Ice algae during EPOS, leg 1: assemblages, biomass, origin and nutrients - Syvertsen, Erik E; Kristiansen, Svein (Polar Biology, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; biomasse

The Antarctic Treaty system and the law of the sea. Review of Christopher C. Joyner: Antarctica and the law of the sea - Vidas, Davor (International Challenges, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus; litteratur

Vel blåst! : kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum 75 år : 1917-1992 - Wexelsen, Einar (Kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum, 1993)
Keywords: Christen Christensen; Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalindustri; museer

Working Conditions and Work-related Injuries and Illnesses on board Norwegian Floating Factories after World War II - Wexelsen, Einar (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; medisin

Hvalfangsten : eventyret tar slutt - Bakka, Dag (Krohn Johansen, 1992)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; båter; ekspedisjoner; historie; hvalfangerselskapet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; hvalkokerier; pelagisk; skip

Phytoplankton distribution in relation to sea ice, hydrography and nutrients in the northwestern Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during EPOS - Bianchi, Franco; Boldrin, Alfredo; Cioce, F; Dieckmann, Gerhard Stephan; Kuosa, Harri; Larsson, A M; Nöthig, Eva-Maria; Sehlstedt, P I; Socal, Giorgio; Syvertsen, Erik E (Polar Biology, 1992)
Phytoplankton biomass and distribution of major phytoplankton groups were investigated in relation to sea ice conditions, hydrography and nutrients along three north-south transects in the north western Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during the EPOS Study (European Polarstern Study), Leg 1. Three different zones along the transects could be distinguished: 1) the Open Water Zone (OWZ) from 58-degrees to 60-degrees-S with high chlorophyll a concentrations up to 3.5-mu-g l-1; 2) the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) from 60-degrees to about 62.5-degrees with chlorophyll a concentrations between 0.1 and 0.3-mu-g l-1, and 3) the closed pack-ice zone (CPI) from 62.5-degrees to 63.2-degrees-S with chlorophyll a concentrations below 0.1-mu-g l-1. Nutrient concentrations increased towards the south showing winter values under the closed pack-ice. Centric diatoms such as Thalassiosira gravida and Chaetoceros neglectum forming large colonies dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in terms of biomass in open water together with large, long chain forming, pennate diatoms, whereas small pennate diatoms such as Nitzschia spp., and nanoflagellates prevailed in ice covered areas. Fairly low concentrations of phytoplankton cells were encountered at the southernmost stations and many empty diatom frustules were found in the samples. The enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the Weddell-Scotia-Confluence area is achieved through sea ice melting in the frontal zone of two different water masses, the Weddell and the Scotia Sea surface waters.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biomasse; diatomeer; fytoplankton; havis; hydrografi; marin biologi; oseanografi

Ecology of sea ice biota. 1. Habitat, terminology, and methodology - Horner, Rita; Ackley, Stephen F.; Dieckmann, Gerhard S.; Gulliksen, Bjorn; Hoshiai, Takao; Legendre, Louis; Melnikov, Igor A.; Reeburgh, William S.; Spindler, Michael; Sullivan, Cornelius W. (Polar Biology, 1992)
Polar regions are covered by extensive sea ice that is inhabited by a variety of plants and animals. The environments where the organisms live vary depending on the structure and age of the ice. Many terms have been used to describe the habitats and the organisms. We here characterize the habitats and communities and suggest some standard terms for them. We also suggest routine sampling methods and reporting units for measurements of biological and chemical variables.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; havis; marin biologi; polarområdene; økologi

Nitrogen uptake in the Weddell Sea during late winter and spring - Kristiansen, Svein; Syvertsen, Erik E; Farbrot, Tove (Polar Biology, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; biologi

Glaciomarine turbidite and current controlled deposits in Prydz Bay, Antarctica - Kuvaas, Berit; Leitchenkov, German (Marine Geology, 1992)
A thick sequence (up to 2200 m) of presumed post late Eocene/early Oligocene glaciomarine sediments is inferred to be present on the Prydz Bay continental rise. In the absence of information from drillholes, we correlate to ODP Leg 119 drillsites on the shelf and compare with the seismic reflection pattern of glaciomarine sequences in the Weddell Sea. The inferred glaciomarine sediments in Prydz Bay appear to be deposited in a complex manner, suggesting interaction by both turbidity cur rents and strong bottom currents. Reflection seismic profiles from the lower continental slope and rise shows an abundance of current influenced deposits, such as sediment waves and large sediment ridges with similarities to contourite drifts. In addition, large channel-levee complexes are abundant, suggesting deposition by turbidity currents and other massflow processes. Large channels and sediment ridges trend oblique to the continental margin. The geometry and character of the seismic reflection pattern suggest that the ridges have been deposited under the combined influence of overflow from downslope channelized turbidity currents and strong bottom water flow. The observed sediment waves and the difference along eastern and western channel margins suggest that bottom currents are flowing towards the west. We suggest that the initiation of turbidite sedimentation occurred in the late Eocene-early Oligocene, when the Amery Ice Shelf reached the shelf edge for the first time. Onset of current controlled deposition may possibly be related to the opening of the Drake Passage at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; kontinentalmargin; marin geologi

Ecology of sea ice biota. 2. Global significance - Legendre, Louis; Ackley, Stephen F.; Dieckmann, Gerhard S.; Gulliksen, Bjørn; Horner, Rita; Hoshiai, Takao; Melnikov, Igor A.; Reeburgh, William S.; Spindler, Michael; Sullivan, Cornelius W. (Polar Biology, 1992)
The sea ice does not only determine the ecology of ice biota, but it also influences the pelagic systems under the ice cover and at ice edges. In this paper, new estimates of Arctic and Antarctic production of biogenic carbon are derived, and differences as well as similarities between the two oceans are examined. In ice-covered seas, high algal concentrations (blooms) occur in association with several types of conditions. Blooms often lead to high sedimentation of intact cells and faecal pellets. In addition to ice-related blooms, there is progressive accumulation of organic matter in Arctic multi-year ice, whose fate may potentially be similar to that of blooms. A fraction of the carbon fixed by microalgae that grow in sea ice or in relation to it is exported out of the production zone. This includes particulate material sinking out of the euphotic zone, and also material passed on to the food web. Pathways through which ice algal production does reach various components of the pelagic and benthic food webs, and through them such top predators as marine mammals and birds, are discussed. Concerning global climate change and biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, not all export pathways from the euphotic zone result in the sequestration of carbon for periods of hundreds of years or more. This is because various processes, that take place in both the ice and the water column, contribute to mineralize organic carbon into CO2 before it becomes sequestered. Processes that favour the production and accumulation of biogenic carbon as well as its export to deep waters and sequestration are discussed, together with those that influence mineralization in the upper ice-covered ocean.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; biogeokjemi; havis; karbondioksid; klimaendringer; marin biologi; polarområdene; økologi

Bunnvannsstrømmer på kontinentalskråningen i Weddellhavet - Nordlund, Nina (Universitetet i Bergen, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bunnvann; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi

En modell for sirkulasjonen under isshelfene i Weddelhavet og Rosshavet - Nøst, Ole Anders (O. A. Nøst, 1992)
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Gigantisk isfjell i Sør-Atlanteren - Orheim, Olav (Polarboken, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; isfjell

Studies through Jutulgryta, Fimbulisen in the 1991/92 season - Østerhus, Svein; Orheim, Olav (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1992)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; oseanografi

Hvalfangerkoner og barn forteller : hjemmeliv fra 1930-1967 - Vesterlid, Jorunn (Vestfold grafiske, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; etnologi; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; kulturhistorie; kvinner

The role of the microbial loop in Antarctic pelagic ecosystems - Azam, Farooq; Smith, David C; Hollibaugh, James T (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; oseanografi; økosystemer

Hvalbåter over og under vann - Basberg, Bjørn L; Nævestad, Dag (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum Årsberetning, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; skip

Whaling or Shipping? Conflicts over the Use of the Norwegian Whaling Fleet during World War II - Basberg, Bjørn Lorens (International Journal of Maritime History, 1991)
When the United Kingdom entered World War n in September 1939 the Norwegian merchant marine was immediately affected, as its ships became the targets of German submarines. Between September 1939 and April 1940 (when Norway was occupied by the Nazis), more than fifty Norwegian ships were lost, mainly in the North Sea and the north Atlantic. In November 1939 an agreement was reached between the British government and the Norwegian Shipowners Association to place almost half the Norwegian merchant fleet at Britain's disposal under the so-called "charter parties scheme." The king and the Norwegian government fled to London and established a government-inexile during the German occupation, but before their departure it was decided to establish an agency in the British capital to operate and manage Norwegian shipping. It was named the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship) and became the world's largest shipowner, controlling more than one thousand ships at the outset of the war.'
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; andre verdenskrig; hvalbåter; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk hvalfangst

Phytoplankton-bacteria relationship in the Antarctic marine ecosystem - Billen, Gilles; Becquevort, Sylvie (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bakterier; biomasse; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi; økofysiologi; økosystemer

The physiology of polar marine zooplankton - Clarke, Andrew; Peck, Lloyd S (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; marin biologi; polarområdene; zooplankton

Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability - Harrison, W G; Cota, G F (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; oseanografi

Krill Enzymes. A New Concept for Efficient Debridement of Necrotic Ulcers - Hellgren, L.; Karlstam, B.; Mohr, Viggo; Vincent, J. (International Journal of Dermatology, 1991)
The article discusses the new concept for surgery of necrotic ulcers using the krill enzymes. The krill peptide hydrolases represent a new and important alternative to mammalian or microbial enzymes for distinctive medical applications, such as debridemen.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; medisin; plankton

The Crary Fan: A trough-mouth fan on the Weddell Sea continental margin, Antarctica - Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve (Marine Geology, 1991)
Multichannel seismic investigations show the presence of a large trough-mouth fan deposit on the continental margin in the southern Weddell Sea. A characteristic feature of the fan is relatively few, but large canyons and/or channels which appear to have been stable for long periods. Levees associated with the channels may reach thicknesses of more than 1 km. Drilling during ODP Leg 113 recorded the presence of glaciers in East Antarctica since early Oligocene time, and the seismic stratigraphic evidence suggests that the submarine fan is largely composed of glacigenic sediments. The channel-levee systems and complexes indicate several growth phases, apparently controlled by glacial/interglacial climate fluctuations, with maximum fan growth during glacial periods. The present interglacial period is characterized by strong and erosive flow of Ice Shelf Water running down the western slope of the fan and carrying only minor amounts of suspended matter. The fan is essentially sediment starved during interglacial periods. The dimensions of the channel-levee complexes and the persistent loci of sediment supply suggest that turbidite sedimentation resulted from melting of wet-based glaciers at or near the shelf edge, which has consequently prograded 70-80 km seaward.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; isshelf; kontinentalmargin; kontinentalsokkel; marin geologi; seismologi

Microbial communities from the sea ice and adjacent water column at the time of ice melting in the northwestern part of the Weddell Sea - Mathot, Sylvie; Becquevort, Sylvie; Lancelot, Christiane (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; bakterier; diatomeer; havis; mikrobiologi; protozo; sjøis; smelting

Hvalfangernes mat til hverdag og fest - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ernæring; hvalfangst

Light and productivity of phytoplankton in polar marine ecosystems: a physiological view - Sakshaug, Egil; Slagstad, Dag (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fysiologi; fytoplankton; planteplankton; polarområdene

Factors controlling the development of phytoplankton blooms in the Antarctic Ocean — a mathematical model - Sakshaug, Egil; Slagstad, Dag; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Marine Chemistry, 1991)
A mathematical model describing the development of phytoplankton blooms as a function of the depth of the wind-mixed layer, spectral distribution of light, passage of atmospheric low-pressure systems, size of the initial phytoplankton stock and loss rates is presented. Model runs represent shade-adapted, large-celled, bloom-forming diatoms. Periodic deep mixing caused by strong winds may severely retard the development of blooms and frequently abort them before macronutrients are completely exhausted. Moderate depths of mixing (40-50 m) in combination with a moderately large total loss rate (about 0.01 3 h-1) can prevent blooms from developing during the brightest time of the year. Complete exhaustion of macronutrients in the upper waters is likely only if the wind-mixed layer is less than 10 m deep, i.e. in very sheltered waters, and also in the marginal ice zone when ice is melting. We do not exclude the possibility of control of phytoplankton biomass by iron in ice-free, deep-sea parts of the Antarctic Ocean, but the implied enhancement of export production through addition of iron might be restricted because of limitation by light, i.e. vertical mixing.
Keywords: Scotiahavet; Sørishavet; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi

Conference report: preservation or exploitation - Stokke, Olav Schram (Marine Policy, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; jus; politikk

Symposium report: "The Antarctic Treaty System in World Politics" - Stokke, Olav Schram (International Challenges, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; forvaltning; jus; politikk

Antarctica's cultural heritage: can ICOMOS help? - Barr, Susan (Icomos information, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; kulturminneforvaltning

The practical implications of the eco-system approach in CCAMLR - Beddington, John R; Basson, M; Gulland, J A (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; økologi

Observations of ice shelf water at the southern Weddel sea shelf break - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Nordlund, Nina; Nytun, Kjell (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: NARE 1989/90; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; isshelf; oseanografi

The tides of the southern Weddell Sea - Foldvik, Arne; Middleton, Jason H; Foster, Theodore D (Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; isshelf; kontinentalsokkel; kontinentalsokler; tidevann

Marine biological studies in the Weddel sea and north of Dronning Maud Land - Gulliksen, Bjørn; Lønne, Ole Jørgen; Hellum, Cecilie (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: NARE 1989/90; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; marin biologi

Has CCAMLR worked? management policies and ecological needs - Heap, John A (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; økologi

Microbial autotrophic and heterotrophic eucaryotes in Antarctic waters: relationships between biomass and chlorophyll, adenosine triphosphate and particulate organic carbon - Hewes, Christopher D.; Sakshaug, Egil; Reid, Freda M. H.; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1990)
Microscopical examination of near-surface eucaryotic microbial populations in circumcontinental waters of Antarctica indicated that nanoplankton (<20 μm diameter) dominated in regions with low chlorophyll concentrations (< 1 μg l⁻¹). About 30 % of the mean nanoplankton carbon consisted of heterotrophic flagellates. Heterotrophic microplankton carbon (> 20 μm diameter) was generally less significant. The variation in phytoplankton biomass was the result primarily of changes in cell density of pennate diatoms in the East Wind Drift, and of centric diatoms in the Weddell Sea and the Scotia Ridge region. Autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon as determined by microscopical analysis were compared with data for total particulate carbon, chlorophyll a, and adenosine triphosphate. Estimates for the C:chl ratio of autotrophs increased with decreasing concentrations of chlorophyll a, with mean values of 46 in bloom waters and 144 in 'blue water'. A C:ATP ratio for heterotrophic nanoplankton was estimated to be about 100, while that for heterotrophic microplankton may be lower. Algorithms, incorporating concentrations of chlorophyll a and ATP, are described which allow estimates of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial biomass.
Keywords: Sørishavet; alger; biomasse; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi; plankton; zooplankton

I hjertet av Antarktis; Norge i Antarktis - Imbert, Bertrand C; Hem, Arne (Polarforskningens pionerer, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Norge; Peter I. Øy; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; Sørishavet; hvalfangst; oppdagelsesreiser

La oss arbeide! : A/S Laboremus gjennom 80 år 1910-1990 - Kolltveit, Bård ([A/S Laboremus], 1990)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; rederier; sjøfartshistorie

Glaciologic and oceanographic studies on Fimbulisen during NARE 1989/90 - Orheim, Olav; Hagen, Jon Ove; Østerhus, Svein; Sætrang, Arne (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1990)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; glasiologi; isbrem; oseanografi

The implementation of CCAMLR: is the decision-making machinery conductive to good management? - Orrego Vicuña, Francisco (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; miljøvern; politikk

Ingeniør Sæbjørnsens bukspretter - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1990)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; patenter; pelagisk; utstyr

Næringer i hvalfangstens grenseland - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1990)
Keywords: Christen Christensen; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalkokerier; hvalolje; næring; patenter; pelagisk; økonomi

The relationship between the ATS and the LOS convention of 1982 - Safronchuk, Vasiliy S (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; havrett; jus; politikk

Oxygen 18 and helium as tracers of ice shelf water and water/ice interaction in the Weddell Sea - Schlosser, Peter; Bayer, Reinhold; Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Rohardt, Gerd; Münnich, Karl Otto (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1990)
Oxygen 18 and helium isotope data from stations located in the Filchner Depression, on the continental slope of the southern Weddell Sea, and in the central Weddell Sea are presented and discussed. The 18O and 4He signals imprinted on the water circulating under the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf (Ice Shelf Water, or ISW) due to melting of glacial ice at the base of the ice shelf are traced across the sill separating the Filchner Depression from the Weddell Sea. Low δ18O values are correlated with high 4He concentrations in the ISW found in the Filchner Depression (minimum δ18O values: −0.8‰; maximum 4He concentrations: about 4.7×10−8 cm3 STP g−1). The fraction of glacial meltwater contained in the ISW found in the Filchner Depression is estimated to about 6 to 7‰. The 18O and helium isotope data from the overflowing shelf water component observed on the continental slope confirm the hypothesis that ISW contributes significantly to the Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW). On the basis of a inultiparameter water mass analysis it is discussed which fraction of the WSBW originates from ISW and which other shelf waters potentially could contribute to WSBW.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; brehylle; geofysikk; hydrografi; isbrem; isshelf; oseanografi; smeltevann; vannmasser

Zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation. Deutschland, Norwegen und die Walfangfrage in den 1930er Jahren - Scholl, Lars Ulrich (Sjøfartshistorisk årbok : Norwegian yearbook of maritime history, 1990)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; Tyskland; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalolje; pelagisk; samarbeid

Marine geological studies in the Weddel sea - Sjøholm, Jorunn; Jansen, Eystein (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: NARE 1989/90; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; marin geologi

På hvalfangst med blyant og farvestifter - Wexelsen, Einar (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1990)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; kunst; pelagisk

Pierce's kastebørse - et "Reodor Felgen" -patent med lang levetid - Wexelsen, Einar (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalolje; patenter; pelagisk; utstyr

Cold resistance and metabolic responses to salinity variations in the amphipod Eusirus antarcticus and the krill Euphausia superba - Aarset, Arne V.; Torres, Joseph J. (Polar Biology, 1989)
The krill Euphausia superba, unlike the amphipod, Eusirus antarcticus, tolerates being frozen into solid sea-ice at temperatures down to about-4°C. Cooled in air, the amphipod and the krill freeze and will die at temperatures of-11° and-9°C respectively, representing the supercooling points of the animals. The krill is an osmoconformer in the salinity range of 25 to 45 ppt, while the amphipod conforms in the salinity range of 26 to 40 ppt. The animals thereby lower the melting point of their body fluids in the vicinity of the freezing sea ice, preventing internal ice formation at low temperatures. The mean oxygen consumption rates, at raised and lowered salinities, were not significantly different from rates obtained in normal (35 ppt.) seawater, indicating that salinity has little effect on the metabolism of either species.
Keywords: Sørishavet; krepsdyr; krill; kuldetoleranse; marin biologi; plankton

Genetic homogeneity of krill (Euphausia superba Dana) in the Southern Ocean - Fevolden, Svein Erik; Schneppenheim, Reinhard (Polar Biology, 1989)
Development of a comprehensive picture of the genetic population structure of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) has been hampered by a lack of genetic data from two major areas of the species' distribution, the Bellingshausen Sea and the Ross Sea. Evidence from earlier studies of a discrete “Bellingshausen Sea” population was based on anomalous allele frequencies in two sample sets that were collected near the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula rather than in the Bellingshausen Sea proper. In this paper we describe the first biochemical genetic data obtained on krill from the central Bellingshausen Sea and from the Ross Sea. Analyses of eight polymorphic loci in samples from these two areas have failed to provide any evidence of population structuring within the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, and have indicated that Pacific sector krill cannot be genetically discriminated from Atlantic sector krill or Indian Ocean sector krill. These findings further support the hypothesis of a single circumpolar breeding population of Antarctic krill.
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; biokjemi; genetikk; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Phytoplankton blooms in the vicinity of palmer station, Antarctica - Holm-Hansen, Osmund; Mitchell, Brian Gregory; Hewes, Christopher D; Karl, David Michael (Polar Biology, 1989)
Fifteen oceanographic stations were occupied in the vicinity of Anvers Island, Antarctica, in January of 1985 and 1987. All stations showed high phytoplankton biomass (4.0 to 30 μg chl-a/liter) which was either uniformly distributed in the upper mixed layer or showed a pronounced sub-surface maximum at 4–5 m depth. As phosphate was less than 0.02 μm and nitrate about 2.0 μm in surface waters, it appears that nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth may be of importance during such blooms. This view is supported by chemical measurements of the particulate material which showed high chl-a/ATP ratios (about 7.7), as well as high POC/ATP ratios (about 700). Microscopical analysis revealed a dominance of large-celled diatoms and the near absence of heterotrophic protozoans. Size fractionation studies showed that the nanoplankton accounted for only 28% of the total phytoplankton biomass. When phytoplankton biomass reaches the levels found at these stations, it appears that the cells are light-limited and hence dark-adapted, which results in the high chl-a/ATP ratios and the low assimilation values (0.49–1.64) obtained in our studies. Under such conditions greater than 50% of the total phytoplankton biomass is found below the 1% light level.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biomasse; fytoplankton; oseanografi

Forholdet mellom vitenskap og politikk i internasjonal ressursforvaltning: det internasjonale samarbeid om forvaltning av de levende marine ressurser i Antarktis - Indreeide, Thor Vidar (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1989)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; forskning; forvaltning; politikk; ressurser

The relationship between science and politics in international management of marine living resources: the case of CCAMLR - Indreeide, Thor Vidar (International Challenges, 1989)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; forvaltning; jus; politikk

En hvalfangstsesong med mange forlis. Den første "Kosmos" - Møller, Vilhelm (Kjære gamle Sandefjord, 1989)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; erindringer; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri

Storrederiet Nortraship : handelsflåten i krig - Mossige, Erling (Grøndahl, 1989)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk; rederier; skipsfart

Hjelpekrysser kaprer norske hvalfangere - Nilsen, Tore L.; Thowsen, Atle (Sjøfartshistorisk årbok : Norwegian yearbook of maritime history, 1989)
Keywords: Sørishavet; andre verdenskrig; historie; hvalbåter; hvalfangstflåten; pelagisk

Life at the Ice Edge - Sakshaug, Egil; Skjoldal, Hein Rune (Ambio, 1989)
Keywords: Sørishavet; alger; forurensning; fytoplankton; krill; miljø; planteplankton; zooplankton

Icebergs rework shelf sediments to 500 m off Antarctica - Barnes, Peter W.; Lien, Reidar (Geology, 1988)
Icebergs and sea ice rework the sediments of high-latitude shelves, producing modern diamicts (ice-keel turbates) unrelated to glacial proximity. Off Antarctica, sidescan sonar data indicate the presence of ice-gouge features formed by the physical interaction between ice keels and the sea bed. These are recognized as incisions a few metres deep and tens of metres wide, in water depths up to 500 m. On the submarine bank tops and slopes off Wilkes Land and in the Weddell Sea, subcircular depressions 30 to 150 m in diameter, a washboard pattern, and hummocky bed features also represent iceberg-resting sites. The freshness of sea-bed morphology, nearby Holocene sediment ponding, and active hydraulic sedimentary processes indicate that the sea floor is being reworked by iceberg keels. Tabular iceberg drafts in excess of 330 m have been measured, and modeling studies suggest that nontabular iceberg drafts of 500 m are possible. We conclude that a modern ice-keel turbate deposit in the form of a poorly stratified diamicton is probably widespread on that part (54%) of the Antarctic shelf less than 500 m deep.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; geologi; isberg; issfjell; oseanografi

Biochemical genetics and population structure of Euphausia superba - Fevolden, Svein Erik (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 1988)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; plankton

Genetic population structure of Euphausia superba DANA in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean as demonstrated by different electrophoretic techniques - Fevolden, Svein Erik; Schneppenheim, Reinhard (Polar Biology, 1988)
Electrophoretic analyses of allele distributions at nine polymorphic gene loci were conducted in samples of Euphausia superba from the Bransfield Strait, off the South Orkney Islands, and from the south-eastern part of the Weddell Sea. The aim was to determine whether reported phenotypic differences between krill stocks from these areas could be linked to genotypic differences. Despite minor deviations of genotype distributions from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, the data gave no evidence of genetic heterogeneity over the sampled area, and the hypothesis of a single genetically homogeneous krill population could not be rejected. Genetic data for four selected loci were verified by using two different electrophoretic methods. Results from these two techniques yielded no discrepancies in interpretation of the data.
Keywords: Sør-Orknøyene; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; genetikk; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Notes on Southern Ocean hydrography, sea-ice and bottom water formation - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1988)
The Southern Ocean circulation and sea-ice distribution is briefly described. The formation of extremely cold bottom water in the Weddell Sea and its relation to the floating Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelves is discussed. It is shown that a concentrated swift eroding bottom current with anomalous low ratio transports the cold and dense ice Shelf Water from the shelf towards large depths. Comments are made on possible implications of this process for the large-scale deep-water circulation and for the interpretation of sediment cores.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; havis; havstrømmer; hydrografi; isshelf; oseanografi

Skjellressurser i Sydishavet: litteraturstudie - Jakobsen, Øystein; Fiskeridirektoratet (Norges fiskerihøyskole, 1988)
Keywords: Sørishavet; marinbiologi; skjell

Minnesmerket på Østre Halsen over antarktispioneren C.A. Larsen - Larsen, Hans-Kjell (Polarboken, 1988)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biografi; historie; hvalfangst

Antarctic icebergs: production, distribution and disintegration (abstract) - Orheim, Olav (Annals of Glaciology, 1988)
A programme of systematic iceberg observations was initiated in 1981 by Norsk Polarinstitutt through the SCAR Working Group on Glaciology. Icebergs are recorded every 6 h and in five length groups: 10-50, 50-200, 200-500 and 500-1000 m, and those over 1000 m, which are described individually. Data on more than 100 000 icebergs are now on file at Norsk Polarinstitutt, and practically all ships travelling to and from Antarctica participate in the collection of data. This paper presents the first comprehensive analysis of the iceberg data. The quality of the data set is discussed, with consideration of potential errors in and limitations of the data, and various statistical evaluations. Representative distribution data are presented, and used to determine iceberg production, disintegration and mean residence times, and regional and total Antarctic calving rates. The incidence of large-scale calving in particular is evaluated, including the remarkably large break-offs in recent years. These exceed both the total annual accumulation on the Antarctic continent and the mean annual calving rate as determined from ship observations. The results show further: (1) that there are more than 200 000 icebergs south of the Antarctic Convergence, (2) that there are large regional differences in iceberg calving rates and iceberg sizes, and (3) that the calving rate from Antarctica is higher than that given in most previous estimates, which implies (4) that the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet is not positive as suggested by most recent estimates.
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi

Palaeoceanography of the subantarctic South Atlantic - Ciesielski, Paul; Kristoffersen, Yngve (Nature, 1987)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Biochemistry of the autolytic processes in Antarctic krill post mortem. Autoproteolysis - Ellingsen, Trond E.; Mohr, Viggo (Biochemical Journal, 1987)
1. Autoproteolysis post mortem was examined at 0 degree C by following the changes in the major classes of krill (Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias) proteins and by liberation of peptides and free amino acids, and was based on experiments conducted on board expedition vessels in the Antarctic. 2. Primarily salt-soluble proteins were broken down during the first week of incubation, whereas water-soluble and insoluble proteins were degraded to a much smaller extent. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis presumably originate primarily from the digestive apparatus of the krill. 3. In general, the individual amino acids were released at rates corresponding to their relative occurrence in the bulk protein of the krill. Alanine was liberated in larger amounts than would be expected from the composition of the krill protein, and was evidently formed also by reactions other than proteolysis. Glutamic acid, and certain amino acids which presumably occur with high frequency adjacent to glumatic acid residues in the krill protein, were liberated only to a limited extent, and accumulated in smaller peptides. 4. During proteolysis, arginine seemed to be converted to some degree into ornithine, and on prolonged incubation conversion of arginine and lysine into their corresponding decarboxylation products, agmatine and cadaverine, appeared to take place.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Geology, geophysics, and hydrocarbon potential of Antarctica continental margin of Weddell Sea - Hinz, K.; Kristoffersen, Yngve (AAPG Bulletin, 1987)
A prominent escarpment, called the Explora-Andenes Escarpment, has been recognized between long. 40°W, lat. 72°40^primeS and long. 10°W, lat. 69°20^primeS. It separates the continental margin from the Weddell Sea basin. Our recent MCS data have revealed the presence of some remarkably symmetric structures beneath a thick pile of tectonically undisturbed sediments. For example, two extensive wedge-shaped basement units occur between 20°W and 40°W. These units are characterized by a pattern of divergent reflectors which surround an elongated depression in basement. The northern wedge terminates against the Explora-Andenes Escarpment between 25°W and 30°W. The southern wedge, known as the Explora Wedge, shows a northward-dipping reflection pattern. The seismic characteristics suggest that both wedges consist of volcanic rocks. The basement depression is interpreted as a failed rift basin. The initial fragmentation of Gondwana was accompanied by prolific volcanism, which led to the emplacement of the wedges of "dipping reflectors." The tectonomagmatic/volcanic period was followed by transtensional movements between Africa and Antarctica. This phase was heralded by the formation of the Explora-Andenes Escarpment as a new plate boundary and the opening of the Weddell Sea by sea-floor spreading. The Explora-Andenes Escarpment cuts across the early rift structures. The initial fragmentation of Gondwana was accompanied by prolific volcanism, which led to the emplacement of the wedges of dipping reflectors. The tectonomagmatic/volcanic period was followed by transtensional movements between Africa and Antarctica. This phase was heralded by the formation of the Explora-Andenes Escarpment as a new plate boundary and the opening of the Weddell Sea by sea-floor spreading. The Explora-Andenes Escarpment cuts across the early rift structures.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; geologi

Evolution of under water sides of ice shelves and icebergs - Orheim, Olav (Annals of Glaciology, 1987)
A systematic programme of side-scan sonar and plumb- line soundings was carried out in the Weddell Sea area in 1985 to measure the under-water sides of ice shelves and icebergs. From these observations the following model is suggested for the evolution of the ice front: (1) Initial stage: fracturing of the ice shelves takes place along smooth, curvi-linear segments with vertical faces. (2) Formative stage: the freshly formed vertical face is eroded both by wave and swell action around the water line, by small calvings from the undercut, overhanging subaerial face, and by submarine melting. The melting has a minimum at 50–100 m depth, and increases with depth to a rate of around 10 m a−1 at 200 m, This is about twice the rate of erosion at the water line. The variation in melting with depth results from a combination of summer melting by near-surface water, and year-round melting by water masses that are increasingly warmer than the pressure melting-point with depth. (3) Mature stage: this stage is reached after a few years of exposure. The backward erosion of the face leads to a shape with a prominent under-water “nose” with a maximum projection to more than 50 m at 50–100 m depth. The ramp above this slopes upwards to meet the vertical wall about 5 m below the water line. The ice below the nose is melted back beyond the above-water face. There is no net buoyancy and ice shelves at this mature stage are generally not up-warped at the front.
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi

Icebergs in the Southern Ocean (abstract) - Orheim, Olav (Annals of Glaciology, 1987)
Relatively little data on the distribution of Antarctic icebergs were available prior to 1980. The published literature included size data of about 5000 icebergs, and position data of 12 000 icebergs. There were indications that the size data were biased in favour of larger icebergs. A programme of systematic iceberg observations was therefore initiated by Norsk Polarinstitutt in 198! through the SCAR Working Group on Glaciology. This programme is based on standard “blue” forms distributed to all ships going to Antarctica. The icebergs are recorded every 6 h and in Five length groups: 10–50, 50–200, 200–500, and 500–1000 m, and those over 1000 m are described individually. The amount of data has increased greatly from the start in 1981–82. The position of 70 000 icebergs, including 50 000 that had been size classified, were on file at Norsk Polarinstitutt by December 1985, and the data set is growing rapidly. Most ships travelling to and from Antarctica now participate in collection of the data. ( shows the locations of the icebergs sighted.) Fig. 1. Location of iceberg observations under the programme initiated in 1981. Main ship tracks are clearly reflected. The average observation represents 14 icebergs. The size distribution of the classified icebergs observed under this programme up to December 1985 is given in : Table I The “standard size” (length, width, and thickness) is based on our observations from three Antarctic expeditions which carried out dedicated iceberg studies. Many icebergs are of course not right-angled parallelepipedal in shape, but this is a good approximation for most of the larger icebergs. The data are based both on visual sightings and on radar observations. Duplicate observations from a ship moving at slow or zero speed are as far as possible eliminated, both during observation, and by critical appraisal before the data are filed. The data editing also includes evaluation of data quality, especially in connection with radar observations, and comparison of positions and dimensions of the large icebergs in order to reduce to a minimum repeated observations from different vessels of icebergs >1000 m. These account for most of the iceberg mass (see ). Consideration of iceberg-distribution patterns and the observed area of the Southern Ocean, and of duplicate observations, indicates more than 300 000 icebergs south of the Antarctic Convergence, with a total ice mass of about 1016 kg. Consideration of mean residence times indicates an annual iceberg production from the continent of 23–1015 kg, which is considerably higher than most other recent estimates. This also suggests that the Antarctic ice sheet is in balance. The data indicate large regional differences in iceberg sizes, the most noticeable being between the two sides of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between the Amery Ice Shelf/ Prydz Bay area and the remainder of East Antarctica. These differences are probably mainly related to different calving sites. About one-third of the observed icebergs are over the continental shelf of Antarctica. The total under-water area of these icebergs is two orders of magnitude less than the under-water area of the Antarctic ice shelves. The annual total iceberg melting and its effect on the water masses over the continental shelf has been calculated from ocean-water temperature variations at 200 m depth and estimated melt rates. This turns out to be an order of magnitude less than the annual effect of melting sea ice. The iceberg data considered here are probably under-represented with respect to the smallest sizes, and they do not include icebergs that have become <10 m. Inclusion of these ice bodies would increase the total melt.
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi

Motortankskipenes inntog. En komparasjon av utviklingen i dansk, norsk og svensk skipsbyggingsindustri, ca. 1912 til 1933 - Basberg, Bjørn L (Sjøfartshistorisk årbok : Norwegian yearbook of maritime history, 1986)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalbåter; hvalfangstindustri; pelagisk; skipsbyggerier; skipsfart

Da hvalfangerne organiserte seg. Forholdet mellom sosial mobilitet og organisering - Devig, Thor N (Sandefjordmuseene. Årbok, 1986)
Keywords: Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; fagforbund; fagforeninger; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri

Kaptein C.A. Larsen: mannen som grunnla den moderne hvalfangsten i Sydishavet - Fagerli, Torkel (Polarboken, 1986)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biografi; historie; hvalfangst

Genetic variation of Euphausia superba Dana in the Antarctic Peninsula waters - Fevolden, Svein Erik (Sarsia, 1986)
Nine samples of Antarctic krill collected at seven localities in the Palmer Archipelago and Bransfield Strait west of the Antarctic Peninsula were analysed for genetic variation at eight enzyme loci. Despite significant among sample heterogeneity in allele frequencies, no convincing evidence was found to support the hypothesis of distinct genetic stocks of Euphausia superba in the investigated area. Allele frequency distributions could not be correlated to regional differences in size patterns. Allelic proportions at the PGI locus did not indicate that the investigated krill was genetically different from E. superba from the Weddell Sea region (from earlier investigations). Deviations of genotypes, or allele frequencies from those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, however, may indicate regional, or yearly variation due to occasional selection.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; genetikk; krill; plankton

Oceanographic research during NARE-84/85 - Foldvik, Arne (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1986)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Proteases of Antarctic krill—a new system for effective enzymatic debridement of necrotic ulcerations - Hellgren, L.; Mohr, Viggo; Vincent, J. (Experientia, 1986)
The Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) possesses an ‘over-dimensioned’ digestive system, which is of vital importance for the survival of this euphaucean shrimp in the extreme marine environment. The isolated enzymes contain a well-balanced mixture of both endo- and exopeptidases, assuring fast and complete breakdown of proteinaceous material. These unique properties have now been shown to be extremely valuable for the effective removal of necrotic debris, fibrin or blood crusts in vitro. Therefore the krill enzymes should be considered as an important resource in the future management of necrotic wounds.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; medisin; plankton

Utviklingen i internasjonal forvaltning av hval 1975-1985: politisk mobilisering, økonomisk marginalisering - Hoel, Alf Håkon (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1986)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; hvalfangst

Norge i Antarktis - Luraas, Ragnar; Kjærvik, Atle (Norsk journalisthøgskole, 1986)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; politikk

Glaciological research on the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 1984/85 - Orheim, Olav (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1986)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis

Hydrolysis of proteins by peptide hydrolases of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba - Osnes, Knut Kristian; Ellingsen, Trond E.; Mohr, Viggo (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 1986)
1. The hydrolysis of casein by peptide hydrolases of Antarctic krill, E. superba, has been 2. The peptide hydrolases studied included trypsin-like enzymes, carboxypeptidase A-type of enzymes, carboxypeptidase B-type of enzymes, and an aminopeptidase isolated from Antarctic krill. 3. The trypsin-like enzymes seemed to play a decisive role in the degradation of casein, whereas the carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B and the aminopeptidase had limited effect when acting on casein alone. When combined with the trypsin-like enzymes, the exopeptidases effected enhanced release of amino acids from the protein. 4. Based on the pattern of amino acids relased from casein by a crude extract of krill, and by the isolated peptide hydrolases either alone or in combination, it is concluded that the purified peptide hydrolases examined comprise the major enzymes responsible for the autoproteolytic activity of krill at neutral- to weakly alkaline pH.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1976/77; NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; plankton

On the purification and characterization of exopeptidases from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba - Osnes, Knut Kristian; Mohr, Viggo (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 1986)
1. Two carboxypeptidase-A type of enzymes and two carboxypeptidase-B type of enzymes effecting hydrolysis of Hipp-l-Phe and Hipp-l-Arg respectively, have been purified from E. superba using gel filtration, affinity chromatography and FPLC-anion exchange chromatography. In addition an aminopeptidase has been partly purified. 2. The carboxypeptidases had mol. wts of 27,000 (carboxypeptidase A) and 31,000 (carboxypeptidase B). 3. Carboxypeptidase A exhibited a broad pH optimum with a maximum at pH 5.5–6.5, whereas carboxypeptidase B had a more narrow pH-optimum with a maximum at pH 7. The aminopeptidase had an optimum at about pH 8.7. 4. The carboxypeptidases were inhibited by the chelating agent 1,10-phenanthroline.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1976/77; NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Photoadaptation in Antarctic phytopfankton: variations in growth rate, chemical composition and P versus I curves - Sakshaug, Egil; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Journal of Plankton Research, 1986)
The response of phytoplankton to variations in the light regime was studied during the VULCAN and ACDA cruises in the Antarctic. Unenriched batch cultures of 12–19 days' duration reached chl concentrations of 10–50 μg−1 and exhibited exponential growth rates, with the maximal rate being 0.41 doubl, day−1. Ice edge algae exhibited maximum growth rates at photon flux densities (PFD) of 30–100 μE m−2S−1 and the growth rate was reduced by about 30% at 500–1000 μE m−2S−1 The chl/C ratio ranged between 0.004 and 0.018, with the lowest ratios at PFDs above 500 μE m−2S−1 chl/C ratios were also below maximum at PFDs below 40–50 μE m−2S−1 The C:N:P ratios were close to the Redfield ratios; the Si/C ratio averaged 0.16 (atoms), and the ATP/C ratio averaged from 0.0024 to 0.0050 in different culture senes. When thawed after having been frozen for 10 days, shade-adapted cultures were in a much better condition than sun-adapted ones. P versus I data showed that the maximum assimilation number varied from 0.75 to 4.4 μg C (μg chl)−1h−1. It varied inversely with the chl/C ratio; therefore the maximum carbon turnover rate varied little between samples (0.024/0.035 h−1). Low biomass communities exhibited relatively high values for α (the initial slope of P versus I curves), low values for 1sat (160–330 μE m−2S−1), and they were susceptible to photoinhibition. In contrast, communities dominated by Odontella weissflogii exhibited low values for α, a high value for Isat (560 μE m−2S−1 and they tolerated high PFDs. The photo-adaptational status of the phytoplankton in natural water samples is discussed relative to the profile of water column stability and mixing processes.
Keywords: Sørishavet; alger; biokjemi; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi; planteplankton

Suksess i syd: utvidet forskning i Antarktis (Forsvarets forum, 1985)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; logistikk

Aleksandr Stepanovich Kuchin: the Russian who went south with Amundsen - Barr, William (Polar Record, 1985)
Aleksandr Stepanovich Kuchin (1888–1912) was already an experienced mariner and oceanographer when Amundsen invited him to join the Fram expedition of 1910–12. Expecting a voyage through the Barents Sea, Kuchin found himself on an expedition to the Antarctic. While Amundsen's sledging parties sought the South Pole, Kuchin remained with the ship, completing an excellent oceanographic survey of the southern Atlantic Ocean. Returning to Russia in 1912 he was recruited, by the geologist and explorer V. A. Rusinov to join a scientific expedition to Svalbard. As deputy leader of the party and captain of Gerkules, the expedition ship, Kuchin played an important role in the Svalbard survey. Then once again found himself heading in an unexpected direction: on completing the Svalbard work, Rusanov decided to attempt the Northern Sea Route to the Bering Strait. Gerkules disappeared and was never seen again; her loss, presumably in the Kara Sea, brought to an untimely end the career of a promising young polar explorer.
Keywords: Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; Sørishavet; biografier; oseanografi; polarområdene

Technological transformation in the Norwegian whaling industry in the interwar period - Basberg, Bjørn L (Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1985)
Inventions, innovations and technological changes in the broadest sense are often treated as an independent process and are not subjected to any detailed attempts at explanation. It is scarcely anything exceptional, for example, that Sigurd Risting, the first historian of the whaling industry in Norway, explains the development of whaling as follows: Thus there has been a large stock of finback whales along the coast of Norway for hundreds of years without their having been an object of regular profitable hunting. The reason for this has been nothing more than lack of tackle and methods capable of making hunting possible. The moment these become available, whaling as a rational business will arise by itself out of natural necessity, so to speak." Bjern L. Basberg, b. 1952, is a research fellow in economic history at the Norwegian School of Economic and Business Administration. The article is based on a thesis of 1980 titled: Innovasjons-teori, patenter og teknologisk utvikling i norsk hvalfangst ca. 1860-1968.
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangst; pelagisk; teknologi; økonomi

Hydrographic observations on the southern Weddell Sea shelf break - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic research expedition (NARE) 1984/85, 1985)
Keywords: NARE 1984/85; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; hydrografi; oseanografi

Oceanographic conditions on the Weddell Sea Shelf during the German Antarctic Expedition 1979/80 - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Slotsvik, Noralf; Tørresen, Tor (Polar Research, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; hydrografi; isshelf; oseanografi

Circulation and Water Masses on the Southern Weddell Sea Shelf - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Tørresen, Tor (Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; forskning; havstrømmer; oseanografi

Hydrographic observations from the Weddell Sea during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1976/77 - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Tørresen, Tor (Polar Research, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; hydrografi; kontinentalsokkel; observasjoner

Physical oceanography studies in the Weddell Sea during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1978/79 - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Tørresen, Tor (Polar Research, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havstrømmer; hydrografi; isshelf; oseanografi

Bottom Currents Near the Continental Shelf Break in the Weddell Sea - Foldvik, Arne; Kvinge, Thor; Tørresen, Tor (Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bunnvann; havstrømmer; kontinentalsokkel; kontinentalsokler; tidevannsstrømmer

Geophysical studies in the southern Weddell Sea - Haugland, Kristen; Kristoffersen, Yngve (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic research expedition (NARE) 1984/85, 1985)
Keywords: NARE 1984/85; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk

Alternate Carbon Pathways at Lower Trophic Levels in the Antarctic Food Web - Hewes, Christopher D; Holm-Hansen, Osmund; Sakshaug, Egil (Antarctic Nutrient Cycles and Food Webs, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; diatomeer; fytoplankton; krill; marin biologi; oseanografi; plankton

The International Whaling Commission 1972-1984 : new members, new concerns - Hoel, Alf Håkon (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangst; internasjonale; organisasjoner; statsvitenskap

Iceberg research and other glaciological studies from K/V "Andenes" - Kristensen, Monica; Orheim, Olav (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic research expedition (NARE) 1984/85, 1985)
Keywords: NARE 1984/85; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; isfjell

Impact of Grounded Icebergs on the Hydrographic Conditions Near the Filchner Ice Shelf - Nøst, Ole Anders; Østerhus, Svein (Ocean, Ice, and Atmosphere: Interactions at the Antarctic Continental Margin, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havis; hydrografi; isberg; isfjell; isshelf; sjøis; vannmasser

Peptide hydrolases of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba - Osnes, Knut Kristian (Norwegian Institute of Technology, University of Trondheim, 1985)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; biokjemi; fiskeprodukter; krill; lyskreps; marin biologi; peptider

On the purification and characterization of three anionic, serine-type peptide hydrolases from antarctic krill, Euphausia Superba - Osnes, Knut Kristian; Mohr, Viggo (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 1985)
1. Three enzymes effecting hydrolysis of TAME have been purified from E. superba using gel filtration, affinity chromatography and FPLC-anion exchange chromatography. 2. The enzymes had molecular weights of 30,000 (Enzyme I), and 31,000 (Enzymes II and III), respectively, as estimated from SDS-PAGE. 3. pH-optima of about 8.2 were observed for all three enzymes. 4. The enzymes were inhibited by phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), tosyl lysyl chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), whereas tosyl phenyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) had no effect on the activity. 5. The enzymes were stable at neutral pH, and only slowly inactivated at highly alkaline pH. Low pH rapidly inactivated all three enzymes. 6. Enzyme I liberated amino acids from casein, whereas Enzymes II and III did not; the latter two being true endopeptidases which effected enhanced amino acid production from casein when mixed with Enzyme I.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1976/77; NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Peptide hydrolases of Antartic krill, Euphausia superba - Osnes, Knut Kristian; Mohr, Viggo (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 1985)
1. A survey has been made of the peptide hydrolase activities occurring in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. 2. A major protein hydrolyzing activity in the pH range of 6–8, and a minor activity at pH 3–4, were detected. 3. Temperature optima of approx. 50°C and 35–40°C, respectively were determined for the neutral and acid peptide hydrolases. 4. Trypsin-like activity, as well as carboxypeptidase A-, carboxypeptidase B-, and aminopeptidase activity were detected in extracts of krill. 5. Considerable variation in total hydrolase activity was observed in different catches of E. superba obtained from the same area. 6. The pattern of release of amino acids during autolytic breakdown of krill proteins was very similar in catches of krill exhibiting considerable differences with respect to total peptide hydrolase activity.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1976/77; NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Forhandlingane om reduksjon av fangstkvota i Antarktis : Den internasjonale kvalfangstkommisjonen 1960-1965 - Røssum, Jon (UiO/UStat, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet

The distribution of lipid in the tissues of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba - Saether, Olav; Ellingsen, Trond E.; Mohr, Viggo (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 1985)
1. The distribution of lipid in the tissues of Euphausia superba has been examined by histological and chemical methods. 2. The total lipid content of krill from different catches may vary considerably, and the variations are probably due both to differences in nutritional status and maturity of the roe of female krill. 3. Female krill contained about twice as much lipid as male krill from the same haul. 4. The roe is the dominating lipid depot in female krill; in both male and female krill lipid-rich areas are found along the digestive tract, between muscle bundles and beneath the exoskeleton. 5. Both the phosphoglyceride- and triacylglycerol content of body fractions of E. superba varied in proportion to the total lipid content, thus supporting the contention that both phosphoglycerides and triacylglycerols serve as depot lipids in this species of krill.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Marine geological studies on the Weddel Sea shelf - Solheim, Anders; Kristoffersen, Yngve (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic research expedition (NARE) 1984/85, 1985)
Keywords: NARE 1984/85; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; marin geologi

Resting spore formation in the antarctic diatoms Coscinodiscus furcatus Karsten and Thalassiosira australis Peragallo - Syvertsen, Erik E. (Polar Biology, 1985)
The resting spore morphology of the antarctic diatoms Coscinodiscus furcatus Karsten and Thalassiosira australis Peragallo are described. Both species form endogenous resting spores. The spore valve of C. furcatus differ from those of the vegetative cells primarily by (i) a greater convexity and (ii) a coarser and more distinctly fasciculated areolation. This resting spore is identical to the diatom traditionally identified as C. stellaris var. symbolophorus (Grunow) Jørgensen in the Antarctic. The resting spore of T. australis differs from the vegetative cells by (i) a lack of clusters of strutted processes in a modified ring on valve face, (ii) a coarser areolation and tangential rows of areolae and (iii) a narrower and more simply structured girdle. The resting spore valve of T. australis has been described as belonging to a separate species, Actinocyclus excentricus Peragallo.
Keywords: Sørishavet; diatomeer; marinbiologi

En maringeofysisk undersøkelse i det sørøstre Weddell-havet - Velde, Anders (Universitetet i Bergen, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fysikk

Moderne hvalfangst. Fra provinsnæring til internasjonal storindustri - Wexelsen, Einar; Møller, Vilhelm (Sandar : grend og gård 1850-1970, med tidsbilder fra næringsliv og kulturhistorie, 1985)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; kulturhistorie; pelagisk

Size Frequency Pattern of Euphausia Superba in the Antarctic Peninsula Waters in the Austral Summer of 1983 - Fevolden, Svein Erik; George, Robert Y. (Journal of Crustacean Biology, 1984)
In the austral summer of 1983, schools of krill from Bransfield Strait and Palmer Archipelago were analyzed for composition in terms of size frequencies and maturity stages. Juveniles dominated in all schools, and mature animals never exceeded 6.8% of the animals at any sampling site. Gravid females were encountered in only four out of 15 schools and were never more frequent than 1.8% of the animals in any school. Among subadults and juveniles the largest animals were found on the inside of Palmer Archipelago. Smaller nonreproductive animals were on the outside and in Bransfield Strait. A second group of juveniles, in a size range of 12-15 mm, was more pronounced north of Crocker Passage than south of the Passage. Their potential origin from a more slowly growing and later spawning Southern Weddell Sea population is discussed. Lack of reproductive animals in the Bransfield/South Shetlands vicinity may reflect yearly variation in this region. A hypothesis is put forward on the basis of this study that Palmer Archipelago is a nursery ground for krill spawned elsewhere. The sites of origin of this krill could be ascertained on the basis of studies of enzyme polymorphism in these populations.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; krepsdyr; krill; marin biologi; plankton

La hvalene leve : informasjonshefte om vågehvalfangsten og det internasjonale verneforslaget - Goldstick, Miles (Red.) (Aksjon vern hvalen, 1984)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; norsk; næringsliv

Antarctic whaling: trends and prospects - Hoel, Alf Håkon (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1984)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangst

Factors Governing Pelagic Production in Polar Oceans - Sakshaug, Egil; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Marine Phytoplankton and Productivity: Proceedings of the invited lectures to a symposium organized within the 5th conference of the European Society for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry — Taormina, Sicily, Italy, September 5–8, 1983, 1984)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; havis; krill; planteplankton; primærproduksjon; sjøis; sjøvann

Ti nye år: Vestfold Historielag 60 år - Thoresen, Per (Vestfoldminne, 1984)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangst; kulturhistorie; pelagisk

Hvorfor gikk det så greitt? Om nedleggelsen av hvalfangstnæringen i Vestfold - Vik, Kjell (Vestfoldminne, 1984)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; næring; pelagisk; sjøfolk; økonomi

Eventyret om hvalfangsten - Christensen, Nils Steen; Hagelund, Olav (Stokke bygdebok, 1983)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; Vestfold; arbeidsforhold; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Glacial erosion and morphology of the eastern and southeastern Weddell Sea shelf - Elverhøi, Anders; Maisey, George (Cambridge University Press, 1983)
Keywords: NARE ekspedisjoner; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geologi; glasiologi

The antarctic diatoms Thalassiosira dichotomica (Kozlova) comb. nov. and T. ambigua kozlova - Fryxell, Greta A.; Hasle, Grethe Rytter (Polar Biology, 1983)
Two small antarctic diatoms, usually missed by traditional collection methods, have been studied in light and electron microscopes. Porosira dichotomica has been transferred to Thalassiosira since its valve structure and process pattern agree better with that genus. T. dichotomica is unusual in that some lines of areola walls are extended, sail-like, out from the valve, supporting Kozlova's original drawings. T. ambigua, the smaller of the two, has many similarities in structure with T. dichotomica, but has granules on the margin, lacks the sail-like structures on the valve, and has minor differences in processes and areola size. Bands stay together in T. ambigua and show more fine structure than many species in the genus.
Keywords: Sørishavet; diatomeer; marin biologi; oseanografi

Hvalfangstviser i Vestfold - Gjerde, Øystein; Devig, Thor N; Glette, Kåre (Eik lærerhøgskole, 1983)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalfangstviser; hvalindustri; pelagisk

Sandefjords historie - sett gjennem Sandefjords blads spalter - Hoffstad, Arne; Berg, Knut (Sandefjords blad og trykkeri, 1983)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; Vestfold; byhistorie; hvalfangere; hvalfangerselskapet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri

Modelling of antarctic tabular icebergs in ocean waves - Kristensen, Monica; Squire, Vernon A (Annals of Glaciology, 1983)
The prediction of the motions of a tabular iceberg in a seaway is a problem which cannot be solved with a simple approach. The main difficulty lies in the size and mass of the iceberg, which produce frequency-dependent hydrodynamical effects as it moves in the water. Specifically, any solution must take into account both the added inertia and the generation of surface waves caused by the motions of the berg. Early attempts at modelling, which did not include these terms, could not accurately predict the complicated response behaviour seen in field data. In this paper we discuss some modifications to a two-dimensional simulation of floating bodies in waves, which must be applied when the motions and the hydro-dynamical pressures beneath tabular icebergs are required.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; bølger; glasiologi; isbreer

Sommer i Antarktis: blant pingviner, sel og hvalfangstminner - Sømme, Lauritz (Universitetsforlaget, 1983)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; natur; økologi

Nedleggelsen av hvalfangstnæringen i Vestfold 1956-1968 : en analyse av hvalfangstrederienes rolle i avviklingsprosessen, samt deres og hvalfangstmannskapenes situasjon i avviklings-perioden - Vik, Kjell Steinar (Universitetet i Oslo, 1983)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; Vestfold; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstnæring; næringspolitikk; pelagisk; økonomi

The response of Antarctic icebergs to ocean waves - Wadhams, Peter; Kristensen, Monica; Orheim, Olav (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1983)
The heave, tilt, and strain responses of three Antarctic tabular icebergs to ocean waves were measured during a 1980–1981 cruise of HMS Endurance to the South Atlantic. The three icebergs, located near the South Sandwich and South Orkney islands, were instrumented with accelerometers, tiltmeters, and wire strainmeters, while a Waverider buoy was used to record the ocean wave field. The thickness of the icebergs was surveyed by a helicopter-borne radio echo sounder. The heave response occurred mainly at the swell period but with outbreaks of bobbing which lasted for a few cycles at a resonant period (about 40 s), which agreed well with the predictions of a numerical finite element model. The roll response occurred mainly at a long resonant period (40–50 s), which again agreed well with the model, but there was also a significant response at ocean wave periods (5–20 s), which exceeded predictions. The strain response had a component at very long periods, which is unexplained by theory, while the surface strain at ocean wave periods agreed with the simple analytical model of Goodman et al. (1980). Using this model it is possible to predict a wave height and period that will cause breakup of the icebergs, and we conclude that swell-induced breakup is likely to occur during major storms in the open southern ocean.
Keywords: Sør-Orknøyene; Sørishavet; brehylle; geofysikk; glasiologi; havbølger; isberg; isbreer; isbrem; isfjell; isshelf; oseanografi

Technological change in the Norwegian whaling industry: A case-study in the use of patent-statistics as a technology indicator - Basberg, Bjørn L (Research Policy, 1982)
This paper presents an example of the use of patent statistics as a technology indicator in one industry. The first part deals with the problem of interpretation. Through examination of several other partial technology indicators, it is concluded that at least in this industry, patent statistics provide a reliable indicator, not only for the timing of inventions, but for the timing of innovations and diffusion as well. The reason is that the intervals between the stages in the innovation process are very short. This contradicts evidence from many other industries, and it is therefore emphasized that generalizations are unwarranted. The second part of this paper deals with the possible causes of technological change in Norwegian whaling. The methodology is inspired by J. Schmookler's work. Thus, the patents are correlated with other indicators of economic development in the industry. But while Schmookler's view is that the patent activity is determined by social demand and economic growth, the conclusions for the Norwegian whaling industry point in the opposite direction: the technological transformation that took place during the 1920s and early 1930s was forced upon the firms in their efforts to cut costs, which was achieved by rationalizing production and catching methods in line with a downward price trend for whale oil.
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangst; pelagisk; teknologi; økonomi

Fagbevegelsen og hvalfangerne 1920-1935 - Devig, Thor N (Universitetet i Oslo, 1982)
Keywords: Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; fagforbund; fagforeninger; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri

Hvalbåten gjennom 100 år - Devig, Thor N (Vestfoldminne, 1982)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; Vestfold; båter; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; lokalhistorie

Norge i polarområdene - Egeland, Knut (Leif Holtedahls forl., 1982)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Biokjemiske studier over antarktisk krill - Ellingsen, Trond E; Norges tekniske høgskole Institutt for teknisk, biokjemi (Institutt for teknisk biokjemi, 1982)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biokjemi; krill; lipider; lyskreps; marinbiologi

Marine geophysical research in the Weddell Sea during the Norwegian Antarctic research expedition of 1976-77 - Fossum, Bjørn A.; Maisey, Georg H.; Torsen, Hans Olav (Antarctic geoscience : Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Geophysics, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., August 22-27, 1977, 1982)
Keywords: NARE 1976/77; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; geologi; marin geofysikk

Seismic reconnaissance survey in the Weddell Sea - Haugland, Kristen (Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Geophysics, 1982)
Keywords: NARE 1976/77; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; havbunnen; sedimentologi; seismologi

Eventyret Anders Jahre - Jacobsen, Alf R (Oktober, 1982)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biografier; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalindustri; pelagisk; rederier; skipsfart

Vil noen satse formuen på isfjelltauing i Sørishavet? - Orheim, Olav (Polarboken, 1982)
Keywords: Sørishavet; isfjell; logistikk

Present-day glaciation in the South Shetland Islands - Orheim, Olav; Govorukha, Leonid Sergeevich (Annals of Glaciology, 1982)
This paper presents mass-balance results from Deception Island for 1968–69 to 1973–74, from King George Island for the balance years 1969–70 and 1970–71, and from Livingston Island from 1971–72 to 1973–74. The accumulation areas of all localities are in the soaked fades, with a firn/ice transition at King George Island at 12 to 20 m depth. Of the glaciers studied, only “Gl” on Deception Island terminates wholly on land and has a relatively large ablation area. The mass-balance curves are similar for King George Island and Livingston Island, with equilibrium lines at around 150 m elevation. “Gl“ on Deception Island has more negative summer balances, and the equilibrium line ranged from 275 to 370 m during the six balance years. Here, there were no years of positive net mass balance, and large negative net values during the 1970–71 to 1972–73 balance years. This resulted from a lowered albedo caused by ash from the August 1970 eruption. Ash layers from the Deception Island eruptions are also observed on Livingston Island and King George Island, where they form stratigraphic markers in the accumulation areas of the glaciers. Annual balance variations from 1957–58 to 1970–71, based on stratigraphic studies at Deception Island and King George Island, show good correlations, indicating that the variations reflect changes in regional climate.
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi

Iceberg response to sea state - Orheim, Olav; Wadhams, Peter; Kristensen, Monica (Iceberg research, 1982)
Keywords: NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; isberg; isfjell; målinger

Iceberg response to sea state (abstract only) - Orheim, Olav; Wadhams, Peter; Kristensen, Monica (Annals of Glaciology, 1982)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi

Krill: mat i mengder i Sørishavet - Sakshaug, Egil (Syn og segn, 1982)
Keywords: Sørishavet; krill; marinbiologi

The history of modern whaling - Tønnessen, Johan Nicolay; Johnsen, Arne Odd (C. Hurst, 1982)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fangst; historie; historikk; hvalfangst; hvalfangstkvoten; pelagisk

Evidence for a late Wisconsin glaciation of the Weddell Sea - Elverhøi, Anders (Nature, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; forskning; glasiologi; sedimentologi; stratigrafi

Glaciomarine sediments and suspended particulate matter, Weddell sea, Antarctica (abstract only) - Elverhøi, Anders; Roaldset, Elen (Annals of Glaciology, 1981)
Samples of glaciomarine sediments and suspended particulate matter filtered from sea-water were collected in the Weddell Sea during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) in 1978–79. Analyses have provided information on the textural and mineralogical composition of shelf sediments, on the nature of biogenic and inorganic suspended particulate matter, and on the total sediment transport to the shelf areas and further into the deeper waters (). The shelf waters contain 0.1 to 1.2 g m–3 of suspended particulate matter, which is close to the range of 0.5 to 1.5 g m–3 reported for suspension concentrations in the oceans, but considerably lower than that found for some other glaciomarine environments such as the Bering Sea {up to 13-15 g m–3 ()) and off Kongsbreen, Spitsbergen {up to 500 g m–3 ()). Suspended particles from the Weddell Sea have maximum sizes of 50 to 70 µm and mean diameters in the range of 10 to 20 µm. In contrast, the bottom sediments on the outer shelf are deficient in the corresponding fractions. This reflects that when floating Antarctic ice supplies material to the Weddell Sea, the coarser fragments (>20-70 µm) are deposited, while the medium silt and finer fractions go into suspension. Considering the suspended-load data and the bottom-current measurements on the shelf break, it is evident that in January 1979 an average of 8.6 × 104tonnes d–1 (or 32 × 106 tonnes a–l) of particulate matter was transported by the current from the central Weddell Sea to the South Atlantic deep water. Morphological (scanning electron microscopy) and chemical analyses show the suspended material to be dominated by silica organisms (diatoms), and also to contain clastic grains of phyllosilicates, feldspar, quartz, zircon, in a few cases Al- and Fe-hydroxides/oxides also; authigenic “Fe-sepiolite” and secondary gypsum. Mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction) of the bottom sediments show the fine sand silt fractions to contain mainly clastic materials like illite, smectite-vermiculite, and quartz. Biogenic silica (cristobalite) and carbonate (Mg-calcite) as well as authigenic Fe-silicates (“Fe-sepiolite”) are also present.
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; sedimenter

Enzyme polymorphism in Antarctic krill (Euphausiacea); genetic variation between populations and species - Fevolden, Svein Erik; Ayala, Fransisco J. (Sarsia, 1981)
By means of enzyme electrophoretical assays three samples of Euphausia superba, all from the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean, were examined to see whether or not they represent genetically separated populations. The same samples were also compared with E. superba from off the Western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, representing the Pacific sector. The latter animals have previously been studied by other authors. One sample of a second species of Antarctic krill, E. crystallorophias, was likewise examined. Thirty-five loci were studied in E. superba, and it is concluded that the three samples from the Atlantic sector most probably do not represent reproductively isolated populations. Their average heterozygosity, about 10%, is however greater than the value previously found for the ‘Pacific’ E. superba, 5.8 %. Calculations of the genetic identity and genetic distance between the Atlantic and ‘Pacific’ samples of E. superba suggest they represent separate populations. The average heterozygosity of E. crystallorophias was estimated to be between 9.1 and 9.4 %, from studies of 33 loci. The genetic distance between this species and E. superba was estimated at 0.989. The results are finally discussed in terms of postulated theories on genetic variability versus environmental heterogeneity.
Keywords: NARE 1976/77; NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; genetikk; krill; marin biologi; plankton

Bacteriologigal characteristics of Antarctic krill (Crustacea, Euphausiacea) - Fevolden, Svein Erik; Eidså, Gudmunn (Sarsia, 1981)
The bacterial flora of two species of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana and E. crystallorophias Holt & Tattersall, was studied with the aim of investigating the role played by bacteria during the claimed rapid deterioration of these animals. The number of bacteria on fresh krill was characterized as low, but started to increase exponentially after a few days of storage at low temperatures. Dominant species were of the genera Moraxella, Pseudomonas, and Alteromonas. Comparing the low initial number of bacteria with the high autolytic activity it is suggested that the rapid degradation of krill during the first days of storage is induced by autolysis and not by bacterial activity.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; lyskreps; marin biologi; plankton

Hydrographic and current measurements in the southern Weddell Sea 1979/80 - Gammelsrød, Tor; Slotsvik, Noralf (Polarforschung, 1981)
During the 1979-1980 expediton with the icebreaker Polarsirkel we had an excellent opportunity to study the physical oceanography of the inner part of the Weddell Sea. The ship followed the ice shelf barrier from Cape Norwegia at about 15 °W, and due to favourable ice conditions, it was able to penetrate all the way to the Antarctic Peninsula (60 0W). In this preliminary report we give a review of the physical oceanography programme which mostly consists of hydrographic (CTD) stations near the barrier, and also sorne current and water level measurernents. The different water masses observed are described and the possibility for a tidal-drlvcn upwelling near the ice shelf barrier is indicated.
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bunnvannet; havis; hydrografi; isshelf; oseanografi; sjøis; sjøvann; vannmasser

Hvalfangst 1868-1914. Hvalfangst blir en ny vekstnæring - Hodne, Fritz (Norges økonomiske historie 1815-1970, 1981)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; økonomi

Morphology of the Weddell Sea and southwest Indian Ocean - Johnson, G Leonard; Vanney, Jean-René; Elverhøi, Anders; LaBrecque, John L (Deutsche Hydrografische Zeitschrift, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; geologi; havbunnen; tektonikk

Field experiments on Antarctic tabular icebergs - Kristensen, Monica; Orheim, Olav; Wadhams, Peter (Polar Record, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; is; isfjell; isshelf; kalv; kalving

Sea bed feauters in the Blåenga area, Weddell Sea, Antarctica - Lien, Reidar (Université Laval, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; geologi; havbunnen; kongress; oseanografi; symposium

Shipping - mitt liv : en selvbiografi - Næss, Erling Dekke; Cameron, Eric (A/S Hjemmet Fagpresseforlaget, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biografier; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; sjøfart; skippere; skipsfart

Model for submarine glacial deposition - Orheim, Olav; Elverhøi, Anders (Annals of Glaciology, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; geologi; havbunnen; oseanografi

Blåhvalen, kan de reddes? - Smelror, Morten (Naturen, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvaler; hvalfangst

Hvalfangerne forteller. Innsammlig av hvalfangstens tradisjonsmateriale i Vestfold - Wexelsen, Einar; Devig, Thor N (Vestfoldminne, 1981)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; erindringer; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstnæring; pelagisk

Konvensjon om bevaring av marine levende ressurser i Antarktis = Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (Lovdata, 1980)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; jus; marinbiologi; miljøvern; naturvern

A note on Norwegian observations of whales in the Antarctic - Fevolden, Svein Erik (Report of the International Whaling Commission, 1980)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvaler; zoologi

Flow Around Icebergs - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Gjessing, Yngvar (Annals of Glaciology, 1980)
Keywords: NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; isberg; observasjoner; oseanografi; sjøvann

Measurements of oscillations and flexure of icebergs - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Gjessing, Yngvar (Annals of Glaciology, 1980)
Keywords: NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; havis; is; isbreer

Measurements of the radiation temperature of Antarctic icebergs and the surrounding surface water - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Gjessing, Yngvar (Annals of Glaciology, 1980)
Keywords: NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; glasiologi; havis; is; isbreer

Physical characteristics and life expectancy of tabular Antarctic icebergs - Orheim, Olav (Annals of Glaciology, 1980)
Keywords: NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; isberg; isfjell; isfront; isshelf; kalving; stratigrafi

Hvalfangst i Sørishavet - Pedersen, Arne Fevang (Kampen på havet : en krigsseilers beretning, 1980)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biografier; erindringer; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Some satellite tracked iceberg drifts in the Antarctic - Vinje, Torgny E (Annals of Glaciology, 1980)
Keywords: Sørishavet; drivis; havis; isberg; isdrift; isfjell; oseanografi; sjøis; vannmasser

A new process for the utilization of Antarctic krill - Ellingsen, Trond E.; Mohr, Viggo (Process Biochemistry, 1979)
Keywords: NARE 1976/77; Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; lyskreps; marinbiologi; plankton

Investigations on krill (Euphausiacea) sampled during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1976–1977 - Fevolden, Svein Erik (Sarsia, 1979)
Krill was sampled in the Weddell Sea, farther south than ever before, and off Bouvet-öya. Five species were found: Euphausia superba, E. crystallorophias, E. frigida, E. triacantha, and Thysanoessa macrura. E. superba and E. crystallorophias were the most abundant species north and south of 74° S respectively. Length frequency analyses suggest that E. superba from the inner Weddell Sea takes three years to reach maturity. This population differed in several aspects from the populations farther north. E. crystallorophias and T. macrura were registered south to 77°45′ S, the southernmost localisation investigated. The material gives no clear evidence whether these species take one or two years to reach maturity. Their spawning activity seems to start earlier in the season than for E. superba. E. frigida and E. triacantha were only-found off Bouvetöya. Continuous echosounder recordings revealed that the total abundance of krill in the southern parts of the Weddell Sea was low, as was also the abundance on the route between the South Orkney Islands and Dronning Maud Land.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1976/77; Sør-Orknøyene; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; dyreplankton; krill; plankton; zooplankton

Antarktisk krill : deteksjon - fangst - anvendelse; teknisk / økonomisk analyse - Fiskerstrand, Rolf (Universitetet i Trondheim Norges tekniske høgskole, Institutt for skipsprosjektering, 1979)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; fiskerier; krill; zooplankton; økonomi

Norsk fangst av antarktisk krill : teknisk/økonomisk analyse - Fiskerstrand, Rolf (Norges fiskerihøgskole, Universitetet i Trondheim, Norges tekniske høgskole, Institutt for marin prosjektering, 1979)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; fiskerier; historie; hvalfangst; krill; pelagisk; zooplankton; økonomi

The genus Thalassiosira: species with internal extensions of the strutted processes - Fryxell, Greta A; Hasle, Grethe Rytter (Phycologia, 1979)
Keywords: Sørishavet; diatomeer; marinbiologi; oseanografi

Melting of ice in sea water: a primitive model with application to the Antarctic ice shelf and icebergs - Gade, Herman G. (Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1979)
Steady-state conditions are assumed to exist everywhere in the case of melting of the underside of an infinite slab of ice floating in sea water. Basic transfer equations for heat and salt are established and solutions derived for the interior corresponding to given far field values of the temperature and salinity of the water. The solutions are discussed in the T-S diagram where the behavior is particularly simple. Determining parameters are the characteristic velocities ks/d and Ks/h, where ks and Ks are the molecular and turbulent diffusivities, respectively, of salt, d and h the thicknesses of the corresponding laminar and turbulent layers. Also the nonmelting/nonfreezing case is discussed and the determining parameter established. Application of the theory to the Ross Ice Shelf (Little America V) gives acceptable results with d = 2 × 10−3 m and Ks = 20 −30 × 10−4 m2 s−1. Analysis of the static stability of the melt water mixtures reveals that with ambient temperatures approaching 17°C, the stratification becomes unstable. Icebergs brought to tropical waters will cause melt water mixtures to intrude at subsurface levels. Finally, convection obtained in laboratory experiments with melting ice in sea water is reported to be in concordance with the theoretically derived stability criterion.
Keywords: Sørishavet; geofysikk; glasiologi; hydrologi; oseanografi

Plough marks in the Weddell Sea - Orheim, Olav (Journal of Glaciology, 1979)
Keywords: NARE 1976/77; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; havbunnen; oseanografi

Fluoride in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) and Atlantic Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) - Soevik, Torleif; Braekkan, Olaf R. (Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 1979)
Samples of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and Atlantic krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) were analysed for fluoride using a selective fluoride electrode method. Both species showed very high concentrations, a total of 1330–2400 mg F−/kg on fat free dry weight basis in raw samples whereas deep sea prawns (Pandalus borealis) showed a total of 18–91 and red feed (Calanus finmarchicus) 10–37 mg F−/kg. Sections of Antarctic krill were analyzed, and the highest concentration was found in the carapace, 4260 mg F−/kg fat free dry matter, compared with 570 and 750 mg F−/kg in raw and boiled muscle. Biological availability was measured in a chick assay, and showed fluoride in krill to be equally utilized as sodium fluoride added to the diet. Samples of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and Atlantic krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) were analysed for fluoride using a selective fluoride electrode method. Both species showed very high concentrations, a total of 1330–2400 mg F−/kg on fat free dry weight basis in raw samples whereas deep sea prawns (Pandalus borealis) showed a total of 18–91 and red feed (Calanus finmarchicus) 10–37 mg F−/kg. Sections of Antarctic krill were analyzed, and the highest concentration was found in the carapace, 4260 mg F−/kg fat free dry matter, compared with 570 and 750 mg F−/kg in raw and boiled muscle. Biological availability was measured in a chick assay, and showed fluoride in krill to be equally utilized as sodium fluoride added to the diet. Key words: krill, red feed, deep sea prawn, fluoride.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; forurensning; krill; marin biologi; miljøgifter; plankton

De norske Antarktis-ekspedisjonene 1976-77 og 1978-79: biologiske undersøkelser på Bouvetøya og i havet - Sømme, Lauritz; Fevolden, Svein Erik (Det norske videnskaps-akademi. Årbok, 1979)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1976/77; NARE 1978/79; Sørishavet; biologi; geografi

On the drift ice conditions in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic - Vinje, Torgny E (The Norwegian Institute of Technology, 1979)
Keywords: Sørishavet; drivis; havis; isberg; isdrift; isfjell; konferanse; oseanografi; sjøis

Verdens kaldeste sjøvann - Foldvik, Arne; Gade, Herman G (Naturen, 1978)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; observasjoner; oseanografi; sjøvann; vannmasser

Melting of ice in sea water: a primitive model with application to the Antarctic ice shelf and ice bergs - Gade, Herman G. (University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute. Report, 1978)
Keywords: Sørishavet; havis; oseanografi

Seismikk i Weddellhavet - Haugland, Kristen (Naturen, 1978)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; havbunnen; sedimentologi; seismologi

Om Antarktis, isfjell og havnivå - Maisey, George H (Naturen, 1978)
Keywords: NARE 1976/77; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; geologi; havbunnen; topografi

Biota of the antarctic pack ice: R/V Hero cruise 77-5 - Siniff, D.; Laws, R.; Oritsland, T.; Stirling, I.; Bengtson, J.; Demaster, D.; Reichle, R. (Antarctic Journal of the United States, 1978)
Between 22 October and 20 November 1977, we used National Science Foundation's R/v Hero to conduct studies of Antarctic seals in pack-ice areas of the Antarctic Peninsula. Our principal focus was on crabeater seals, but we also were interested in other pack-ice species, particularly leopard seals. Our work centered on (a) collecting female crabeater and leopard seals for reproductive material depicting various stages of the reproductive cycle, (b) documenting further the social structure and reproductive behavior of crabeater seals, (c) observing daily activity patterns and local movements of crabeater seals at fast-ice concentrations, and (d) investigating crabeater seal behavior at weaning and their interaction with leopard seals.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; marin biologi; seler

Hvor driver de antarktiske isfjellene? - Vinje, Torgny E (Naturen, 1978)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; drivis; forskning; havis; havstrømmer; isberg; isdrift; issfjell; oseanografi; sjøis; sjøvann

Meteorologiske observasjoner på antarktisekspedisjonen 1978/79 - Vinje, Torgny E. (Været: populærvitenskapelig tidsskrift, 1978)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; meteorologi

Autobiography of a shipping man - Næss, Erling Dekke (Seatrade publications, 1977)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biografier; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; sjøfart; skippere; skipsfart

Hvalmål. Om lengden på blåhvalhunner fanget av norske selskaper i Antarktis - Bragstad, Torunnn (Sandefjordmuseene. Årbok, 1976)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalindustri

The biogeography of some marine planktonic diatoms - Hasle, Grethe Rytter (Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 1976)
Keywords: Sørishavet; biogeografi; ekspedisjoner; forskning; fytoplankton; marinbiologi; plankton; planteplankton

Innstilling fra utvalg for utredning av mulighetene for fangst og anvendelser av krillressursene i Antarktis - Heen, Eirik (s.n., 1976)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; fangst; krill; zooplankton

Sandefjord - byen vår : trekk fra Sandefjordsdistriktets historie under hvalfangsteventyret 1905-1968 - Hoffstad, Arne ([S.n.], 1976)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; Vestfold; byhistorie; hvalfangere; hvalfangerselskapet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstselskapet; hvalindustri

Co-operative Negotiations and Bargaining: Some Notes on Power and Powerlessness - Midgaard, Knut (Power and political theory : some European perspectives, 1976)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalfangstkvoter; internasjonal; pelagisk; politikk

Smia på Fevang - Thoresen, Per (Vestfoldminne, 1976)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; erindringer; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Bardemønsteret hos blåhval, Balaenoptera musculus (L.), fra ulike fangstområder i Sydishavet - Ausen, Snefrid (Universitetet i Oslo, 1975)
Keywords: Sørishavet; hvalfangst; marin biologi; zoologi

På hvalfangst med Salvesen - Asplin, Tore (T. Asplin, 1974)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; erindringer; fortellinger; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Bottom currents in the Weddel Sea. Results of long time curretmeter moorings at 74°S, 40°W, during IWSOE 1968-1973 - Foldvik, Arne; Kvinge, Thor (University of Bergen, 1974)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; oseanografi

Conditional instability of sea water at the freezing point - Foldvik, Arne; Kvinge, Thor (Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 1974)
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; bunnvannet; havis; oseanografi; sjøis; sjøvann

Thermohaline convection in the vicinity of an ice shelf - Foldvik, Arne; Kvinge, Thor (University of Bergen, 1974)
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; bunnvannet; ekspedisjoner; havis; isshelf; oseanografi; sjøis; sjøvann

Internasjonale konferanser - Hva har de ført til? - Kyst-Norge], [Aksjon; Brox, Ottar (Kampen om havet, 1974)
Keywords: Sørishavet; havrett; hvalfangst; hvalfangstkvoten; internasjonal; jus; pelagisk; politikk

Hvalfangsforhandlingene i historisk og prinsipielt perspektiv: økonomi, biologi, politikk - Midgaard, Knut (Forskningspolitiske spørsmål i norsk biologi : en seminarrapport = Policy issues in Norwegian biological research : report from a seminar, 1974)
I. Vi skal i det følgende beskjeftige oss med forhandlingene om regulering av den pelagiske hvalfangst i Antarktis med sikte på å belyse to emner: 1) betingelsene for at biologers premisser skal slå igjennom i en politisk prosess som gjelder utnyttelsen av levende ressurser, 2) rollekonflikter som kan oppstå for biologer som går inn i en slik prosess. Jeg vil først gi en historikk, og så gå nærmere inn på de to emnene.
Keywords: Den internasjonale hvalfangstkommisjonen; Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangstkonvensjonen; hvalfangstkvoter; internasjonal politikk; pelagisk hvalfangst

Teori om internasjonale forhandlinger: Forhandlingene 1958-59 om kvoteregulering av hvalfangsten i Antarktis - Midgaard, Knut (Internasjonal politikk, 1974)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangstkvoter; internasjonal politikk; pelagisk hvalfangst

Retrieval of current meters and study of thermohaline convection in the Weddell Sea - Bø, Redair; Foldvik, Arne; Kvinge, Thor (Antarctic Journal of the United States, 1973)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Bergens deltakelse i den moderne hvalfangst - Tønnessen, Johan Nicolay (Sjøfartshistorisk årbok : Norwegian yearbook of maritime history, 1973)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalindustri; skipsfart

Hvalfangstens historie - Tønnessen, Johan Nicolay; Solhaug, Trygve (Historisk tidsskrift, 1973)
Keywords: Sørishavet; bokanmeldelser; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Et nytt territorium åpnes : en studie av forhandlingene om kontinentalsokkelkonvensjonen av 1958 - Traavik, Kim (Fridtjof Nansen-Stiftelsen, 1973)
Keywords: Sørishavet; havrett; jus

Sperm whales of the southeast pacific. Part III : Norphometry - Clarke, Robert; Paliza, Obla (Universitetsforlaget, 1972)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; hvaler; marin biologi; oseanografi

Deception: Sydpollandets aktive vulkan - Orheim, Olav (Polarboken, 1972)
Keywords: Sørishavet; geofysikk

Joh. N. Tønnessen: Den moderne hvalfangst historie. Opprinelse og utvikling. Bind 2-4. Utgitt av Norges hvalfangstforbund, Sandefjord 1967, 1969, 1970. - Solhaug, Trygve (Historisk tidsskrift, 1972)
Keywords: Sørishavet; bokanmeldelser; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk

En reise til Sydpolskontinentet "Antarktis" (Polarposten, 1971)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; turisme

Corethron Criophilum Castracane: Its distribution and structure - Fryxell, Greta A; Hasle, Grethe Rytter (Biology of the Antarctic Seas IV, 1971)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; marinbiologi; plankton; planteplankton

Morphologic Variability in Fasciculated Diatoms as Exemplified by Thalassiosira Tumida (Janisch) Hasle, Comb. Nov - Hasle, Grethe Rytter; Heimdal, Berit R; Fryxell, Greta A (Biology of the Antarctic Seas IV, 1971)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; marinbiologi; oseanografi; plankton

Theories of bottom water formation, recent investigations in the Weddell Sea and the effects of super cooling by the ice cap - Mosby, Håkon (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1971)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bunnvannet; kongress; oseanografi; sjøvann

Diatoms: Cleaning and Mounting for Light and Electron Microscopy - Hasle, Grethe R; Fryxell, Greta A (Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 1970)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; diatomeer; marinbiologi; oseanografi

Cruise reports. International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expedition : conducted onboard USCGC GLACIER (WAGB-4) - Kvinge, Thor (University of Bergen, 1970)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; fysisk oseanografi; geofysikk; oseanografi

International Weddell Sea oceanographic expedition : position and weather journal USCGC Glacier - Kvinge, Thor (University of Bergen, 1970)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; fysisk oseanografi; meteorologi; oseanografi