ pyrite formation under the reducing condition, but rather may be attributed to the detrital supply of sand-sized pyrite from the hydrothermal-origin, quartz-pyrite rocks widely distributed in King George Island. The evolution of bottom-water hydrography after deglaciation was recorded in the benthic foraminiferal stable-isotopic composition, corroborated by the TOC and lithologic changes. The Ø18O values indicate that bottom-water in Maxwell Bay was probably mixed gradually with intruding 18O-rich seawater from Bransfield Strait. In addition, the Ø13C values reflect a spatial variability in the carbon isotope distribution in Maxwell Bay, depending on marine productivity as well as terrestrial carbon fluxes by meltwater discharge. The distinct lithologic transition, dated to approximately 8000 yr BP (uncorrected) and characterized by textural and geochemical contrasts, highlights the postglacial environmental change by a major coastal glacier retreat in Maxwell Bay.
Keywords: Sørishavet; geofysikk; geokjemi; marin geologi; miljøendringer; sedimenter

Bønder i Antarktis : hvalfangst og landbruk 1925-1940 - Lalla, Robert (Institutt for økonomi og ressursforvaltning, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 2003)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; husholdning; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk; økonomisk historie

Water mass modification over the continental shelf north of Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica - Nicholls, Keith William; Padman, Laurie; Schröder, Michael; Woodgate, Rebecca A.; Jenkins, Adrian; Østerhus, Svein (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2003)
We use new data from the southern Weddell Sea continental shelf to describe water mass conversion processes in a formation region for cold and dense precursors of Antarctic Bottom Water. The cruises took place in early 1995, 1998, and 1999, and the time series obtained from moored instruments were up to 30 months in length, starting in 1995. We obtained new bathymetric data that greatly improve our definition of the Ronne Depression, which is now shown to be limited to the southwestern continental shelf and so cannot act as a conduit to northward flow from Ronne Ice Front. Large-scale intrusions of Modified Warm Deep Water (MWDW) onto the continental shelf occur along much of the shelf break, although there is only one location where the MWDW extends as far south as Ronne Ice Front. High-Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) produced during the winter months dominates the continental shelf in the west. During summer, Ice Shelf Water (ISW) exits the subice cavity on the eastern side of the Ronne Depression, flows northwest along the ice front, and reenters the cavity at the ice front's western limit. During winter the ISW is not observed in the Ronne Depression north of the ice front. The flow of HSSW into the subice cavity via the Ronne Depression is estimated to be 0.9 ± 0.3 Sv. When combined with inflows along the remainder of Ronne Ice Front (reported elsewhere), sufficient heat is transported beneath the ice shelf to power an average basal melt rate of 0.34 ± 0.1 m yr−1.
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; havstrømmer; isshelf; kontinentalsokkel; oseanografi

How fast do demersal longlines sink? - Robertson, Graham; Moe, Egil; Haugen, Roy; Wienecke, Barbara (Fisheries Research, 2003)
Longlines that sink fast reduce the time available to seabirds to attack baited hooks and are important in efforts to minimise seabird by-catch in longline fisheries. We measured sink rates in still seawater of longlines commonly used in the world’s demersal fisheries. Lines with integrated weight (lead cores) sank two to three times faster (45–52cm/s) than conventional (unweighted) lines. Conventional 9mm diameter lines made from polyester sank at 23cm/s compared to 18cm/s for 9mm Silver lines (blend of polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene). Samples of lines set by hand in still water sank significantly faster than longlines set from a fishing vessel, presumably because of the effect of the sea swell and upwellings from the propeller on the line set from the vessel.
Keywords: Sørishavet; fiskefartøy; fiskerier

Validation of AMSR sea-ice products in the Bellinghausen Sea, Antarctica - Steffen, Konrad (Ice and climate news, 2003)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; teknologi

The mid-Pliocene (4.3–2.6 Ma) benthic stable isotope record of the Southern Ocean: ODP Sites 1092 and 704, Meteor Rise - Andersson, Carin; Warnke, Detlef A.; Channell, James E.T.; Stoner, Joseph S.; Jansen, Eystein (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2002)
We present mid-Pliocene (4.3–2.6 Ma) benthic stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1092 (ODP Leg 177) drilled in the sub-Antarctic sector of the Southern Ocean. The results are compared with the stable isotope results from nearby Site 704 (ODP Leg 114). Oxygen isotope data show that minimum values are about 0.5‰ less than those of the Holocene, which is consistent with the results from Site 704, indicating only minor deglaciation of Antarctica during the studied interval. Oxygen isotope data from both Site 1092 and Site 704 are slightly higher relative to Pacific values during several intervals which could be related to the contribution of warm, saline North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Comparisons of benthic carbon isotope gradients between sites located in the North Atlantic, sub-Antarctic sector of the Southern Ocean, and Pacific indicate that at times, the gradient between the Southern Ocean and the Pacific evolved differently than the Atlantic–Pacific gradient. This suggests that variations in NADW strength alone might not be responsible for the observed carbon isotope values in the Southern Ocean.
Keywords: Sørishavet; geologi; oseanografi; paleomagnetisme; paleontologi; stabile isotoper

Skipsdagboken fra hvalkokeriet "Pythia" : beriberi utbruddet i 1928 - Børresen, Dag Ingemar (Sandar historielag, 2002)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; dagbøker; hvalfangst; hvalkokerier

Contracted spleen in seals, estimates of dilated organs, and diving capacity - Cabanac, A. J. (Polar Biology, 2002)
The spleens of several seals from both the Arctic and the Antarctic were isolated and weighed when contracted. Spleens of the crabeater, leopard, and Weddell seals formed 0.23%, 0.39%, and 0.86% of the seals' body weights; those of the hooded and harp seals formed 0.56% and 0.35% of the seals' body weights. In these 5 phocids, a contracted spleen relates to the seal's body weight according to the equation (in which weights are in kilograms; n=26; r2=0.65): contracted spleen=0.006 (body weight)-0.11. Further, using the criterion reported in the literature that contracted spleens of hooded seal and harp seals weigh 80% less than when dilated, the sizes of dilated spleens were estimated for the 5 phocids of the study, plus that of the southern elephant seal. Dilated spleens ranged from 1 to 4% of the seal's body weight, which is in agreement with determinations of dilated spleens reported in the literature (harbor, 0.8–3.0%; harp, 1.5%; hooded, 2.2–4.0%). The general correlation among dilated spleens and the 6 phocids' body weights is: dilated spleen=0.026 (body weight)-0.39(where weights are in kilograms; n=31; r2=0.70). The size of the spleen (either contracted or dilated) from the different species of seals in this study appeared to be correlated with the diving capacity of the phocids, as given in the literature. The phocids with greater diving capacities are the ones with the larger spleens.
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; marin biologi; pinnipedier; seler

Joint marine project during NARE 200/01: dissolved oxygen and nutrient tracers in the marine Norwegian sector of the Antarctic - Fransson, Agneta; Nøst, Ole Anders; Olsson, Kristina; O'Dwyer, Jane; Drange, Helge; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Gammelsrød, Tor; Søreide, Janne; Karlsen, Tor Ivan; Jensen, Glen (Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 2000/2001, 2002)
Keywords: NARE 2000/01; Sørishavet; biogeokjemi; ekspedisjoner; marin biologi; oseanografi

Low phytoplankton biomass and ice algal blooms in the Weddell Sea during the ice-filled summer of 1997 - Hegseth, Else Nøst; Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum (Antarctic Science, 2002)
The summer of 1997 was characterized by unusually large amounts of pack ice in the southeastern Weddell Sea, and less than 10% of the area that is commonly ice-free in summer was open. A modest phytoplankton bloom developed in the upper mixed layer in the northernmost area (72°S). The bloom peaked in mid-February with max chlorophyll concentrations of 1.5 μg l−1, and integrated stocks of 55–60 mg m−2. Autotrophic flagellates dominated the biomass (80–90% of the chlorophyll) at first, while diatoms increased relative to flagellates during the bloom. Nutrient deficits, however, indicated that a much larger biomass was produced than was observed. Freezing starting after mid-February probably terminated the bloom, resulting in a pelagic growth season limited in time (less than two months) and space. The sea ice had a distinct brown layer of algae, usually at 1–2 m depth, with average chlorophyll biomass of 10.3 mg m−2. The ice cover exhibited a substantial amount of ridges, with ice algae growing in cavities and other structures, but with lower biomass than in the bands. Ice algae were also found growing on the lower 2 m of the ice shelf (visible at low tide). The overall growth season in the ice lasted several months, and ice algal production may have exceeded pelagic production in the Weddell Sea during the growth season of 1997. Pennate diatoms, like Fragilariopsis curta and F. cylindrus, dominated both in ice and in open water above the pycnocline, while Phaeocystis antarctica dominated in deeper layers and in crack pools. Euphausiids, particularly young stages, were frequently observed grazing on ice algae in ridges and on all sides of the floes, (confirmed by the gut content). Ice algae would thus have served as an ample food supply for the krill in the summer of 1997.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; fytoplankton; havis alger; hydrografi; krill; oseanografi

Renewal time and transport of unventilated Central Intermediate Water of the Weddell Sea derived from biogeochemical properties - Hoppema, Mario; de Baar, Hein J. W.; Fahrbach, Eberhard; Bellerby, Richard G. J. (Journal of Marine Research, 2002)
We have investigated the intermediate water mass of the central Weddell Gyre using TCO2 and oxygen data of FS Polarstern cruises in 1992, 1996 and 1998. This water mass, designated as Central Intermediate Water (CIW), is enriched in CO2 and depleted in O-2 relative to its source water due to biological degradation. CO2 enrichment and O-2 depletion were quantified by calculating the difference between the concentrations in the CIW and those in the, more southern source water, the Circumpolar Deep Water, which derives from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Inventories of enrichment and depletion were determined over the whole depth range of CIW, i.e. about 200800 m. The O-2 depletion inventory was greater than that of TCO2 enrichment which is in line with a biological origin of the signal. Spatial and interannual variation appeared to be small. Because subsurface remineralization in the central Weddell Gyre is largely restricted to the CIW, the export production estimate from previous work has been applied to compute the renewal time of CIW from these inventories. A renewal time of only three years was found. TCO2- and O-2-based computations were consistent, the former showing larger variation, though. From renewal time and volume of the CIW, a transport velocity (renewal rate) of 6-7 Sv was obtained. Of this, about I Sv is upwelled into the surface layer. The remaining 5-6 Sv CIW must be exported to the north, which is opposite to previous views. Results of water mass age and transport rate have thus been obtained using a method based on biogeochemical parameters. As the CIW cannot be identified by temperature and salinity, nor with transient tracers because it is hardly ventilated, this is the only way to obtain such results. As part of the CIW export, a large amount of remineralized CO2 enters the abyssal oceans where it is sequestered for long periods of time. The CIW is a principal and highly efficient player in the biological pump mechanism of the Southern Ocean.
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biogeokjemi; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi; vannmasser

Annual export production in the interior Weddell Gyre estimated from a chemical mass balance of nutrients - Hoppema, Mario; de Baar, Hein J.W.; Bellerby, Richard G.J.; Fahrbach, Eberhard; Bakker, Karel (The Southern Ocean I: Climatic Changes in the Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean, 2002)
Nitrate, phosphate and silicate data are presented from 1992 austral winter and 1998 austral autumn cruises with “FS Polarstern” in the Weddell Gyre. Because in the Weddell Gyre, away from the boundary current, the surface layer is eventually formed from upwelled deep water, the difference in nutrient concentrations between these layers can be used to compute net nutrient consumptions (identical with the export production). This method renders a value for the export production that is based on observed annual changes. The results are consistent for two years and two regions within the central gyre. The calculated net nitrate and phosphate consumptions were scaled to net carbon consumptions using canonical Redfield ratios, yielding 16–17μmolCkg−1yr−1. This equals 21±4gCm−2yr−1 as a robust estimate for the marginal ice zone. The net annual silicate consumption in the surface layer, which equals the export of biogenic silica, amounts to 15–18μmolkg−1yr−1. There is a tendency for higher values in the eastern Weddell Gyre. The estimated silicate consumption of about 1.8molSim−2yr−1 is relatively high compared to earlier estimations of biogenic silica export. The silicate to carbon consumption ratio of about 1 is very high, and documents the dominance of diatoms in the export of organic material. Résumé Sont présentées les distributions verticales de nitrate, de phosphate et de silicate en Mer de Weddell, pour les périodes de l’hiver austral 1992 et de l’automne austral 1998. Les eaux de surface du tourbillon à grande échelle de la Mer de Weddell (temps de résidence égal à 2.9 ans) sont formées par l’upwelling des eaux profondes. La différence de concentrations des sels nutritifs entre les couches profondes et de surface permettent de calculer la consommation annuelle, équivalente à la production exportée de l’élément nutritif considéré vers les couches profondes. Les résultats sont comparables pour les deux scénarios annuels étudiés. La production exportée de carbone pour les eaux de surface de la zone marginale de la glace, calculée à partir des consommations annuelles en nitrates et phosphates après transformation grâce aux rapports de Redfield, est estimée à 16–17μmolCkg−1yr−1 soit en moyenne 21±4gCm−2yr−1. La consommation annuelle de silicate est estimée à 1.8mol Si m−2yr−1, relativement élevée en comparaison des estimations antérieures. Le rapport molaire Si/C, voisin de 1 dans le matériel exporté, traduit la dominance des diatomées dans l’export de matières organiques.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; fytoplankton; geofysikk; karbondioksid; marin biologi; oseanografi

Species richness of marine soft sediments - John, S Gray (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2002)
Marine soft sediments comprise one of the largest and oldest habitats in the world, yet remarkably little is known about patterns of species richness. Here I present a short review of patterns of species richness and possible factors that influence such patterns. Species richness in general is remarkably high in both shallow coastal areas and the deep sea. However, there are clear differences the deep-sea has higher number of species for a given number of individuals than the coast. This can be explained by the larger amounts of primary production that reach coastal compared with deep-sea sediments, leading to higher numbers of individuals per unit area. Species density (the number of species per unit area) is also higher in the deep-sea than in coastal areas, but it is not obvious why this is so. Most studies of the broad patterns of species richness have used samples taken at small scales only. The problem with such analyses is that unless a large number of samples are taken, the true underlying pattern (or lack of it) may be wrongly interpreted. Recent studies have analysed species richness at larger scales. In general there seems to be a cline of increasing species richness from the Arctic to the tropics, but this is not the case in the southern hemisphere, where Antarctic species richness is high. However, it is not known whether high species richness in the Antarctic occurs at all spatial scales. To what extent these patterns are determined by evolutionary factors remains to be determined by the application of molecular methods. The available evidence suggests that environmental factors such as productivity, temperature, and sediment grain-size diversity play dominant roles in determining patterns of regional-scale species richness and patterns in species turnover, and it is probably the regional scale that primarily determines local species richness. KEYWORDS: Diversity · Deep sea · Coasts · Patterns · Scales
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; marin biologi; polarområdene

Production and mortality of phytoplankton and sea-ice microalgae in the Southern ocean - Johnsen, Geir; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Johansen, Torunn (Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 2000/2001, 2002)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 2000/01; Sørishavet; alger; fytoplankton; havis; marin biologi; oseanografi; sjøis; zooplankton

Typisk pingvin!: en bok fra Antarktis - Lillevik, Linda (Eide, 2002)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; barnebøker; fugler

Distribution and food consumption of Ross seals (Ommatophoca rossii) and Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) - Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 2000/2001, 2002)
Keywords: NARE 2000/01; Sørishavet; havis; marin biologi; seler; sjøis; zoologi

Oceanographic measurements near Fimbulisen ice shelf - O'Dwyer, Jane; Nøst, Ole Anders; Karlsen, Tor Ivan; Søreide, Janne; Jensen, Glen; Fransson, Agneta; Savinov, Vladimir (Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 2000/2001, 2002)
Keywords: NARE 2000/01; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; hydrografi; oseanografi

Hvalfangere i Sydishavet og Sør-Afrika, 1910-1970 - Ødegaard, Torbjørn (Kystforl., 2002)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; biografier; erindringer; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjømenn

Transport and transfer of organochlorines in the marine Norwegian Antarctic sector: field sampling programme during NARE 200/01 - Olsson, Kristina; Poltermann, Michael; Savinov, Vladimir; Vögele, Barbara; Kassobokova, Ksenia; Fransson, Agneta (Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 2000/2001, 2002)
Keywords: NARE 2000/01; Sørishavet; marin biologi; oseanografi; plankton

Contribution of algal sinking and zooplankton grazing to downward flux in the Lazarev Sea (Southern Ocean) during the onset of phytoplankton bloom: a lagrangian study - Pakhomov, Evgeny A.; Froneman, Pierre W.; Wassmann, Paul; Ratkova, Tatjana; Arashkevich, Elena (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2002)
ABSTRACT: Hydrography, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics and the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) and pigments in the upper 200 m were investigated for 12 consecutive days during a drogue study conducted in the open waters of the ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea during the austral summer (December/January) 1994/95. Results of the study indicate that during the experiment, primary production, although variable, increased from ~300 to ~800 mgC m-2d-1. This increase could likely be related to development of a shallow pycnocline. Analysis of sediment trap data showed that the vertical carbon flux resulting from sedimentation and grazing activity was greatest in the upper water column (<80 m). The importance of grazers to total POC flux was highest at the beginning and the end of the investigation and accounted for up to 15% of total carbon flux. The contribution of grazers to vertical flux was negligible (<2%) during the intermediate part of the Southern Ocean Drogue study. Lower contribution of grazers to sedimentation of POC at depth can likely be related to community composition of zooplankton. Sedimentation of phytoplankton cells from the upper water column increased during the study. Here, downward POC flux resulting from sedimentation of microphytoplankton was equivalent to 15-75% of the total. Increase in sedimentation of phytoplankton during the study can be related to an increase in the average size of phytoplankton cells. Transport of POC from surface waters to deeper depths resulting from sedimentation or grazing activity was equivalent to <48% of total daily primary production, measured at 50 m, while the same value for phytoplankton flux did not exceed 27% of the total. Zooplankton density was insufficient to exert either a positive (via faecal pellets) or negative (via reducing suspended phytoplankton concentration) effect on particulate carbon sedimentation. This resulted in algal sink being the most important mechanism in downward POC flux during the onset of the phytoplankton bloom period in the Marginal Ice Zone, even in the presence of pelagic tunicates.
Keywords: Sørishavet; alger; biokjemi; marin biologi; oseanografi; phytoplankton; zooplankton

Seaweeds in Cold Seas: Evolution and Carbon Acquisition - Raven, John A.; Johnston, Andrew M.; Kübler, Janet E.; Korb, Rebecca; Mcinroy, Shona G.; Handley, Linda L.; Scrimgeour, Charlie M.; Walker, Diana I.; Beardall, John; Clayton, Margaret M.; Vanderklift, Mathew; Fredriksen, Stein; et al. (Annals of Botany, 2002)
Much evidence suggests that life originated in hydrothermal habitats, and for much of the time since the origin of cyanobacteria (at least 2·5 Ga ago) and of eukaryotic algae (at least 2·1 Ga ago) the average sea surface and land surface temperatures were higher than they are today. However, there have been at least four significant glacial episodes prior to the Pleistocene glaciations. Two of these (approx. 2·1 and 0·7 Ga ago) may have involved a ‘Snowball Earth’ with a very great impact on the algae (sensu lato) of the time (cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta) and especially those that were adapted to warm habitats. By contrast, it is possible that heterokont, dinophyte and haptophyte phototrophs only evolved after the Carboniferous–Permian ice age (approx. 250 Ma ago) and so did not encounter low (≤5 °C) sea surface temperatures until the Antarctic cooled some 15 Ma ago. Despite this, many of the dominant macroalgae in cooler seas today are (heterokont) brown algae, and many laminarians cannot reproduce at temperatures above 18–25 °C. By contrast to plants in the aerial environment, photosynthetic structures in water are at essentially the same temperature as the fluid medium. The impact of low temperatures on photosynthesis by marine macrophytes is predicted to favour diffusive CO2 entry rather than a CO2‐concentrating mechanism. Some evidence favours this suggestion, but more data are needed.
Keywords: Sørishavet; alger; biogeografi; botanikk; makroalger; marin biologi

Revision of Stegosoladidus Barnard and Karaman, 1987 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Stegocephalidae), redescription of two species and description of three new species - Berge, Jørgen (Journal of Natural History, 2001)
Stegosoladidus simplex (K. H. Barnard, 1930) and S. ingens (Chevreux, 1906) are both figured and redescribed. Three new species (Stegosoladidus antarcticus, S. complex and S. debroyeri) are described. The terminology used for classification of both setae and different setae arrangements is discussed, and the main types of setae are figured.
Keywords: Sørishavet; amfipoder; taksonomi; zoologi

Med hvalbåten "Silva" ved Syd-Shetland: om originaltegningen og opphavsmannen til jagebrua - Børresen, Dag Ingemar (Ambra : Sandefjordmuseene årbok, 2001)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangst; teknologi

Antarctic marine benthic biodiversity in a world-wide latitudinal context - Gray, John S. (Polar Biology, 2001)
In the 1950s and 1960s, the first data sets were assembled to examine whether or not there was a latitudinal gradient of species richness in the sea. These data comprised very few species and were from very small areas. However, recent data from large species lists covering broad geographical ranges suggest strongly that there is a gradient of increasing species richness from the Arctic to the tropics. However, the Southern Ocean has high species richness and in the southern hemisphere there is no clear evidence of a cline of increasing richness from pole to tropic. The great richness of the Southern Ocean compared with the Arctic is probably due to its great age, the fact that it covers a much larger area and that it has higher structural heterogeneity formed by living organisms. The importance of area as a determinant of species richness needs to be studied in more detail since most studies have been confined to small areas. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the species:area relationship and these are discussed. An alternative explanation for the latitudinal cline in the northern hemisphere is the energy-input hypothesis, but again this has not been adequately tested. Two studies on the relationship between local and regional species richness show a significant positive correlation. These findings suggest that local assemblages are not tightly organised and saturated with species but are open to recruitment from the regional species pool. Whether or not such a relationship holds in Antarctica is unknown. It is concluded that further studies of the Southern Ocean are likely to provide new findings fundamental to the "new" discipline of macroecology, which examines patterns and processes at the geographic scale.
Keywords: Sørishavet; bentiske organismer; bentos; biodiversitet; marin biologi; økologi

Direct measurements reveal insignificant storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the Abyssal Weddell Sea - Hoppema, Mario; Roether, Wolfgang; Bellerby, Richard G. J.; de Baar, Hein J. W. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2001)
In the northern Weddell Gyre at the prime meridian, Total TCO2 changes in the Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) have been investigated. Following a suggestion by [Poisson and Chen, 1987], the TCO2 difference at potential temperatures of 0.2°C and −0.8°C was determined using data from 1996 and 1998. No significant difference was found to similar differences for the years 1973 and 1981 reported by Poisson and Chen. Thus, over a period of 25 years an at most minor amount of anthropogenic CO2 has penetrated into the WSBW at this location. This suggests that this abyssal subpolar region is relatively unimportant for the storage of anthropogenic CO2. The same core of WSBW exhibited a marked increase of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). For the Southern Ocean, therefore, CFCs are apparently of limited value as analogues of anthropogenic CO2, in contrast to some other ocean provinces.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; antropogenisk CO2; drivhusgasser; geofysikk; klimagasser

Kval i sikte - frå fjellbygda : nokre blad or soga om kvalfangarane i Rauland og Vinje - Landsverk, Helga; Kjelingtveit, Tone Liv; Bylander, Olof; Henriksveen, Herman (Rauland historielag, 2001)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; pelagisk hvalfangst

Klimavariasjoner gjennom de siste 45 000 14C år i Weddellhavet, Antarktis - Larsen, Anne Marit Løland (Universitetet i Bergen, 2001)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; maringeologi; paleoklimatologi; sedimenter

Don Pedro : Norges mest vellykkede emigrant - Larsen, Joar Hoel (Kagge, 2001)
Keywords: Carl Anton Larsen; Nordmenn; Sørishavet; fiskeindustri; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk; økonomi

Historien om skuta Vesleper - Olsen, Else Mehren (Follominne: årbok, 2001)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; historie; hvalfangst

Phytoplankton dynamics at the ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea (Southern Ocean) during the austral summer 1994/1995 drogue study - Pakhomov, Evgeny; Ratkova, Tatjana; Froneman, Pierre W.; Wassmann, Paul (Polar Biology, 2001)
Phytoplankton dynamics in the open waters of the ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea were investigated over 12 consecutive days during a drogue study conducted in austral summer (December/January) 1994/1995. Throughout the study, the upper water column (<30 m) was stratified with a well-defined pycnocline evident. Although a subsurface intrusion of colder, more saline water into the region was recorded on days 5–9 of the experiment, its effect on the water column structure was negligible. Total surface chlorophyll a biomass doubled between days 1 and 5 (from 0.82 to 1.62 mg m–3), and then showed a tendency to stabilise, while the depth-integrated chlorophyll a standing stock displayed an increasing trend during the entire experiment. All changes in biomass were associated with an increase in microphytoplankton. Flagellates and picoplankton dominated cell counts, while diatoms composed most of the phytoplankton biovolume. Results of the study indicate that, during the period of investigation, average cell abundance decreased. Coupled with this decrease was an increase in the biovolume and average size of the phytoplankton. Phytoplankton succession was observed in the ice edge during the drogue study. Typical ice-associated species of genera Haslea, Fragilariopsis and Chaetoceros, which dominated at the beginning of study, were replaced by open-water species of genera Corethron, Dactyliosolen and Rhizosolenia. The shift in phytoplankton species composition and size can likely be related to high light intensities and grazing by microzooplankton. The intrusion of colder, more saline water on day 5 appeared to modify the diatom succession, indicating extreme variability in phytoplankton dynamics in the near ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea.
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi

Protecting whales by distorting uncertainty: non-precautionary mismanagement? - Schweder, Tore (Fisheries Research, 2001)
Precautionary management is based on science, and is incompatible with large fluctuations in the management regime. Whaling is managed by the International Whaling Commission, and has seen large fluctuations. It is argued that both the period of intense Antarctic whaling and the current period of protectionism have been unduly prolonged by scientists expanding out of proportion the uncertainty surrounding management issues. In the 1950s, uncertainty concerning fin whale stock status and trend was consistently distorted from one quarter, and in the 1990s a minority in the Scientific Committee blocked consensus over the revised management procedure that had been successfully developed by the Committee. In both cases, the political consequence of expanded uncertainty in the science was lack of action resulting in a continuation of business as usual. Extending a period of heavy exploitation longer than the resource can sustain is mismanagement. Extending a period of extreme protectionism when the resource is known to scientists to sustain valuable exploitation is also mismanagement even from a conservationist point of view. This might, in fact, erode the role of science in management and thus prepare the ground for subsequent overexploitation. Distorting uncertainty by injecting controversy or otherwise expanding uncertainty has contributed to excessive fluctuations in management regimes and consequently in stock abundance. Detrimental fluctuations might continue, since science is side tracked and management now is based on sentiments that might fade.
Keywords: Den internasjonale hvalfangstkommisjonen; Sørishavet; fiskeri; hvalfangst; marine økosystemer

Kvalfangsteventyret i Antarktis - Tokheim, Henrik (Vindetreet: sogeskrift for Vindafjord, 2001)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst

IFIX - inductive data acquisition system: system for sub ice shelf data acquisition - Lothe, Torleif (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; forskning; teknologi

Oceanographic observations south of Berkner Island: preliminary results - Nicholls, Keith W; Østerhus, Svein; Makinson, Keith; Johnson, Mark (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 2000)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Hvite horisonter - Oterhals, Leo (Lagunen, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; historie

Havforskning i tung sjø - Schwach, Vera (Havet, fisken og vitenskapen: fra fiskeriundersøkelser til havforskningsinstitutt 1860-2000, 2000)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Pingviner - Skår, Astrid (Landbruksforlaget, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; fugler; zoologi

Emerging Law of the Sea Issues in the Antarctic Maritime Area: A Heritage for the New Century? - Vidas, Davor (Ocean Development & International Law, 2000)
This article focuses on three emerging law of the sea issues for states cooperating in management of the Antarctic and its maritime area. The first of these is no newcomer: How to regulate the dramatic increase in illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southern Ocean? The second question, according to the letter of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, awaits the countries claiming sovereignty over portions of territory in the Antarctic 10 years from the entry into force of the Convention for each of them. The question here is what to do with the requirement contained in that Convention relating to the submission of information on the outer limit of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles to the Commission on the Continental Shelf? Finally, there is a third tricky question: Who is competent to regulate, and accordingly to ban, mineral activities in the Southern Ocean seabed? Is it the International Seabed Authority as the global body, or the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties through their regional cooperation? This question may well never be put on the policy agenda for any global forum; but it may well be posed at any time and by any third party, whether in the UN General Assembly or, more likely, in the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority.
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; Sørishavet; fiskeri; havrett; internasjonal rett; kontinentalsokkel

Postsealing genetic variation and population structure of two species of fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis) - Wynen, Louise P.; Goldsworthy, Simon D.; Guinet, Christophe; Bester, Marthán N.; Boyd, Ian L.; Gjertz, Ian; Hofmeyr, Greg J. G.; White, Robert W. G.; Slade, Rob (Molecular Ecology, 2000)
Abstract Commercial sealing in the 18th and 19th centuries had a major impact on the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seal populations (Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis) in the Southern Ocean. The intensive and unrestricted nature of the industry ensured substantial reductions in population sizes and resulted in both species becoming locally extinct at some sites. However, both species are continuing to recover, through the recolonization of islands across their former range and increasing population size. This study investigated the extent and pattern of genetic variation in each species to examine the hypothesis that higher levels of historic sealing in A. gazella have resulted in a greater loss of genetic variability and population structure compared with A. tropicalis. A 316-bp section of the mitochondrial control region was sequenced and revealed nucleotide diversities of 3.2% and 4.8% for A. gazella and A. tropicalis, respectively. There was no geographical distribution of lineages observed within either species, although the respective ΦST values of 0.074 and 0.19 were significantly greater than zero. These data indicate low levels of population structure in A. gazella and relatively high levels in A. tropicalis. Additional samples screened with restriction endonucleases were incorporated, and the distribution of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence haplotypes were examined to identify the main source populations of newly recolonized islands. For A. tropicalis, the data suggest that Macquarie Island and Iles Crozet were probably recolonized by females from Marion Island, and to a lesser extent Ile Amsterdam. Although there was less population structure within A. gazella, there were two geographical regions identified: a western region containing the populations of South Georgia and Bouvet?ya, which were the probable sources for populations at Marion, the South Shetland and Heard Islands; and an eastern region containing the panmictic populations of Iles Kerguelen and Macquarie Island. The latter region may be a result of a pronounced founder effect, or represent a remnant population that survived sealing at Iles Kerguelen.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; genetikk; marin biologi; pinnipedier; seler

C.A. Larsen - Pioneer of the Antarctic ocean - Devig, Thor N (Norwegian maritime explorers and expeditions : over the past thousand years, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Nordmenn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; kartlegging; oppdagelsesreiser; pelagisk; polarekspedisjoner

Functional biodiversity of lipids in Antarctic zooplankton: Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, Thysanoessa macrura and Euphausia crystallorophias - Falk-Petersen, Stig; Sargent, John R; Lønne, Ole Jørgen; Timofeev, Sergej (Polar Biology, 1999)
Zooplankton samples were collected in January 1993 off Dronning Maud Land along a transect from open waters to the marginal ice zone close to the Antarctic ice shelf. Thysanoessa macrura was caught in open waters while Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus were mainly sampled between ice floes in the marginal ice zone. The “ice-krill”Euphausia crystallorophias was found over the shelf directly associated with ice floes. T. macrura had a lipid content up to 36% of its dry weight with the dominant lipid class, wax ester, accounting for 45–50% of the total lipid. The predominance of 18:1 fatty alcohols is the striking characteristic of the wax esters. Small specimens of E. crystallorophias had lipid levels up to 26% of their dry weight with, unexpectedly, triacylglycerols being the dominant lipid (up to 41% of total lipid). The small levels of wax esters in these animals (3–6% of total lipid) had phytol as a major constituent. Large specimens of E. crystallorophias had up to 34% of their dry weight as lipid, with wax esters (47% of total lipid) dominated by 16:0 and 14:0 fatty alcohols as the major lipid. Calanus propinquus had lipid levels of up to 34% of their dry weight, with triacylglycerols (up to 63% of total lipid) being the dominant lipid. High levels of 22:1 (n-9) fatty acid were present in the triacylglycerols. Calanoides acutus had lipid levels up to 35% of the dry weight with wax esters accounting for up to 83% of total lipid. High levels of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids were recorded with 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3) and 18:4(n-3) being the dominant moieties. On the basis of their lipid compositions we deduce that: (1) Calanoides acutus is the strictest herbivore among the four species studied, heavily utilizing the typical spring bloom; (2) T. macrura is essentially omnivorous, probably utilizing the less defined bloom situations found in oceanic waters; (3) E. crystallorophias is an omnivore well adapted to utilize both a bloom situation and to feed on ice algae and micro-zooplankton associated with the ice; (4) Calanus propinquus seems to be the most opportunistic feeder of the four species studied, probably grazing heavily on phytoplankton during a bloom and, during the rest of the year, feeding on whatever material is available, including particulates, flagellates and other ice-associated algae. We conclude that the different biochemical pathways generating large oil reserves of different compositions, enabling species to utilize different ecological niches, are major determinants of biodiversity in polar zooplankton.
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; biodiversitet; biokjemi; dyreplankton; krill; lipider; marin biologi; zooplankton

In search of an elusive Antarctic circumpolar wave in sea ice extents: 1978–1996 - Gloersen, Per; Huang, Norden E. (Polar Research, 1999)
For ease in discerning an Antarctic circumpolar wave in the perimeter of the ice pack, we construct a time series of the sea ice extents (essentially the area within the ice perimeter) in 1-degree longitudinal sectors for the period 1978-1996, as observed with the multichannel microwave imagers on board the NASA Nimbus 7 and the DOD (Dept. of Defense) DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) F8, F11, and F13 satellites. After converting the time series into complex numbers by means of a Hilbert transform, we decompose the time series of the 360 sectors into its complex principal components (CPCs), effectively separating the spatial and temporal values. Then we decompose the real and imaginary parts of the temporal portions of the first three CPCs (complex principal compenents) by Empirical Mode Decomposition into their intrinsic modes, each representing a narrow frequency band, resulting in a collection of three CPCs for each intrinsic mode. Finally, we reconstruct the data in two different ways. First, we low-pass filter the data by combining all of the intrinsic modes of each CPC with periods longer than two years, which we designate as lowpass filtered. Next, we select the intrinsic mode of each CPC with periods of approximately four years, which we designate the quasiquadrennial (QQ) modes. The low-pass filtered time series shows eastward propagating azimuthal motion in the Ross and Weddell Seas, but no clearly circumpolar motion. The QQ time series, on the other hand, clearly shows eastward propagating circumpolar waves, but with occasional retrograde motion to the west.
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havis; klimatologi; meteorologi; oseanografi

Den første olje - Jenssen, Hugo Lauritz (Ambra : Sandefjordmuseene årbok, 1999)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjøfolk

Physical oceanography - Nøst, Ole Anders; Enghum, Elisabeth; Djurfeldt, Leif; Larsson, Anne-Marie (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98, 1999)
Keywords: NARE 1997/98; Sørishavet; fysisk oseanografi

Iron enrichment with hydrocarboxylic acid and photoreduction of iron under UV and PAR: implications for phytoplankton growth in the Antarctic Ocean. Some preliminary results - Öztürk, Murat; Sakshaug, Egil (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98, 1999)
Keywords: NARE 1997/98; Sørishavet; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi

Residue determinants and sequence analysis of cold-adapted trypsins - Schrøder Leiros, Hanna-Kirsti; Willassen, Nils Peder; Smalås, Arne O. (Extremophiles, 1999)
The digestive enzyme trypsin is among the most extensively studied proteins, and its structure has been reported from a large number of organisms. This article focuses on the trypsins from vertebrates adapted to life at low temperatures. Cold-adapted organisms seem to have compensated for the reduced reaction rates at low temperatures by evolving more active and less temperature-stable enzymes. We have analyzed 27 trypsin sequences from a variety of organisms to find unique attributes for the cold-adapted trypsins, comparing trypsins from salmon, Antarctic fish, cod, and pufferfish to other vertebrate trypsins. Both the "cold" and the "warm" active trypsins have about 50 amino acids that are unique and conserved within each class. The main unique features of the cold-adapted trypsins attributable to low-temperature adaptation seem to be (1) reduced hydrophobicity and packing density of the core, mainly because of a lower (Ile + Leu)/(Ile + Leu + Val) ratio, (2) reduced stability of the C-terminal, (3) lack of one warm trypsin conserved proline residue and one proline tyrosine stacking, (4) difference in charge and flexibility of loops extending the binding pocket, and (5) different conformation of the "autolysis" loop that is likely to be involved in substrate binding.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; fisker; marin biologi; mikrobiologi; polarområdene

The Southern Ocean seabed: arena for conflicting regimes? - Vidas, Davor (Order for the oceans at the turn of the century, 1999)
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus

Polare jubileer i 1997 og 1998 - Barr, Susan (Polarboken, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; historie

Forskrift om regulering av fiske med norske fartøyer i Antarktis (CCAMLR-området) - fiskeridepartementet, Nærings- og (Lovdata, 1998)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fiskeri; jus

Research cruise of the Scandinavian South African Antarctic expedition, December 1997 to February 1998 - Froneman, P.W.; Pakhomov, Evgeny; Turner, D.; Abrahamson, K.; Karlsson, B.; Godhe, Anna; Bertilsson, Stefan; Graneli, Wilhelm; Carlsson, Per; Wängberg, Sten-Åke; Wulff, Angela; Croot, Peter; et al. (South African Journal of Science, 1998)
Focuses on the Scandinavian/South African Antarctic expedition conducted between December 4, 1997 to February 6, 1998 which determined the role of Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle in physical and biological oceanographic studies. Aims of the expedition; Underway sampling conducted; Biological results of the expedition; Conclusions.
Keywords: NARE ekspedisjoner; Sørishavet; fytoplankton; krill; marin biologi; oseanografi

Noruega y las regiones polares - Hansson, Rasmus (Real Ministerio Noruego de Asuntos Exteriores, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Norvegija i poljarnye rajony - Hansson, Rasmus (Izdano Ministerstvom inostrannych del Norvegii, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Norway and the polar regions - Hansson, Rasmus (The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Norwegen und die Polargebiete - Hansson, Rasmus (Kgl. Norwegisches Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Nitrogen uptake in the infiltration community, an ice algal community in Antarctic pack-ice - Kristiansen, Svein; Farbrot, Tove; Kuosa, Harri; Myklestad, Sverre M; Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum (Polar Biology, 1998)
An infiltration community was the dominating ice algal community in pack-ice off Queen Maud Land, Southern Ocean, in January 1993. The community was dominated by autotrophic processes, and the most common species were the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica and the diatoms Chaetoceros neglectus and Fragilariopsis cylindrus. The concentration of chlorophyll a was 1.3–47.9 μg l−1, and the inner part of the community was nitrate depleted. Uptake rates of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea and amino acids were measured using 15N. Nitrate was the major nitrogen source for ice algal growth (67 ± 6% nitrate uptake). It is suggested that % nitrate uptake in the infiltration community decreases during the growth season, from 92% during spring (literature data) to 67% during summer. Scalar irradiance in the infiltration community was high and variable. It reached ca. 2000 μmol m−2 s−1 at some locations, and nitrate uptake rate was potentially photoinhibited at irradiances >500 μmol m−2 s−1. Nitrate uptake rate in an average infiltration community (0.6 m of snow cover) was lowered by 13% over a 2-week period due to photoinhibition.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; marin biologi

Establishing chronologies from acid-insoluble organic 14C dates on Antarctic (Ross Sea) and Arctic (North Atlantic) marine sediments - Licht, Kathy J; Cunningham, Wendy L; Andrews, John T; Domack, Eugene W; Jennings, Anne E (Polar Research, 1998)
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; paleoseanografi; polarområdene; sedimentologi

Gut length, food transit time and diving habit in phocid seals - Mårtensson, Per-Erik; Nordøy, Erling; Messelt, Edward; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Polar Biology, 1998)
Keywords: Sørishavet; seler; zoologi

Snipp snapp snute... : beretning om livet om bord i hvalbåtene fra Vestfold på fangstfeltene i Sydishavet - Østevik, Tore (Færder forlag, 1998)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjøfolk

Stability of the Thermohaline Circulation to Noisy Surface Buoyancy Forcing for the Present and a Warm Climate in an Ocean General Circulation Model - Skagseth, Øystein; Mork, Kjell Arne (Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1998)
The stabilities of two different circulation regimes in the North Atlantic, 1) the present thermohaline circulation and 2) a weaker thermohaline circulation, are compared using the Hamburg Large Scale Geostrophic (LSG) ocean circulation model. The latter circulation regime is obtained by restoring the LSG model toward an on average 48C warmer air surface temperature corresponding to a doubled atmospheric content of CO 2 . The stabilities of these stationary states are investigated by imposing various amounts of stochastic noise on the surface freshwater flux. The simulations show more variability on secular timescales for the present than for the warm climate. Since the modeled static stabilities for the two climates are relatively similar, the different rates of variability are probably connected to other mechanisms. In the present climate at high latitudes the two buoyancy fluxes due to heat and freshwater are of similar magnitudes but with opposite signs; thus switches between convective and nonconvective periods at secular timescales are possible. In the warm climate the buoyancy flux due to heat dominates. This compensates the effect of the noisy freshwater forcing and thus reduces the potential for secular oscillations. The stronger coupling between the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean for the present relative to the warm climate could also contribute to this difference. Furthermore, the simulations show that the variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport for the present climate exceeds that of the warm climate. For increasing stochastic noise the present circulation approaches that of the warm circulation. The authors apply a mixture of heat flux and temperature restoring for the surface boundary condition. Comparison with similar works, which apply a pure restoring for surface temperature, shows that the ocean circulation is much less sensitive to forced stochastic freshwater anomalies with the type of boundary condition used herein. A box model is used to illustrate the effects of the surface temperature parameterizations and the different buoyancy forcing for the present and warm climate.
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; Sørishavsstrømmen; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi; polarområdene; vannmasser

Experimental formation of sea ice: importance of water circulation and wave action for incorporation of phytoplankton and bacteria - Weissenberger, Jürgen; Grossmann, Sönnke (Polar Biology, 1998)
The efficiency of physical concentration mechanisms for enrichment of algae and bacteria in newly formed sea-ice was investigated under defined conditions in the laboratory. Sea-ice formation was simulated in a 3,000 l tank under different patterns of water movement. When ice formed in an artificially generated current pattern, algal cells were substantially enriched within the ice matrix. Enrichment factors for chlorophyll a calculated from the ratio between the concentrations in ice and underlying water reached values of up to 53. Repeated mixing of ice crystals into the water column, as well as flow of water through the new ice layer, contributed to the enrichment of algae in the ice. Wave action during ice formation revealed lower phytoplankton enrichment factors of up to 9. Mixing of floating ice crystals with underlying water and pumping of water into the ice matrix by periodical expansion and compression of the slush ice layer were responsible for the wave-induced enrichment of algal cells. Physical enrichment of bacteria within the ice was negligible. Bacterial biomass within new ice was enhanced only when the concentration of algae was high. At low algal biomass, bacteria experienced substantial losses in the ice, most likely due to brine drainage, which were not observed for the microalgae. Bacterial cells are therefore not scavenged by ice crystals and the observed enrichment and sustainment of bacterial biomass within newly formed ice depend on their attachment to cells or aggregates of algae. Division rates of bacteria changed only slightly during ice formation.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; bakterier; fytoplankton; havis; marin biologi; polarområdene

Døde menn vender tilbake: Shackletons høyst private Whitbread-seilas - Winge, Jon (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årbok, 1998)
Keywords: Endurance (skip); Ernest Henry Shackleton; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; skipsfart

Moorings from the Filchner Trough and the Ronne Ice Shelf front: preliminary results - Woodgate, Rebecca A; Schröder, Michael; Østerhus, Svein (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1998)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Chemical composition in water masses and interactions with the sediment in the southern Weddel sea - Anderson, Leif G; Fogelqvist, Elisabet; Hulth, Stefan; Olsson, Kristina; Tanhua, Toste; Tengberg, Anders; Zemlyak, Frank (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; analyser; kjemisk; sedimenter; vannmasser

Productivity in the 20th century Antarctic pelagic shore station whaling: growth and stagnation in two technological regimes. - Basberg, Bjørn L (The Great Circle, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalindustri; pelagisk

To hvalfangstentreprenøren - to strategier? - Basberg, Bjørn L (I det lange løp : essays i økonomisk historie tilegnet Fritz Hodne, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Christen Christensen; Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokerier; næringsliv; pelagisk; økonomi

Water masses in the southern Weddell Sea - Gammelsrød, Tor; Myking, Steinar; Nøst, Anders; Skagseth, Øystein; Østerhus, Svein (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; innlandsis; oseanografi; vannmasser

Indentation testing on ice from the Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica: preliminary results - Gerland, Sebastian (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis

Productivity in the southern Weddell Sea in the Austral summer - Hegseth, Else Nøst; Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum; Seim, Bjørnar (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; alger; fytoplankton; krill

Timing of glacial events in Antarctica - diamond drilling into the glaciomarine sequence of the Weddell Sea continental shelf - Koç, Nalân; Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Hansen, Erik; Persson, Allan (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; kontinentalsokkel; sedimenter; sedimentologi; seismologi

Ice algae and phytoplankton composition in the Weddell Sea: interactions, production and nitrogen uptake - Kristiansen, Svein; Syvertsen, Erik E.; Farbrot, Tove (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; fytoplankton

Sea ice projects during NARE 1992/93 - Løyning, Terje Brinck; Vinje, Torgny (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havis; sjøis

Hval og hvalfangst : temahefte - [Lunde, Stig-Tore] (Sandefjordmuseene, 1997)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk

Studies of seals in the Weddel sea and King Haakon VII sea - Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; seler; zoologi

The Antarctic coastal current - physical oceanographic results from NARE 1996/97 - Nøst, Ole Anders; Lothe, Torleif (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; oseanografi

Sandefjords historie - Olstad, Finn (Sandefjord kommune, 1997)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Norge; Sørishavet; Vestfold; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri

Ice algae and phytoplankton composition in the Weddell Sea: interactions with different environmental factors - Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; fytoplankton

Characteristics of Weddell Sea Shelf sediments obtained by diamond core drilling, Antarctica - Strand, Kari; Kristoffersen, Yngve (FINNARP -95/96: Weddel Sea Joint Nordic Expedition, 1997)
Keywords: Sørishavet; geokjemi; sedimenter

Marine geology of the continental shelf off the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica - Winterhalter, Boris; Kotilainen, Aarno; Cato, Ingemar; Kjellin, Bernt; Jakobsson, Martin; Kristoffersen, Yngve (FINNARP -95/96: Weddell Sea Joint Nordic Expedition, 1997)
Keywords: Sørishavet; geologi; maringeologi

Lack of population subdivision among the minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from Icelandic and Norwegian waters based on mitochondrial DNA sequences - Bakke, Ingrid; Johansen, Steinar; Bakke, [Øyvind]; El-Gewely, Mohamed Raafat (Marine Biology, 1996)
The minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) is subject to commercial whaling, but stock identification and assessment are still uncertain. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were determined to examine the population structure of minke whales from the central and northeastern parts of the North Atlantic, as well as the Antarctic regions IV and V. The analyses include 345 nucleotide positions of the control region of 110 individuals, and 250 nucleotide positions of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene for a representative selection of North Atlantic minke whales. Maximum parsimony analyses and sequence divergence calculations did not reveal any genetic differentiation between individuals from the central and northeastern parts of the North Atlantic. These results do not support the International Whaling Commission's separation of minke whales in this area into different management units, and they are in conflict with previously reported results from allozyme analyses. Comparison of minke whale control region sequences showed that the sequence diversity of North Atlantic minke whales is substantially lower (0.0065) than that of Antarctic minke whales (0.0166), and clearly demonstrated that individuals from these two areas represent genetically distinct populations.
Keywords: Sørishavet; bioteknologi; genetikk; hvaler; marin biologi; polarområdene

Antarctic krill Thysanoessa macrura fills a major gap in marine lipogenic pathways - Kattner, Gerhard; Hagen, Wilhelm; Falk-Petersen, Stig; Sargent, John R.; Henderson R. James (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1996)
The unique predominance of oleyl alcohols (18:1) is the striking characteristic of the lipids of the Antarctic euphausiid Thysanoessa macrura. The 2 isomers 18:1(n-9) and 18:1(n-7) occurred in similar proportions in the wax esters of T. macrura and comprised up to 80% of the total fatty alcohols. The remainder consisted mostly of the 20:1(n-9) alcohol along with small amounts of the 22:1(n-11) alcohol. No marine zooplankton species has previously been reported which produces wax esters with significant amounts of 18 carbon fatty alcohols. T. macrura specimens were collected in the high Antarctic Weddell Sea during autumn 1992 and summer 1993. Their lipid levels were high, about 40 to 50% of the dry mass with up to 70% of the total lipid as wax esters. The wax ester fatty acids were dominated by the saturates 14:0 and 16:0, which, along with the monounsaturate 18:1(n-9), accounted for more than 80% of the total fatty acids. Phospholipids contained high levels of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:5 and 22:6) typical of membrane lipids from marine zooplankton. The precise significance of the unique wax ester composition in T. macrura is not clear but this discovery underscores the biochemical adaptability of Antarctic zooplankton species to a constantly cold and highly seasonal polar environment.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biokjemi; dyreplankton; hoppekreps; krill; marin biologi; zooplankton; økologi

Den nordiske Antarktisekspedisjonen 1995/1996: Rapport om grunn kjerneboring på kontinentalsokkelen i Weddelhavet, Antarktis - Kristoffersen, Yngve (Inst. for den faste jords fysikk, UiB, 1996)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; geologi

Modelling the ocean response to secular surface temperature transitions - Mork, K. A.; Skagseth, Øystein (Climate Dynamics, 1996)
The ocean response to surface temperature transients is simulated with the use of the Hamburg large-scale geostrophic (LSG) ocean general circulation model (OGCM). The transition, from the present to a climate corresponding to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 content, is compared with the reversed transition. For the Atlantic, the time scale for the deep ocean to adjust to the temperature changes was similar for both transitions. In the Pacific, the time scale is shorter for the present to warm transition than for the reverse case, a result of increased production of Antarctic bottom water (AABW) during the warm climate. While the transition from cold to warm climate shows no secular variability, the reversed transition generates considerable variability on time scales of 300–400 years. For the warm climate, oscillations with periods of 45 years are found in the Southern Ocean. Results of principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis indicate that these oscillations are due to interaction between convection in the Southern Ocean and advected salinity anomalies in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the Southern Pacific Ocean.
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; Sørishavsstrømmen; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi; vannmasser

Effects of UV radiation on post-bloom phytoplankton populations in Kvalsund, North Norway - Walter Helbling, E.; Eilertsen, Hans Chr.; Villafañe, Virginia E.; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 1996)
Our studies in the coastal waters in North Norway show that rates of photosynthesis of natural phytoplankton assemblages are strongly inhibited by solar UV radiation. When exposed to high irradiances of direct solar radiation, photosynthetic rates were increased by approximately 150% when all UV radiation was excluded from samples, with UVB radiation being responsible for approximately 50% of the total inhibition. There was no discernible threshold value for inhibition of photosynthesis by UV radiation, even at UV (280–400 nm) irradiances as low as 0.1 W m−2. When natural assemblages were incubated in situ, inhibition of photosynthetic rates were detectable down to 10 m, where solar irradiance was about 3% of the radiation incident on the sea surface. Based on the inhibition of photosynthetic rates at very low fluences of UV radiation, post-bloom assemblages of phytoplankton in North Norway and possibly also in the Arctic ocean appear to be more sensitive to solar UV radiation than phytoplankton from the Southern Ocean.
Keywords: Sørishavet; fotosyntese; fytoplankton; marin biologi; polarområdene; ultrafiolett stråling

Hvalen – ressurs og politikk – Historisk overblikk - Fløistad, Brit (Vestfoldminne, 1995)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Distribution and diving behaviour of crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) off Queen Maud Land - Nordøy, Erling S.; Folkow, Lars; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Polar Biology, 1995)
Eight crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) (three females, five males), ranging in body mass between 125 and 220 kg, were captured off Queen Maud Land (70-72 degrees S, 7-16 degrees W) during the last week of February, just after moulting, and tagged with Argos satellite-linked dive recorders to provide data on location and diving depth and duration. During the first few weeks of March the seals were moving in the pack ice along the continental shelf edge, close to the coast of Queen Maud Land. In April and May, when the pack ice extended northwards, most of the seals moved north, one reaching 63 degrees S in late May. In the first half of June the two remaining seals turned south and moved back deep into the pack ice. The seals made about 150 dives per day each throughout the study period. Ninety percent of these were made to depths of less than 52 m. Individual maximum diving depths varied between 288 and 528 m. In March the seals were most active at night, when the dive depth was shallower than during the day. In April and May the seals were more active during day-time, with an absence of any diurnal change in diving depth. These results support the notion that crabeater seals predominantly feed on krill in Antarctic pack ice, even when winter returns to the waters off Queen Maud Land.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biodiversitet; marin biologi; seler; telemetri; zoologi; økologi

Formation and circulation of Ice Shelf Water in the Weddell and Ross seas - Nøst, Ole Anders (University of Bergen, 1995)
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Åpning av Foyn-seminaret 23.januar 1995 - Olsen, Jan Henry T (Vestfoldminne, 1995)
Keywords: Den internasjonale hvalfangstkommisjonen; Norge; Svend Foyn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstkvotene; pelagisk

Variability in nutrient concentrations around Elephant Island, Antarctica, during 1991-1993 - Silva S, Nelson; Helbling, E Walter; Villafañe, Virginia; Amos, Anthony F; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Polar Research, 1995)
Keywords: Elefantøya; Sørishavet; næringsstoffer; vannmasser

Subantarctic island research: discussion and recommendations - Sømme, Lauritz (Progress in conservation of the Subantarctic islands: proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Protection, Research and Management of Subantarctic Islands, Paimpont, France, 27-29 April 1992, 1995)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; forvaltning; natur

Modelling of Deep-Sea Gravity Currents Using an Integrated Plume Model - Alendal, Guttorm; Drange, Helge; Haugan, Peter M (The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, 1994)
An integrated plume model is used to describe large scale gravity currents in the ocean. The model describes competing effects of (negative) buoyancy, friction, entrainment and Cariolis farce, as well as a pressure term due to variable plume thickness, on the flux, speed and flow direction of the plume. Equations for conservation of salt and internal energy (temperature) and a full equation of state far seawater is included in the model. The entrainment of ambient water is parameterized with support in empirical data, and a drag coefficient consistent with the entrainment is introduced. The model is tested against the overflow through the Denmark Strait, the flow down the Weddell Sea continental slope, and the outflow of saline water through the Gibraltar Strait and from the Spencer Gulf, Australia. The farmer gain an extra driving mechanism due to the thermobaric effect, while in the two latter cases the initial density difference is so large that this effect is not essential. Order of magnitude fit with measurements requires drag coefficient between 0.01 and 0.1. Conditions susceptible to meander behaviour and a singularity arising from the pressure dependency on the current thickness variations are briefly discussed.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; havstrømmer; klimamodeller; oseanografi

Antarktis: verdens siste villmark - Fothergill, Alastair (Cappelen, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; biologi; natur

Water mass distribution and tides along the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf: preleminary [sic] results from the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1992/93 - Gammelsrød, Tor (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1994)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Distribution of Water Masses on the Continental Shelf in the Southern Weddell Sea - Gammelsrød, Tor; Foldvik, Arne; Nøst, Ole Anders; Foldvik, Ø.; Anderson, Leif G.; Fogelqvist, Elisabet; Olsson, K. Anders; Tanhua, Toste; Jones, Elizabeth Peter; Østerhus, Svein (The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, 1994)
Water properties on the continental shelf in the southern Weddell Sea observed during NARP 92/93 are presented. The station distribution includes a section close to the floating ice shelf from the Filchner Depression to the Antarctic Peninsula. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, silicate, CFC-ll and CFC-12 distributions are shown. Melting under the ice shelves, circulation systems, residence times, sediment/water interactions and bottom water formation are discussed. Ice Shelf Water (ISW), which is formed by cooling and melting below the floating ice shelf, seems to be about 10 years older than its parent water mass, which indicates the residence time below the ice shelf. The average melting rate below the Filchner Ronne ice shelf, based on the volume flux of ISW in the Filchner Depression is estimated to be 0.1 m/year. Compared with earlier observations considerable changes were found in the water characteristics and distribution: The temperature of the Weddell Deep Water has increased 0.7°C since 1977. Western Shelf Water, usually dominating the bottom layers in the Filchner Depression and on the Berkner Shelf, was found only in the Ronne Depression.
Keywords: NARP 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Synedropsis gen. nov., a genus of araphid diatoms associated with sea ice - Hasle, Grethe Rytter; Medlin, Linda K.; Syvertsen, Erik E. (Phycologia, 1994)
A new araphid diatom genus, Synedropsis Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen, is described from sea ice. The generitype, Synedropsis hyperborea (Grunow) Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen from the Arctic, was first described as a species of Synedra, as was the antarctic Synedropsis fragilis (Manguin) Hasle, Syvertsen et Medlin. A second antarctic species of Synedropsis is a new combination of Cymatosira laevis Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe. In addition four new taxa, S. hyperboreoides Hasle, Syvertsen et Medlin, S. recta Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen, S. lata Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen and S. lata var. angustata Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen are described from the Antarctic. The valve wall is laminar with uniseriate, often poorly developed striae and a wide sternum. Each valve possesses apical fields composed of slits. A labiate process is positioned near one apical slit field. The valve outline for most species exhibits considerable stadial variation. The girdle has several bands, most with one row of poroids close to the pars interior. Thus Synedropsis is closely related to the marine Fragilaria striatula Lyngbye except in the structure of the apical fields and the number of bands. Species observed in uncleaned material appeared in stellate or, more seldom, ribbon-shaped colonies. Synedropsis hyperborea is a common epiphyte on the ice-associated Melosira arctica Dickie in the Arctic. The antarctic species were found mainly in the bottom ice community, S. fragilis as an epiphyte on other diatoms.
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; botanikk; diatomeer; havis; kiselalger; marin biologi; plankton

Hvalfangstens økonomiske betydning for Vestfold i mellomkrigstiden - Olsen, Per Erik (P.E. Olsen, 1994)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri

Occurrence of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda) in fish from the Southeastern Weddell Sea (Antarctic) - Palm, Harry; Andersen, Karin; Klöser, Heinz; Plötz, Joachim (Polar Biology, 1994)
Eleven fish species from the Weddell Sea (Antarctic) were examined for infestation with anisakid nematodes. Two species of the genus Contracaecum and the sealworm Pseudoterranova decipiens were isolated from the liver and the body cavity of fish affected. Only two specimens of P. decipiens (1.4%) partly invaded the belly flaps. The following fish species were infested by P. decipiens at the given prevalences: Cygnodraco mawsoni (74.4%), Trematomus scotti (23.2%), Pagetopsis maculatus (10.0%), Cryodraco antarcticus (7.1%), Trematomus lepidorhinus (3.0%), and Dolloidraco longedorsalis (2.7%). All of these, except Trematomus scotti, are new host records. Chaenodraco wilsoni, Chionodraco myersi, Gerlachea australis, Racovitzia glacialis and T. eulepidotus were not infested. The reasons for low prevalence and intensity of infestation are seen in the difficulties of P. decipiens in completing its benthic life cycle in the Weddell Sea environment, in the absence of shallow coastal waters due to the floating shelf-ice. Cygnodraco mawsoni is a crucial intermediate host, without which completion of the parasite life cycle might not be possible. In order to clarify the taxonomical position of Antarctic Pseudoterranova, morphological comparisons with specimens of P. decipiens from the German and Norwegian coast were made using scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed no differences; hence, all specimens studied belong to the same species P. decipiens.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biodiversitet; fisker; marin biologi; økologi

Norwegian Antarctic whaling seen through the eye of the camera - Barr, Susan (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; fotografi; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; pelagisk

A century of German interests in modern whaling, 1860s-1960s - Barthelmess, Klaus (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; Tyskland; hvalfangere; pelagisk hvalfangst; økonomi

Survival against all odds? Shore station whaling at South Georgia in the Pelagic. Era, 1925-1960 - Basberg, Bjørn L (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; pelagisk; økonomi; økonomisk historie

The legitimacy of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources - Davis, Bruce W; Herr, Richard A (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus; miljøvern; politikk

Den farlige isen i Antarktis - Ekra, Siv Ingrid Skau (Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet SINTEF, 1993)
All is i antarktiske havområder er flerårig under den antarktiske sommeren. Slik is er særlig sterk og hard og smelter ikke. I store bølger får de farlige stykkene stor fart. Treffer de en båt, skjer det med stor kraft.
Keywords: Sørishavet; båter; isforholdene; populærvitenskap

Hvalfangstlæge for 40 år siden - Husby, Jakob; Kolltveit, Bård (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årsberetning, 1993)
Keywords: Anglo Norse ekspedisjonene; Sørishavet; erindringer; historie; hvalfangst; hvalkokerier; pelagisk

Kapittel 3 - Arbeidsløsheten. Kapittel 6 - Den lokale organisasjonen i 30-åra - Magdahl, Jørn (Framnæsarbeidernes historie, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; arbeiderbevegelse; byhistorie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; næringsliv