Gåten om Roald Amundsens varde på Bettyfjellet i Antarktis - Mehlum, Fridtjof (Polarboken, 2016)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; historie

Polheim: teltet på Sydpolen - Melgård, Anne (Polarboken, 2016)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; historie

Local controls on sediment accumulation and distribution in a fjord in the West Antarctic Peninsula: implications for palaeoenvironmental interpretations - Munoz, Yuribia P.; Wellner, Julia S. (Polar Research, 2016)
We analyse surface sediment and its distribution in Flandres Bay, West Antarctic Peninsula, in order to understand modern day sediment dispersal patterns in a fjord with retreating, tidewater glaciers. The surface sediment descriptions of 41 cores are included in this study. The sediment facies described include muddy diatomaceous ooze, diatomaceous mud, pebbly mud, sandy mud and mud, with scattered pebbles present in most samples. In contrast to a traditional conceptual model of glacial sediment distribution in fjords, grain size in Flandres Bay generally coarsens from the inner to outer bay. The smallest grain size sediments were found in the bay head and are interpreted as fine-grained deposits resulting from meltwater plumes and sediment gravity flows occurring close to the glacier front. The middle of the bay is characterized by a high silt percentage, which correlates to diatom-rich sediments. Sediments in the outer bay have a high component of coarse material, which is interpreted as being the result of winnowing from currents moving from the Bellingshausen Sea into the Gerlache Strait. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of glacial environments often use grain size as an indicator of proximity to the ice margin. After a detailed analysis of a large number of cores collected in the study area, our findings highlight the variability in sedimentation patterns within a fjord and provide a valuable evidence of the complexity that may occur in the sedimentary record. Keywords: Flandres Bay; Antarctic Peninsula; sediment distribution; grain size.
Keywords: Antarktis; havbunnen; isbreer; miljøvitenskap; sedimenter; sedimentologi; topografi

Magnetotelluric investigation of the Vestfold Hills and Rauer Group, East Antarctica - Peacock, Jared; Selway, Kate (Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2016)
The Vestfold Hills and Rauer Group in East Antarctica have contrasting Archean to Neoproterozoic geological histories and are believed to be juxtaposed along a suture zone that now lies beneath the Sørsdal Glacier. Exact location and age of this suture zone are unknown, as is its relationship to regional deformation associated with the amalgamation of East Gondwana. To image the suture zone, magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica, mainly along a profile crossing the Sørsdal Glacier and regions inland of the Vestfold Hills and Rauer Group islands. Time-frequency analysis of the MT time series yielded three important observations: (1) Wind speeds in excess of ∼8 m/s reduce coherence between electric and magnetic fields due to charged wind-blown particles of ice and snow. (2) Estimation of the MT transfer function is best between 1000 and 1400 UT when ionospheric Hall currents enhance the magnetic source field. (3) Nonplanar source field effects were minimal but detectable and removed from estimation of the MT transfer function. Inversions of MT data in 2-D and 3-D produce similar resistivity models, where structures in the preferred 3-D resistivity model correlate strongly with regional magnetic data. The electrically conductive Rauer Group is separated from the less conductive Vestfold Hills by a resistive zone under the Sørsdal Glacier, which is interpreted to be caused by oxidation during suturing. Though a suture zone has been imaged, no time constrains on suturing can be made from the MT data.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; geologi; magnetotelluriske målinger

C.A. Larsen : explorer, whaler & family man - Riffenburgh, Beau (Red.); Kløver, Geir O (Red.) (The Fram Museum, 2016)
Keywords: Antarctic ekspedisjonen; Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; D/S Antarctic; D/S Jason; Jason ekspedisjonene; Weddellhavet; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; oppdagelsesreiser; polarforskning

Animals as instruments of Norwegian imperial authority in the interwar Arctic - Roberts, Peder; Jørgensen, Dolly (Journal for the History of Environment and Society, 2016)
During the first half of the twentieth century a number of individuals in Norway participated in the transfer of animals from both the Arctic to the Antarctic regions and vice versa. These projects may be conceptualized as a form of imperial acclimatization, following in the footsteps of earlier attempts to transplant both plants and animals from their indigenous ranges to new geographic locations for both practical and recreational purposes. Reindeer were introduced to the island of South Georgia before World War I as Norwegian whalers turned a space previously uninhabited by humans into the operational hub of a booming Antarctic whaling industry. The successful transplantation of reindeer was followed by less successful attempts to transfer muskoxen from Greenland to Svalbard and the Scandinavian mainland, penguins from the Antarctic to the coast of Norway, and dreams of transferring fur seals from south to north. We argue that these attempts constituted both practical attempts to “enrich” the fauna of discrete habitats, but also expressions of Norwegian authority over the polar regions at a time when imperial ambitions in both the Arctic and Antarctic had significant traction within Norway. The transplanted animals may thus be conceived as geopolitical instruments – mastery over fauna as being a means of expressing mastery over space.
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Norge; geopolitikk; hvalfangst; polarområdene

Den langsomme polare vippen - Sorokina, Svetlana (Naturen, 2016)
De siste 20 årene har vært de varmeste siden globale temperaturmålinger startet i 1880 (Figur 1). FNs klimapanel konkluderer med at hovedårsaken til den observerte temperaturøkningen er menneskeskapte utslipp av klimagasser. I nordområdene har temperaturen økt nesten dobbelt så raskt som i resten av verden. Isdekket er nær halvert og isvolumet er redusert til en tredjedel. Men på den andre siden av jorden, altså i Antarktis, er situasjonen en helt annen. Temperaturen har vært fallende de siste årene og isdekket har vært rekordstort. Dette paradokset brukes ofte som et argument mot menneskeskapte endring av klima. For hvordan kan det ha seg at temperaturen i Antarktis faller når klimagassutslippene øker?
Keywords: Antarktis; global oppvarming; klimaendringer; klimagasser; polarområdene

The canine explorers – the sled dogs who helped Roald Amundsen reach the South Pole - Tahan, Mary R (Journal of Antarctic Affairs, 2016)
One hundred Greenland dogs were purchased by Roald Amundsen from the Royal Greenland Trading Company in September 1909 ostensibly for a North Pole expedition, but secretly to use to reach the South Pole. Amundsen considered the dogs “equipment”. He was a complicated character in a very different time. And he compulsively pursued his mission. His actions perhaps are seen differently from the 21st century perspective and in light of our evolving attitude toward animals, especially dogs. This paper presents the facts of what happened concerning the sled dogs, using Amundsen’s own statements in his books, diaries, and letters, as well as the expedition members’ journal entries and personal letters. It focuses on the dogs who made Amundsen’s exploration possible, and who helped humankind discover the final undiscovered part of our world. Amundsen began his Norwegian expedition with 97 sturdy canine souls, who were taken on board the Fram near the coast of Kristiansand in August 1910. Through births and deaths on the ship during their five-month journey south, the dogs’ number swelled to 116 upon arrival in Antarctica. Adults and puppies alike withstood the roller-coaster ride of the Fram on the ocean waters, the heat of the tropics near the equator, and the freezing winter of Antarctica. Taking into account the birth of puppies on the ship and at their Antarctic home Framheim, the actual number of dogs involved in this significant moment in history doubles to over two hundred. But, after initially nurturing and protecting the dogs, Amundsen proceeded to cull them throughout the expedition, slaughtering those he deemed unnecessary or weak, and destroying those who had served their purpose. Amundsen began his South Pole trek in October 1911 with 52 brave canines, and returned with 11, as a result of unnatural, forced attrition. The dogs were nearly starved; at times when they were fed, it was the flesh of their fallen comrades they were given to line their empty stomachs. And yet the dogs all performed their roles brilliantly, even when death was their reward. The sled dogs were the heart and power of the South Pole expedition. The intent of this article is to shine a light on the dogs’ population, accomplishments, and sacrifices, and to give them their due recognition and place in history.
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; sledehunder; trekkhunder

Investigating uncertainty in the simulation of the Antarctic ice sheet during the mid-Piacenzian - Yan, Qing; Zhang, Zhongshi; Wang, Huijun (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2016)
The mid-Piacenzian (~3 Ma) represents the most recent warm period in Earth's history on a geological time scale; it is characterized by a significant rise of global sea level. The simulation of the size and location of the ice sheets and the investigation of the uncertainty in the simulations are potentially helpful for constraining reconstructed sea level changes. In this study, we focus on the behavior of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) in the mid-Piacenzian. We investigate the influence of topography correction, model parameters, climate forcings, and model resolution on the modeled AIS and explore the isolated role of atmospheric and oceanic forcings. Forced by the simulated climate changes with the Norwegian Earth System Model, the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (15 km × 15 km) produces a nearly collapsed West AIS (WAIS) in the mid-Piacenzian, with no significant retreat of the East AIS (EAIS). The role of increased air temperature plays a key role in the mass loss of the mid-Piacenzian AIS, while its role is comparable to the role of ocean warming on the melting of the WAIS. In terms of the range of sea level changes, the largest source of uncertainty in the modeled AIS is derived from ice sheet model parameters and climate forcings. Although the employed model parameters, topography correction factors, and model resolution affect the simulated AIS in the mid-Piacenzian, large-scale deglaciation of the EAIS in our sensitivity experiments may only be possible with additional warming.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; geologi; havnivåstigning; innlandsis; klimaendringer; paleontologi

The impact of energetic electron precipitation on mesospheric hydroxyl during a year of solar minimum - Zawedde, Annet Eva; Nesse Tyssøy, Hilde; Hibbins, Robert; Espy, Patrick J; Ødegaard, Linn-Kristine Glesnes; Sandanger, Marit Irene; Stadsnes, Johan (Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2016)
In 2008 a sequence of geomagnetic storms occurred triggered by high-speed solar wind streams from coronal holes. Improved estimates of precipitating fluxes of energetic electrons are derived from measurements on board the NOAA/POES 18 satellite using a new analysis technique. These fluxes are used to quantify the direct impact of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) during solar minimum on middle atmospheric hydroxyl (OH) measured from the Aura satellite. During winter, localized longitudinal density enhancements in the OH are observed over northern Russia and North America at corrected geomagnetic latitudes poleward of 55°. Although the northern Russia OH enhancement is closely associated with increased EEP at these longitudes, the strength and location of the North America enhancement appear to be unrelated to EEP. This OH density enhancement is likely due to vertical motion induced by atmospheric wave dynamics that transports air rich in atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen downward into the middle atmosphere, where it plays a role in the formation of OH. In the Southern Hemisphere, localized enhancements of the OH density over West Antarctica can be explained by a combination of enhanced EEP due to the local minimum in Earth's magnetic field strength and atmospheric dynamics. Our findings suggest that even during solar minimum, there is substantial EEP-driven OH production. However, to quantify this effect, a detailed knowledge of where and when the precipitation occurs is required in the context of the background atmospheric dynamics.
Keywords: Antarktis; astronomi; energiske partikler; geofysikk; geomagnetiske stormer; planetbølger; solvind

Antarktis - kort fortalt - Balto, Ann Kristin; Hallanger, Ingeborg Gammelsæter; Jenssen, Elin Vinje (Norsk polarinstitutt, 2015)
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; fauna; flora; historie; klima; miljø; natureklima; naturhistorie

Frozen voices: Women, silence and Antarctica - Blackadder, Jesse (Antarctica : music, sounds and cultural connections, 2015)
This chapter explores a different kind of Antarctic silence: the silencing of certain stories and voices. It’s the silence of the earliest female travellers to Antarctica.The voices of the earliest female travellers are silent and their stories remain untold, partly because there’s no place for them in the dominant Antarctic narrative of exploration and conquest. Reimagining them through fiction is one way — though with potential pitfalls — to ‘unfreeze’ those stories.
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; ekspedisjoner; kvinner; oppdagelsesreiser

On-site and in situ remediation technologies applicable to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites in the Antarctic and Arctic - Camenzuli, Danielle; Freidman, Benjamin L (Polar Research, 2015)
Petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites, associated with the contemporary and legacy effects of human activities, remain a serious environmental problem in the Antarctic and Arctic. The management of contaminated sites in these regions is often confounded by the logistical, environmental, legislative and financial challenges associated with operating in polar environments. In response to the need for efficient and safe methods for managing contaminated sites, several technologies have been adapted for on-site or in situ application in these regions. This article reviews six technologies which are currently being adapted or developed for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites in the Antarctic and Arctic. Bioremediation, landfarming, biopiles, phytoremediation, electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive barriers are reviewed and discussed with respect to their advantages, limitations and potential for the long-term management of soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons in the Antarctic and Arctic. Although these technologies demonstrate potential for application in the Antarctic and Arctic, their effectiveness is dependent on site-specific factors including terrain, soil moisture and temperature, freeze–thaw processes and the indigenous microbial population. The importance of detailed site assessment prior to on-site or in situ implementation is emphasized, and it is argued that coupling of technologies represents one strategy for effective, long-term management of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites in the Antarctic and Arctic. Keywords: Petroleum hydrocarbons; remediation; Antarctica; Arctic; cold regions; contaminated site.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; hydrokarboner; miljøvern; petroleum; polarområdene

Mapping lichen distribution on the Antarctic Peninsula using remote sensing, lichen spectra and photographic documentation by citizen scientists - Casanovas, Paula; Black, Martin; Fretwell, Peter; Convey, Peter (Polar Research, 2015)
On the Antarctic Peninsula, lichens are the most diverse botanical component of the terrestrial ecosystem. However, detailed information on the distribution of lichens on the Antarctic Peninsula region is scarce, and the data available exhibit significant heterogeneity in sampling frequency and effort. Satellite remote sensing, in particular the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), has facilitated determination of vegetation richness and cover distribution in some remote and otherwise inaccessible environments. However, it is known that using NDVI for the detection of vegetation can overlook the presence of lichens even if their land cover is extensive. We tested the use of known spectra of lichens in a matched filtering technique for the detection and mapping of lichen-covered land from remote sensing imagery on the Antarctic Peninsula, using data on lichen presence collected by citizen scientists and other non-specialists as ground truthing. Our results confirm that the use of this approach allows for the detection of lichen flora on the Antarctic Peninsula, showing an improvement over the use of NDVI alone for the mapping of flora in this area. Keywords: Antarctica; NDVI; matched filtering; Landsat; remote sensing.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; flora; lav; satellitt bilder; økosystemer

Van Allen probes, NOAA, GOES, and ground observations of an intense EMIC wave event extending over 12 h in magnetic local time - Engebretson, Mark J; Posch, J L; Wygant, J R; Kletzing, Craig A; Lessard, M R; Huang, C.-L.; Spence, Harlan; Smith, C W; Singer, H J; Omura, Yoshiharu; Horne, R B; Reeves, Geoffrey; et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2015)
Although most studies of the effects of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves on Earth's outer radiation belt have focused on events in the afternoon sector in the outer plasmasphere or plume region, strong magnetospheric compressions provide an additional stimulus for EMIC wave generation across a large range of local times and L shells. We present here observations of the effects of a wave event on 23 February 2014 that extended over 8 h in UT and over 12 h in local time, stimulated by a gradual 4 h rise and subsequent sharp increases in solar wind pressure. Large-amplitude linearly polarized hydrogen band EMIC waves (up to 25 nT p-p) appeared for over 4 h at both Van Allen Probes, from late morning through local noon, when these spacecraft were outside the plasmapause, with densities ~5–20 cm−3. Waves were also observed by ground-based induction magnetometers in Antarctica (near dawn), Finland (near local noon), Russia (in the afternoon), and in Canada (from dusk to midnight). Ten passes of NOAA-POES and METOP satellites near the northern foot point of the Van Allen Probes observed 30–80 keV subauroral proton precipitation, often over extended L shell ranges; other passes identified a narrow L shell region of precipitation over Canada. Observations of relativistic electrons by the Van Allen Probes showed that the fluxes of more field-aligned and more energetic radiation belt electrons were reduced in response to both the emission over Canada and the more spatially extended emission associated with the compression, confirming the effectiveness of EMIC-induced loss processes for this event.
Keywords: Antarktis; astronomi; elektromagnetiske ionesyklotronbølger; fysikk; magnetosfæriske kompresjoner; strålingsbelter

Interhemispheric differences in ionospheric convection: Cluster EDI observations revisited - Förster, Matthias; Haaland, Stein (Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2015)
The interaction between the interplanetary magnetic field and the geomagnetic field sets up a large-scale circulation in the magnetosphere. This circulation is also reflected in the magnetically connected ionosphere. In this paper, we present a study of ionospheric convection based on Cluster Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) satellite measurements covering both hemispheres and obtained over a full solar cycle. The results from this study show that average flow patterns and polar cap potentials for a given orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field can be very different in the two hemispheres. In particular during southward directed interplanetary magnetic field conditions, and thus enhanced energy input from the solar wind, the measurements show that the southern polar cap has a higher cross polar cap potential. There are persistent north-south asymmetries, which cannot easily be explained by the influence of external drivers. These persistent asymmetries are primarily a result of the significant differences in the strength and configuration of the geomagnetic field between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since the ionosphere is magnetically connected to the magnetosphere, this difference will also be reflected in the magnetosphere in the form of different feedback from the two hemispheres. Consequently, local ionospheric conditions and the geomagnetic field configuration are important for north-south asymmetries in large regions of geospace.
Keywords: Antarktis; astrofysikk; geovitenskap; ionosfæren; magnetosfæren; polarområdene; solvind

Haematological values of three Antarctic penguins: gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), Adélie (P. adeliae) and chinstrap (P. antarcticus) - Ibañez, Andrés E; Najle, Roberto; Larsen, Karen; Pari, Marcela; Figueroa, Amalia; Montalti, Diego (Polar Research, 2015)
It is established that haematological and biochemical parameters provide important data to assess the physiological condition and health status of wild birds. To undertake conservation physiology or ecophysiology work, it is therefore essential to establish baseline physiological parameters and how these parameters change with age and life history events. In this work, we determined and compared baseline haematology and serum biochemistry between adults and chicks of three Antarctic penguin species of the genus Pygoscelis: gentoo (P. papua), Adélie (P. adeliae) and chinstrap (P. antarcticus). Differences in adults among species were observed in haemoglobin and biochemical parameters such as total proteins, glucose and alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, differences between adults and chicks in haematocrit, haemoglobin, total proteins and glucose concentration were determined. Moreover, we evaluated the electrophoretic protein profiles between adults and chicks of the genus Pygoscelis, and a conserved protein pattern was observed among species and ages in the genus. Altogether, the results suggest that biochemical and haematological differences among pygoscelids may be related to the nutritional status and energetic expenditure during breeding as well as their feeding habits and development stage. Keywords: Antarctic; haematology; physiology; Pygoscelis; penguins; serum biochemistry.
Keywords: Antarktis; biokjemi; biologi; fysiologi; hematologi; pingviner; zoologi

A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two decades and beyond - Kennicutt, M.C.; Chown, S.L.; Cassano, J.J.; Liggett, D.; Peck, L.S.; Massom, R.; Rintoul, S.R.; Storey, J.; Vaughan, D.G.; Wilson, T.J.; Allison, I.; Ayton, J.; et al. (Antarctic Science, 2015)
Antarctic and Southern Ocean science is vital to understanding natural variability, the processes that govern global change and the role of humans in the Earth and climate system. The potential for new knowledge to be gained from future Antarctic science is substantial. Therefore, the international Antarctic community came together to ‘scan the horizon’ to identify the highest priority scientific questions that researchers should aspire to answer in the next two decades and beyond. Wide consultation was a fundamental principle for the development of a collective, international view of the most important future directions in Antarctic science. From the many possibilities, the horizon scan identified 80 key scientific questions through structured debate, discussion, revision and voting. Questions were clustered into seven topics: i) Antarctic atmosphere and global connections, ii) Southern Ocean and sea ice in a warming world, iii) ice sheet and sea level, iv) the dynamic Earth, v) life on the precipice, vi) near-Earth space and beyond, and vii) human presence in Antarctica. Answering the questions identified by the horizon scan will require innovative experimental designs, novel applications of technology, invention of next-generation field and laboratory approaches, and expanded observing systems and networks. Unbiased, non-contaminating procedures will be required to retrieve the requisite air, biota, sediment, rock, ice and water samples. Sustained year-round access to Antarctica and the Southern Ocean will be essential to increase winter-time measurements. Improved models are needed that represent Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the Earth System, and provide predictions at spatial and temporal resolutions useful for decision making. A co-ordinated portfolio of cross-disciplinary science, based on new models of international collaboration, will be essential as no scientist, programme or nation can realize these aspirations alone.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; forskning; teknologi

The significant inputs of trace elements and rare earth elements from melting glaciers in Antarctic coastal waters - Kim, Intae; Kim, Guebuem; Choy, Eun Jung (Polar Research, 2015)
To evaluate the impact of modern glacier melting on the chemical enrichment of Antarctic coastal waters, we measured trace elements, including dissolved iron (Fe) and rare earth elements (REEs), together with dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorous, silicate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ice, snow and coastal seawater of Marian Cove in the northernmost part of Antarctica (62°S). There was an increase in the concentrations of Fe and other trace elements (Al, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb and REEs) between the bay mouth and the glacier valleys. Good correlations between salinity and these chemical elements indicate that the trend was mainly due to the influence of glacier meltwater (GMW). When the effect of GMW was quantified based on plots of its presence (average 5.7%) in the surface water of the cove, the concentrations of trace elements in seawater increased 18-fold for Fe, eight- to 10-fold for Al and Mn and up to four-fold for Cr, Ni, Co, Pb and REEs by GMW. However, the contribution of GMW to inorganic nutrients and DOC was negligible. The significance of GMW-borne REE contribution in this cove was further evidenced by middle REE enrichment in cove water. Our results suggest that the currently increasing glacier melting in Antarctica has a significant influence on the level of trace elements, particularly Fe, in cove water, which in turn may have a significant impact on the biogeochemistry of coastal seawater in Antarctica. Keywords: Iron; trace elements; rare earth elements; glacier melting; Antarctica; Marian Cove.
Keywords: Antarktis; biogeokjemi; isbreer; kjemiske analyser; sjøvann; smelting

Birkeland current effects on high-latitude ground magnetic field perturbations - Laundal, Karl M; Haaland, Stein; Lehtinen, N; Gjerloev, Jesper; Østgaard, Nikolai; Tenfjord, Paul; Reistad, Jone Peter; Snekvik, Kristian; Milan, Steve; Ohtani, Shin-ichi; Anderson, B J (Geophysical Research Letters, 2015)
Magnetic perturbations on ground at high latitudes are directly associated only with the divergence-free component of the height-integrated horizontal ionospheric current, J⊥,df. Here we show how J⊥,df can be expressed as the total horizontal current J⊥ minus its curl-free component, the latter being completely determined by the global Birkeland current pattern. Thus, in regions where J⊥=0, the global Birkeland current distribution alone determines the local magnetic perturbation. We show with observations from ground and space that in the polar cap, the ground magnetic field perturbations tend to align with the Birkeland current contribution in darkness but not in sunlight. We also show that in sunlight, the magnetic perturbations are typically such that the equivalent overhead current is antiparallel to the convection, indicating that the Hall current system dominates. Thus, the ground magnetic field in the polar cap relates to different current systems in sunlight and in darkness.
Keywords: Antarktis; Birkelandstrømmer; ionosfæren; ionosfæriske strømmer; polarområdene; sollys

The great white silence : den offisielle filmen om Robert Falcon Scotts sydpolekspedisjon og en vurdering av ekspedisjonen - Lund, Vidar (Maritimt Magasin Historie, 2015)
Keywords: Antarktis; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser

"Toffe karer spiser pemmikan" - Lundin, Kjell (Pemmikan : en hårdkokt historia, 2015)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; ernæring; mat

Antarctic ice rises and rumples: their properties and significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution - Matsuoka, Kenichi; Hindmarsh, Richard C A; Moholdt, Geir; Bentley, Michael J; Pritchard, Hamish D; Brown, Joel; Conway, Howard; Drews, Reinhard; Durand, Gaël; Goldberg, Daniel; Hattermann, Tore; Kingslake, Jonathan; et al. (Earth-Science Reviews, 2015)
Locally grounded features in ice shelves, called ice rises and rumples, play a key role buttressing discharge from the Antarctic Ice Sheet and regulating its contribution to sea level. Ice rises typically rise several hundreds of meters above the surrounding ice shelf; shelf flow is diverted around them. On the other hand, shelf ice flows across ice rumples, which typically rise only a few tens of meters above the ice shelf. Ice rises contain rich histories of deglaciation and climate that extend back over timescales ranging from a few millennia to beyond the last glacial maximum. Numerical model results have shown that the buttressing effects of ice rises and rumples are significant, but details of processes and how they evolve remain poorly understood. Fundamental information about the conditions and processes that cause transitions between floating ice shelves, ice rises and ice rumples is needed in order to assess their impact on ice-sheet behavior. Targeted high-resolution observational data are needed to evaluate and improve prognostic numerical models and parameterizations of the effects of small-scale pinning points on grounding-zone dynamics.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis

Observational evidence of the influence of Antarctic stratospheric ozone variability on middle atmosphere dynamics - Narukull, Venkateswara Rao; Espy, Patrick Joseph; Hibbins, Robert; Fritts, David C; Kavanagh, Andrew John (Geophysical Research Letters, 2015)
Abstract Modeling results have suggested that the circulation of the stratosphere and mesosphere in spring is strongly affected by the perturbations in heating induced by the Antarctic ozone hole. Here using both mesospheric MF radar wind observations from Rothera Antarctica (67°S, 68°W) as well as stratospheric analysis data, we present observational evidence that the stratospheric and mesospheric wind strengths are highly anti-correlated, and show their largest variability in November. We find that these changes are related to the total amount of ozone loss that occurs during the Antarctic spring ozone hole and particularly with the ozone gradients that develop between 57.5°S and 77.5°S. The results show that with increasing ozone loss during spring, winter conditions in the stratosphere and mesosphere persist longer into the summer. These results are discussed in the light of observations of the onset and duration of the Antarctic polar mesospheric cloud season.
Keywords: Antarktis; klimatologi; meteorologi; ozonhull; ozonlaget

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in relation to vegetation covers and bird activity in ice-free soils of Rip Point, Nelson Island, Antarctica - Neufeld, Ângela Denise Hubert; de Godoi, Stefânia Guedes; Pereira, Antônio Batista; Bayer, Cimélio; Schünemann, Andriano Luis; de Carvalho Victoria, Filipe; de Albuquerque, Margéli Pereira; Camargo, Estefânia; Vieira, Frederico Costa Beber (Polar Research, 2015)
This study aimed to quantify the nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes at sites with different vegetation covers and where bird activity was present or absent using the static chamber method, on Rip Point, Nelson Island, maritime Antarctic. The sites were soils covered by Sanionia uncinata, lichens, Prasiola crispa, Deschampsia antarctica and bare soil. Seabirds used the P. crispa and D. antarctica sites as nesting areas. Soil mineral N contents, air and soil temperature and water-filled pore space were measured, and the content of total organic C and particulate organic C, total N, bulk density and texture were determined to identify controlling variables of the gas emissions. The N2O and CH4 flux rates were low for all sampling events. Mean N2O flux rates ranged from 0.11±1.93 up to 21.25±22.14 µg N2O m−2 h−1 for the soils under lichen and P. crispa cover, respectively. For the CH4 fluxes, only the P. crispa site showed a low positive mean (0.47±3.61 µg CH4 m−2 h−1). The bare soil showed the greatest absorption of CH4 (−11.92±5.7 µg CH4 m−2 h−1), probably favoured by the coarse soil texture. Bare soil and S. uncinata sites had N2O accumulated emissions close to zero. Net CH4 accumulated emission was observed only at the P. crispa site, which was correlated with (p<0.001). These results indicate that seabird activity influences N2O and CH4 soil fluxes, while vegetation has little influence, and bare soil areas in maritime Antarctica could be greenhouse gas sinks. Keywords: Soil greenhouse gases; seabirds; vegetal cover; maritime Antarctica.
Keywords: Antarktis; biogeokjemi; drivhuseffekt; drivhusgasser; flora; global oppvarming; klimaendringer; klimagasser; planter; sjøfugler; økosystemer

Leadership lessons from the race to the South Pole : why Amundsen lived and Scott died - O'Connell, Fergus (Praeger, 2015)
A project management expert identifies methods for running any project successfully based on lessons learned from the exploits of two storied explorers.
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser

The significance of petroleum for the South Pole expeditions 1910-1912 - Skarung, Per (The Fram Museum, 2015)
"Inclement weather and lack of fuel was the cause of their deaths".
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; polarhistorie

Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and corticosterone levels in seven polar seabird species - Tartu, Sabrina; Angelier, Frédéric; Bustnes, Jan-Ove; Moe, Børge; Hanssen, Sven Are; Herzke, Dorte; Gabrielsen, Geir Wing; Verboven, Nanette; Verreault, J; Labadie, Pierre; Budzinski, Helene; Wingfield, John C; et al. (Environmental Pollution, 2015)
The role of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on exposure-related endocrine effects has been poorly investigated in wild birds. This is the case for stress hormones including corticosterone (CORT). Some studies have suggested that environmental exposure to PCBs and altered CORT secretion might be associated. Here we investigated the relationships between blood PCB concentrations and circulating CORT levels in seven free-ranging polar seabird species occupying different trophic positions, and hence covering a wide range of PCB exposure. Blood ∑7PCB concentrations (range: 61–115,632 ng/g lw) were positively associated to baseline or stress-induced CORT levels in three species and negatively associated to stress-induced CORT levels in one species. Global analysis suggests that in males, baseline CORT levels generally increase with increasing blood ∑7PCB concentrations, whereas stress-induced CORT levels decrease when reaching high blood ∑7PCB concentrations. This study suggests that the nature of the PCB-CORT relationships may depend on the level of PCB exposure.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; miljø; nevrobiologi; ornitologi; polarområdene; sjøfugler; stresshormoner; zoologi

Corticosterone, prolactin and egg neglect behavior in relation to mercury and legacy POPs in a long-lived Antarctic bird - Tartu, Sabrina; Angelier, Frédéric; Wingfield, John C; Bustamante, Paco; Labadie, Pierre; Budzinski, Helene; Weimerskirch, Henri; Bustnes, Jan-Ove; Chastel, Olivier (Science of the Total Environment, 2015)
Seabirds often have high loads of contaminants. These contaminants have endocrine disrupting properties but their relationships with some endocrine mechanisms are still poorly investigated in free-living organisms. This is the case for the stress response which shifts energy investment away from reproduction and redirects it towards survival. In birds, this stress response is achieved through a release of corticosterone and is also accompanied by a decrease in circulating prolactin, an anterior pituitary hormone widely involved in regulating parental cares. We measured blood concentrations of some legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg) and examined their relationships with the corticosterone and prolactin responses of known-age (9–46years old) incubating snow petrels (Pagodroma nivea) to a standardized capture/handling stress protocol. In this Antarctic seabird, we also investigated whether high contaminant burden correlates with a higher occurrence of egg neglect, a frequently observed behavior in snow petrels. POPs and Hg were unrelated to age. Stress-induced corticosterone concentrations were positively related to POPs in both sexes, and stress-induced prolactin concentrations were negatively related to Hg in males. Egg-neglect behavior was not related to POPs burden, but males with higher Hg concentrations were more likely to neglect their egg. This suggests that in birds, relationships between age and contaminants are complex and that even low to moderate concentrations of POPs and Hg are significantly related to hormonal secretion. In this Antarctic species, exposure to legacy POPs and Hg could make individuals more susceptible to environmental stressors such as ongoing disturbances in Polar Regions.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; miljø; nevrobiologi; ornitologi; petreller; polarområdene; reproduksjon; sjøfugler; zoologi

Investigating the recent apparent hiatus in surface temperature increases: 2. Comparison of model ensembles to observational estimates - Thorne, Peter; Outten, Stephen; Bethke, Ingo; Seland, Øyvind (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015)
To assess published hypotheses surrounding the recent slowdown in surface warming (hiatus), we compare five available global observational surface temperature estimates to two 30-member ensembles from the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM). Model ensembles are initialized in 1980 from the transient historical runs and driven with forcings used in the CMIP5 experiments and updated forcings based upon current observational understanding, described in Part 1. The ensembles' surface temperature trends are statistically indistinguishable over 1998–2012 despite differences in the prescribed forcings. There is thus no evidence that forcing errors play a significant role in explaining the hiatus according to NorESM. The observations fall either toward the lower portion of the ensembles or, for some observational estimates and regions, outside. The exception is the Arctic where the observations fall toward the upper ensemble bounds. Observational data set choices can make a large difference to findings of consistency or otherwise. Those NorESM ensemble members that exhibit Nino3.4 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) trends similar to observed also exhibit comparable tropical and to some extent global mean trends, supporting a role for El Nino Southern Oscillation in explaining the hiatus. Several ensemble members capture the marked seasonality observed in Northern Hemisphere midlatitude trends, with cooling in the wintertime and warming in the remaining seasons. Overall, we find that we cannot falsify NorESM as being capable of explaining the observed hiatus behavior. Importantly, this is not equivalent to concluding NorESM could simultaneously capture all important facets of the hiatus. Similar experiments with further, distinct, Earth System Models are required to verify our findings.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; fjernmåling; geofysikk; klimaendringer; klimatologi; meteorologi; observasjoner; polarområdene; temperatur

Comment on “Unexpected Occurrence of Volatile Dimethylsiloxanes in Antarctic Soils, Vegetation, Phytoplankton, and Krill” - Warner, Nicholas A; Krogseth, Ingjerd S; Whelan, Mick J (Environmental Science & Technology, 2015)
Sanchís et al. (2015) recently reported the occurrence of volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) in soil, vegetation, phytoplankton, and krill samples from Antarctica. As the paper’s title suggests, findings of these chemicals in such a remote region is unexpected and of significant concern. However, our experience with the analysis of these compounds at trace concentrations suggests that the observations reported may have been influenced by artifacts. Here we present our concerns based upon known emissions, physicochemical properties and on apparent quality control measures including treatment of blank samples and detection limits.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; miljøgifter

An Antarctic Research Station as a Source of Brominated and Perfluorinated Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Local Environment - Wild, Seanan; McLagan, David; Schlabach, Martin; Bossi, Rossana; Hawker, Darryl; Cropp, Roger; King, Catherine K; Stark, Jonathan S; Mondon, Julie; Nash, Susan Bengtson (Environmental Science & Technology, 2015)
This study investigated the role of a permanently manned Australian Antarctic research station (Casey Station) as a source of contemporary persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the local environment. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were found in indoor dust and treated wastewater effluent of the station. PBDE (e.g., BDE-209 26–820 ng g–1 dry weight (dw)) and PFAS levels (e.g., PFOS 3.8–2400 ng g–1 (dw)) in dust were consistent with those previously reported in homes and offices from Australia, reflecting consumer products and materials of the host nation. The levels of PBDEs and PFASs in wastewater (e.g., BDE-209 71–400 ng L–1) were in the upper range of concentrations reported for secondary treatment plants in other parts of the world. The chemical profiles of some PFAS samples were, however, different from domestic profiles. Dispersal of chemicals into the immediate marine and terrestrial environments was investigated by analysis of abiotic and biotic matrices. Analytes showed decreasing concentrations with increasing distance from the station. This study provides the first evidence of PFAS input to Polar regions via local research stations and demonstrates the introduction of POPs recently listed under the Stockholm Convention into the Antarctic environment through local human activities.
Keywords: Antarktis; forskningsstasjoner; forurensning; menneskelig påvirkning; miljøgifter

Polare strøk. Skippere og fangstfolk. Den nye tid - Aasheim, Stein P. (Norske eventyrere, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bernt Balchen; Carl Anton Larsen; Carsten Borchgrevink; Nordmenn; Tryggve Gran; geografi; historie; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner

Hiihtovaellus etelänavalle : eräretki Roald Amundsenin jäljissä - Aasheim, Stein P; Paarma, Susanna (Gummerus, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; ekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer; skisport

[Bir kəşfiyyatçı kimi həyatım] - Amundsen, Roald (Alatoran, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; biografi; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

HFC-43-10mee atmospheric abundances and global emission estimates - Arnold, Tim; Ivy, Diane J; Harth, Christina M; Vollmer, Martin K; Mühle, Jens; Salameh, Peter K; Paul Steele, L; Krummel, Paul B; Wang, Ray H J; Young, Dickon; Lunder, Chris R; Hermansen, Ove; et al. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2014)
We report in situ atmospheric measurements of hydrofluorocarbon HFC-43-10mee (C5H2F10; 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane) from seven observatories at various latitudes, together with measurements of archived air samples and recent Antarctic flask air samples. The global mean tropospheric abundance was 0.21 ± 0.05 ppt (parts per trillion, dry air mole fraction) in 2012, rising from 0.04 ± 0.03 ppt in 2000. We combine the measurements with a model and an inverse method to estimate rising global emissions—from 0.43 ± 0.34 Gg yr−1 in 2000 to 1.13 ± 0.31 Gg yr−1 in 2012 (~1.9 Tg CO2-eq yr−1 based on a 100 year global warming potential of 1660). HFC-43-10mee—a cleaning solvent used in the electronics industry—is currently a minor contributor to global radiative forcing relative to total HFCs; however, our calculated emissions highlight a significant difference from the available reported figures and projected estimates.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; forurensning; massespektrometri; meteorologi; målinger; utslipp

Late Holocene climate change recorded in proxy records from a Bransfield Basin sediment core, Antarctic Peninsula - Barnard, Alex; Wellner, Julia S; Anderson, John B (Polar Research, 2014)
The glacimarine environment of the Antarctic Peninsula region is one of the fastest warming places on Earth today, but details of changes in the recent past remain unknown. Large distances and widespread variability separate late Holocene palaeoclimate reconstructions in this region. This study focuses on a marine sediment core collected from ca. 2000 m below sea level in the Central Bransfield Strait that serves as a key for understanding changes in this region. The core yielded a high sedimentation rate and therefore provides an exceptional high-resolution sedimentary record composed of hemipelagic sediment, with some turbidites. An age model has been created using radiocarbon dates that span the Late Holocene: 3560 cal yr BP to present. This chronostratigraphic framework was used to establish five units, which are grouped into two super-units: a lower super-unit (3560–1600 cal yr BP) and an upper super-unit (1600 cal yr BP–present), based on facies descriptions, laser particle size analysis, x-ray analysis, multi-sensor core logger data, weight percentages and isotopic values of total organic carbon and nitrogen. We interpret the signal contained within the upper super-unit as an increase in surface water irradiance and/or shortening of the sea-ice season and the five units are broadly synchronous with climatic intervals across the Antarctic Peninsula region. While the general trends of regional climatic periods are represented in the Bransfield Basin core we have examined, each additional record that is obtained adds variability to the known history of the Antarctic Peninsula, rather than clarifying specific trends. Keywords: Antarctic Peninsula; palaeoclimate; Holocene; marine; isotopes.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; geokjemi; paleoklimatologi; sedimentologi

Inspeksjonsordningen under Antarktistraktaten - Bech, Jon (Polarboken, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

A community-based geological reconstruction of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum - Bentley, Michael J.; Ó Cofaigh, Colm; Anderson, John B.; Conway, Howard; Davies, Bethan; Graham, Alastair G.C.; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Hodgson, Dominic A.; Jamieson, Stewart S.R.; Larter, Robert D.; Mackintosh, Andrew; Smith, James A.; et al. (Reconstruction of Antarctic Ice Sheet Deglaciation (RAISED), 2014)
A robust understanding of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglacial history since the Last Glacial Maximum is important in order to constrain ice sheet and glacial-isostatic adjustment models, and to explore the forcing mechanisms responsible for ice sheet retreat. Such understanding can be derived from a broad range of geological and glaciological datasets and recent decades have seen an upsurge in such data gathering around the continent and Sub-Antarctic islands. Here, we report a new synthesis of those datasets, based on an accompanying series of reviews of the geological data, organised by sector. We present a series of timeslice maps for 20 ka, 15 ka, 10 ka and 5 ka, including grounding line position and ice sheet thickness changes, along with a clear assessment of levels of confidence. The reconstruction shows that the Antarctic Ice sheet did not everywhere reach the continental shelf edge at its maximum, that initial retreat was asynchronous, and that the spatial pattern of deglaciation was highly variable, particularly on the inner shelf. The deglacial reconstruction is consistent with a moderate overall excess ice volume and with a relatively small Antarctic contribution to meltwater pulse 1a. We discuss key areas of uncertainty both around the continent and by time interval, and we highlight potential priorities for future work. The synthesis is intended to be a resource for the modelling and glacial geological community.
Keywords: Antarktis; Modelling; deglasiasjon; geologi; glasiologi; innlandsis

Kanten av isødet - Blackadder, Jesse; Berg, Ellen Karine (Juritzen, 2014)
Roman om tre kvinner fra Sandefjord og kampen om å komme først til Antarktis. Sandefjord 1930. Ingrid er gift med byens hvalkonge, Lars Christiansen. Hun har drømt om å reise til Antarktis siden hun var barn, og nå har ektemannen lovet å ta henne med på en av hvalbåtene. Betingelsen er at hun har med seg en kvinnelig ledsager, og den deprimerte enken Mathilde blir motvillig rekruttert. Samtidig sitter Lillemor Rachlew i London og ønsker mest av alt å bli første kvinne i Antarktis. Hun får høre om reisen til Ingrid, og får lurt seg med på samme båt rett før den forlater Cape Town. Kappløpet mot et livsfarlig isøde er i gang, og reisen vil bli skjebnesvanger for alle de tre kvinnene. Denne fascinerende romanen er basert på virkelige hendelser. Vi blir tatt med til 1930-årenes Sandefjord, til hvalfangstindustriens gullalder, og blir kjent med tre kvinner som kjempet ikke bare for sin selvstendighet, men også for sin plass i historien.
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; ekspedisjoner; fortellinger; kvinner; oppdagelsesreiser

Svartelisting i isødet - Christensen, Stig H (LO-Aktuelt, 2014)
Hvalfangst-eventyret i Antarktis fra 1905 kostet menneskeliv og blodslit. Hvalfangernes forsøk på å organisere seg ble møtt med svartelisting, utestengelse og arrestasjoner.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; fagforbund; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjøfolk

Contrasting strategies of resistance vs. tolerance to desiccation in two polar dipterans - Everatt, M J; Convey, P; Worland, M R; Bale, J S; Hayward, S A L (Polar Research, 2014)
Low water availability is one of the principal stressors for terrestrial invertebrates in the polar regions, determining the survival of individuals, the success of species and the composition of communities. The Arctic and Antarctic dipterans Heleomyza borealis and Eretmoptera murphyi spend the majority of their biennial life cycles as larvae, and so are exposed to the full range of environmental conditions, including low water availability, over the annual cycle. In the current study, the desiccation resistance and desiccation tolerance of larvae were investigated, as well as their capacity for cross-tolerance to temperature stress. Larvae of H. borealis showed high levels of desiccation resistance, only losing 6.9% of their body water after 12 days at 98.2% relative humidity (RH). In contrast, larvae of E. murphyi lost 46.7% of their body water after 12 days at the same RH. Survival of E. murphyi larvae remained high in spite of this loss (>80% survival). Following exposure to 98.2% RH, larvae of E. murphyi showed enhanced survival at −18°C for 2 h. The supercooling point of larvae of both species was also lowered following prior treatment at 98.2% RH. Cross-tolerance to high temperatures (37 or 38.5°C) was not noted following desiccation in E. murphyi, and survival even fell at 37°C following a 12-day pre-treatment. The current study demonstrates two different strategies of responding to low water availability in the polar regions and indicates the potential for cross-tolerance, a capacity which is likely to be beneficial in the ever-changing polar climate. Keywords: Acclimation; dipteran; supercooling point; temperature; cross-tolerance.
Keywords: Antarktis; diptera; polarområdene; temperatur; tovinger; uttørking; virvelløse dyr

Counteracting the climate effects of volcanic eruptions using short-lived greenhouse gases - Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Samset, Bjørn H.; Shine, Keith P. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2014)
A large volcanic eruption might constitute a climate emergency, significantly altering global temperature and precipitation for several years. Major future eruptions will occur, but their size or timing cannot be predicted. We show, for the first time, that it may be possible to counteract these climate effects through deliberate emissions of short-lived greenhouse gases, dampening the abrupt impact of an eruption. We estimate an emission pathway countering a hypothetical eruption 3 times the size of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. We use a global climate model to evaluate global and regional responses to the eruption, with and without counteremissions. We then raise practical, financial, and ethical questions related to such a strategy. Unlike the more commonly discussed geoengineering to mitigate warming from long-lived greenhouse gases, designed emissions to counter temporary cooling would not have the disadvantage of needing to be sustained over long periods. Nevertheless, implementation would still face significant challenges.
Keywords: Antarktis; drivhusgasser; global klimamodell; global oppvarming; klimatologi; nedbør; polarområdene; vulkaner

Commercial fishing vessel as research vessels in the Antarctic – Requirements and solutions exemplified with a new vessel - Godø, Olav; Reiss, Christian; Siegel, V; Watkins, Jonathan (CCAMLR science journal of the Scientific Committee and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; fiskefartøy; forskning; forskningsfartøy; klimaendringer; oseanografi; økosystem

Alien invasions in Antarctica - is anyone liable? - Hughes, Kevin A; Convey, Peter (Polar Research, 2014)
The introduction of non-native species to Antarctica in association with human activities is a major threat to indigenous biodiversity and the region's unique ecosystems, as has been well-demonstrated in other ecosystems globally. Existing legislation contained in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty does not specifically make the eradication of non-native species mandatory, although it is implicit that human-assisted introductions should not take place. Furthermore, to date, eradications of non-native species in the Treaty area have been infrequent and slow to progress. In 2005 an additional Annex (VI) to the Protocol was agreed concerning “Liability arising from environmental emergencies.” This annex focusses on prevention of environmental emergencies, contingency planning and reclaiming costs incurred when responding to an environmental emergency caused by another operator within the Antarctic Treaty area. However, the types of environmental emergencies covered by the annex are not defined. In this paper we highlight potential difficulties with the application of Annex VI in the context of non-native species control and eradication, including, for example, whether a non-native species introduction would be classified as an “environmental emergency” and therefore be considered under the terms of the annex. Even if this were the case, we conclude that the slow pace of approval of the annex by Antarctic Treaty Parties may prevent it coming into force for many years and, once in force, in its current form it is unlikely to be useful for reclaiming costs associated with the eradication or management of a non-native species.
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; internasjonal; miljøvern; politikk; samarbeid; økosystemer

At the root of the early penguin neck: a study of the only two cervicodorsal spines recovered from the Eocene of Antarctica - Jadwiszczak, Piotr (Polar Research, 2014)
The spinal column of early Antarctic penguins is poorly known, mainly due to the scarcity of articulated vertebrae in the fossil record. One of the most interesting segments of this part of the skeleton is the transitional series located at the root of the neck. Here, two such cervicodorsal series, comprising reinterpreted known material and a new specimen from the Eocene of Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula), were investigated and contrasted with those of modern penguins and some fossil bones. The new specimen is smaller than the counterpart elements in recent king penguins, whereas the second series belonged to a large-bodied penguin from the genus Palaeeudyptes. It had been assigned by earlier researchers to P. gunnari (a species of “giant” penguins) and a Bayesian analysis—a Bayes factor approach based on size of an associated tarsometatarsus—strongly supported such an assignment. Morphological and functional studies revealed that mobility within the aforementioned segment probably did not differ substantially between extant and studied fossil penguins. There were, however, intriguing morphological differences between the smaller fossil specimen and the comparative material related to the condition of the lateral excavation in the first cervicodorsal vertebra and the extremely small size of the intervertebral foramen located just prior to the first “true” thoracic vertebra. The former feature could have resulted from discrepancy in severity of external pneumatization. Both fossils provided valuable insights into the morphology and functioning of the axial skeleton in early penguins. Keywords: Antarctic Peninsula; La Meseta Formation; Palaeogene; early Sphenisciformes; cervicodorsal vertebrae.
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; fossiler; morfologi; paleogen; pingviner

Comparative study on PCDD/F pollution in soil from the Antarctic, Arctic and Tibetan Plateau - Jia, Shenglan; Wang, Qiang; Li, Li; Fang, Xuekun; Shi, Yehong; Xu, Weiguang; Hu, Jianxin (Science of the Total Environment, 2014)
The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in 35 soil samples collected from Fildes Peninsula in the Antarctic, Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic, and Zhangmu-Nyalam in the Tibetan Plateau were reported in this study. A comparison of the total concentration and TEQ of PCDD/Fs at the Three Poles was conducted. Both the total concentration and TEQ of PCDD/Fs demonstrates a decreasing trend in the order of Zhangmu-Nyalam (mean: 26.22 pg/g, 0.37 pg I-TEQ/g)>Ny-Ålesund (mean: 9.97 pg/g, 0.33 pg I-TEQ/g)>Fildes Peninsula (mean: 2.18 pg/g, 0.015 pg I-TEQ/g) (p<0.05). In all samples, the congener and homologue profiles dominated with higher (seven and eight) chlorinated PCDD/Fs (more than 85% of the total mass percentage of PCDD/Fs) at the Three Poles. Finally, a FLEXPART backward simulation was used to preliminarily identify the potential local and regional anthropogenic sources of PCDD/Fs. The results imply that the air masses passing over surrounding regions with significant PCDD/F emissions might contribute to the occurrence of PCDD/Fs in both the Arctic and Tibetan Plateau.
Keywords: Antarktis; menneskelig påvirkning; miljøgifter; miljøovervåking; polarområdene

The Third Expedition, 1910-1912: Antarctica and the Southern Ocean - Johnson, Charles W (Ice ship : the epic voyages of the polar adventurer Fram, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; Sørpolen; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner

Et besøk på Bettyfjellet - Kristensen, Monica; McIntyre, Neil (Polarboken, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; historie

Reassembling Gondwana: A new high quality constraint from vibroseis exploration of the sub-ice shelf geology of the East Antarctic continental margin - Kristoffersen, Yngve; Hofstede, Coen; Diez, Anja; Blenkner, Richard; Lambrecht, Astrid; Mayer, Christoph; Eisen, Olaf (Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2014)
The breakup of Gondwana is manifested by coeval early Jurassic Karoo magmatism in South Africa and East Antarctica. In South Africa, the large volumes of volcanic rocks of the adjoining Lebombo and Mwenetzi-Save monoclines represent a volcanic rift margin, and in East Antarctica, a corresponding feature, the Explora Wedge is buried below sediments and floating ice shelves on the continental margin of Dronning Maud Land. We use the seismic vibrator source to explore the sub-ice geology in Antarctica, and the new seismic reflection and available regional aeromagnetic data enable us to outline a dogleg landward extent of the Explora Wedge in Dronning Maud Land. The congruent inboard wedge geometries on the two continents define a high quality constraint, which facilitate for the first time, a geologically consistent and tight reconstruction of Africa relative to East Antarctica within Gondwana. The uncertainties in correlations of major geological features (mobile belts) from one continent to the other may now be of the order of ten's of kilometers rather than hundreds of kilometers.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; geologi; kontinentalmargin; seismologi; stratigrafi

Complex network of channels beneath an Antarctic ice shelf - Langley, Kirsty; von Deschwanden, Angela; Kohler, Jack; Sinisalo, Anna; Matsuoka, Kenichi; Hattermann, Tore; Humbert, Angelika; Nøst, Ole Anders; Isaksson, Elisabeth (Geophysical Research Letters, 2014)
Ice shelves play an important role in stabilizing the interior grounded ice of the large ice sheets. The thinning of major ice shelves observed in recent years, possibly in connection to warmer ocean waters coming into contact with the ice-shelf base, has focused attention on the ice-ocean interface. Here we reveal a complex network of sub ice-shelf channels under the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica, mapped using ground-penetrating radar over a 100 km2 grid. The channels are 300–500 m wide and 50 m high, among the narrowest of any reported. Observing narrow channels beneath an ice shelf that is mainly surrounded by cold ocean waters, with temperatures close to the surface freezing point, shows that channelized basal melting is not restricted to rapidly melting ice shelves, indicating that spatial melt patterns around Antarctica are likely to vary on scales that are not yet incorporated in ice-ocean models.
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi; innlandsis; isshelf; satellite bilder; satellite mikrobølgesensorer

Assessing the importance of human activities for the establishment of the invasive Poa annua in Antarctica - Molina-Montenegro, Marco A; Carrasco-Urra, Fernando; Acuña-Rodriguez, Ian; Oses, Rómulo; Torres-Diaz, Cristian; Chwedorzewska, Katarzyna J (Polar Research, 2014)
Because of its harsh environmental conditions and remoteness, Antarctica is often considered to be at low risk of plant invasion. However, an increasing number of reports have shown the presence and spread of non-native plants in Antarctica; it is therefore important to study which factors control the invasion process in this ecosystem. Here, we assessed the role of different human activities on the presence and abundance of the invasive Poa annua. In addition, we performed a reciprocal transplant experiment in the field, and a manipulative experiment of germination with P. annua and the natives Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica, in order to unravel the effects of physical soil disturbance on the establishment and survival of P. annua. We found a positive correlation between abundance of P. annua and level of soil disturbance, and that survival of P. annua was 33% higher in sites with disturbed soil than non-disturbed. Finally, we found that disturbance conditions increased germination for P. annua, whereas for native species germination in experimentally disturbed soil was either unchanged or reduced compared to undisturbed soil. Our results indicate that human activities that modify abiotic soil characteristics could play an important role in the abundance of this invasive species. If the current patterns of human activities are maintained in Antarctica, the establishment success and spread of P. annua could increase, negatively affecting native flora. Keywords: Alien species; Colobanthus quitensis; Deschampsia antarctica; human disturbance; Poa annua; tourists.
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; flora; menneskelig påvirkning; planter; turisme; økosystemer

Selected elements in surface waters of Antarctica and their relations with the natural environment - Nędzarek, Arkadiusz; Tórz, Agnieszka; Drost, Arkadiusz (Polar Research, 2014)
The aim of the study was to specify the concentration of selected chemical elements in surface waters of King George Island, off the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The research encompassed six streams, a lake and an artificial water reservoir located on the western coast of Admiralty Bay. Measured hydrochemical parameters included pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total and dissolved forms elements such as Al, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, As and Se. The values of pH, conductivity and TDS had the following ranges: 6.09–8.21, 6.0–875 µS cm−1 and 7.0–975 mg/L, respectively, and were typical for surface waters of Antarctica. Wide disparities were discovered regarding concentrations of the investigated elements, ranging from <0.01 µg/L for Cd to 510 µg/L for Fe, and differing from one water body to another. The investigated elements are discussed with reference to environmental conditions and anthropogenic factors. Concentrations of total and dissolved forms of elements are considered in connection with the composition of soil in their surroundings and with atmospheric deposition, mostly such as that took place locally. The increased levels of Pb and Zn concentrations in the immediate proximity of a research station suggested anthropogenic contamination. Keywords: Antarctic surface waters; total and dissolved elements; baseline elements values; anthropogenic metal contamination.
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; geokjemi; hydrokjemi; kjemiske analyser; overflatevann

Deterrent activities in the crude lipophilic fractions of Antarctic benthic organisms: chemical defences against keystone predators - Núñez-Pons, Laura; Avila, Conxita (Polar Research, 2014)
Generalist predation constitutes a driving force for the evolution of chemical defences. In the Antarctic benthos, asteroids and omnivore amphipods are keystone opportunistic predators. Sessile organisms are therefore expected to develop defensive mechanisms mainly against such consumers. However, the different habits characterizing each predator may promote variable responses in prey. Feeding-deterrence experiments were performed with the circumpolar asteroid macropredator Odontaster validus to evaluate the presence of defences within the apolar lipophilic fraction of Antarctic invertebrates and macroalgae. A total of 51% of the extracts were repellent, yielding a proportion of 17 defended species out of the 31 assessed. These results are compared with a previous study in which the same fractions were offered to the abundant circum-Antarctic amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus. Overall, less deterrence was reported towards asteroids (51%) than against amphipods (80.8%), principally in sponge and algal extracts. Generalist amphipods, which establish casual host–prey sedentary associations with biosubstrata (preferentially sponges and macroalgae), may exert more localized predation pressure than sea stars on certain sessile prey, which would partly explain these results. The nutritional quality of prey may interact with feeding deterrents, whose production is presumed to be metabolically expensive. Although optimal defence theory posits that chemical defences are managed and distributed as to guarantee protection at the lowest cost, we found that only a few organisms localized feeding deterrents towards most exposed and/or valuable body regions. Lipophilic defensive metabolites are broadly produced in Antarctic communities to deter opportunistic predators, although several species combine different defensive traits. Keywords: Antarctic invertebrates; Antarctic algae; chemical ecology; sea star Odontaster validus; amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus; chemical defence.
Keywords: Antarktis; alger; kjemisk økologi; virvelløse dyr

Å filme de dypfrosne hemmelighetene til en aktiv vulkan - Roberts, Jason (Polarboken, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; film; geofysikk; vulkaner

Norway in the Antarctic - Rognhaug, Magnus Hovind (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, Norge Utenriksdepartementet, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Norge; Peter I. Øy; ekspedisjoner; forskningsstasjoner; forvaltning; hvalfangst; klima; klimaendringer; miljø; naturressursforvaltning; naturvitenskapelig; polarforskning; polarområdene

Norge i Antarktis - Rognhaug, Magnus Hovind (red.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Norge; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; forskning; miljøvern; polarforskning; politikk

Future challenges in environmental management of National Antarctic Programs - Sánchez, Rodolfo Andrés; Njåstad, Birgit (Antarctic futures : human engagement with the Antarctic environment, 2014)
Keywords: Antarktis; miljøvern

Recent climate tendencies on an East Antarctic ice shelf inferred from a shallow firn core network - Schlosser, Elisabeth; Anschütz, Helgard; Divine, Dmitry; Martma, Tõnu; Sinisalo, Anna; Altnau, Sebastian; Isaksson, Elisabeth (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2014)
Nearly three decades of stable isotope ratios and surface mass balance (SMB) data from eight shallow firn cores retrieved at Fimbul Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, in the Austral summers 2009–2011 have been investigated. An additional longer core drilled in 2000/2001 extends the series back to the early eighteenth century. Isotope ratios and SMB from the stacked record of all cores were also related to instrumental temperature data from Neumayer Station on Ekström Ice Shelf. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the SMB shows a statistically significant negative trend, whereas the δ18O of the cores shows a significant positive trend. No trend is found in air temperature at the nearest suitable weather station, Neumayer (available since 1981). This does not correspond to the statistically significant positive trend in Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index, which is usually associated with a cooling of East Antarctica. SAM index and SMB are negatively correlated, which might be explained by a decrease in meridional exchange of energy and moisture leading to lower precipitation amounts. Future monitoring of climate change on the sensitive Antarctic ice shelves is necessary to assess its consequences for sea level change.
Keywords: Antarktis; brehylle; geofysikk; geologi; glasiologi; havnivåstigning; isbrem; isshelf; klimaendringer; meteorologi; stabile isotoper

Age-Related Mercury Contamination and Relationship with Luteinizing Hormone in a Long-Lived Antarctic Bird - Tartu, Sabrina; Bustamante, Paco; Goutte, Aurélie; Cherel, Yves; Weimerskirch, Henri; Bustnes, Jan Ove; Chastel, Olivier (PloS One, 2014)
Seabirds, as long-lived top predators, accumulate contaminants such as mercury (Hg), an established endocrine disruptor. In long lived species hormonal secretion varies with age; therefore, Hg-induced endocrine disruption may be exacerbated in some age classes. Here we investigated relationships between blood total Hg and luteinizing hormone (LH, a key pituitary hormone for the onset of breeding), in pre-laying known-age (11–45 years old) snow petrels (Pagodroma nivea) from Adélie Land, Antarctica. We predicted that 1) blood Hg would increase with advancing age as a consequence of bio-accumulation; and that 2) increasing blood Hg would be related to decreased concentrations of LH in the most Hg-contaminated individuals. Hg concentrations were higher in females than in males (p<0.001), and contrary to our prediction, decreased with advancing age in males (p = 0.009) and tended to do so in females (p = 0.06). The analysis of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) suggested that this unexpected pattern could originate from age and sex-related variations in trophic niche, and hence Hg exposure. Regarding LH, our prediction was only supported in young birds (≤23 years) where baseline LH was inversely correlated with Hg concentrations (p = 0.04). Hg burden did not predict baseline LH or GnRH-induced LH in birds that were more than 23 years old. These results show that age and contaminants may interfere with major endocrine mechanisms and, together with other recent studies, support the view that Hg could be connected to LH secretion and could then impair the fitness of long-lived birds.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; kjemiske analyser; miljø; nevrobiologi; ornitologi; petreller; sjøfugler; stabile isotoper; zoologi; økologiske nisjer

Antarktis-isen: større og dypere - Bjermeland, Monica (Klima: norsk magasin for klimaforskning, 2013)
De siste tiårene har isen i Antarktis økt litt i utbredelse. Men ikke fordi det er blitt kaldere der.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; is; klima

Women, whales and Antarctica - Blackadder, Jesse (Whaling and History IV : papers presented at a symposium in Sandefjord on the 20th and 21st of June 2013, 2013)
Keywords: Antarktis; første landgang; historie; kvinner; oppdagelsesreiser

On-site and in situ remediation technologies applicable to metal-contaminated sites in Antarctica and the Arctic: a review - Camenzuli, Danielle; Freidman, Benjamin L; Statham, Tom M; Mumford, Kathryn A; Gore, Damian B (Polar Research, 2013)
Effective management of contaminated land requires a sound understanding of site geology, chemistry and biology. This is particularly the case for Antarctica and the Arctic, which function using different legislative frame- works to those of industrialized, temperate environments and are logistically challenging environments to operate in. This paper reviews seven remediation technologies currently used, or demonstrating potential for on-site or in situ use at metal-contaminated sites in polar environments, namely permeable reactive barriers (PRB), chemical fixation, bioremediation, phytoremediation, electrokinetic separation, land capping, and pump and treat systems. The technologies reviewed are discussed in terms of their advantages, limitations and overall potential for the management of metal-contaminated sites in Antarctica and the Arctic. This review demonstrates that several of the reviewed technologies show potential for on-site or in situ usage in Antarctica and the Arctic. Of the reviewed technologies, chemical fixation and PRB are particularly promising technologies for metal-contaminated sites in polar environments. However, further research and relevant field trials are required before these technologies can be considered proven techniques. Keywords: Polar; heavy metals; remediation; contaminants; in situ
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; forurensning; geologi; jord; kjemi; menneskelig påvirkning; polarområdene; tungmetaller

Reading and thinking about International Polar Years: five recent books - Carlson, Dave (Polar Research, 2013)
Within the polar science community the Polar (and Geophysical) Years represent signal events. We often read, largely within geoscience literature, that those events represented positive and dramatic steps forward in international science. From five recent books - two historical compilations and three personal narratives - augmented by interviews with a few key participants, a more cautious picture emerges, of remarkable successes but also of occasional or even persistent missteps and deficiencies. An improved understanding of the IPY concept and experience can provide useful guidance for future polar and global science. Keywords: International Polar Year; International Geophysical Year; international science; history of polar science.
Keywords: Antarktis; Det internasjonale geofysiske år (IGY); IPY; bokanmeldelser; internasjonal; politikk; samarbeid; vitenskap

Using visible reflectance spectroscopy to reconstruct historical changes in chlorophyll a concentration in East Antarctic ponds - Chen, Qianqian; Liu, Xiaodong; Nie, Yaguang; Sun, Liguang (Polar Research, 2013)
The visible reflectance spectroscopy (VRS) and chlorophyll a concentration were determined in three sediment profiles collected from East Antarctica to investigate the potential application of VRS in reconstructing historical changes in Antarctic lake primary productivity. The results showed that the appearance of a trough at 650–700 nm is an important marker for chlorophyll a concentration and can therefore be used to distinguish the sedimentary organic matter source from guano and algae. The measured chlorophyll a content had significant positive correlations with the trough area between 650 and 700 nm, and no distinct trough was found in the sediments with organic matter completely derived from guano. Modelling results showed that the spectra spectrally inferred chlorophyll a content, and the measured data exhibit consistent trends with depth, showing that the dimensionless trough area can serve as an independent proxy for reconstructing historical fluctuations in the primary production of Antarctic ponds. The correlation of phosphorus (P) with measured and inferred chlorophyll a contents in ornithogenic sediments near penguin colonies indicates that the change in primary productivity in the Antarctic ponds investigated was closely related to the amount of guano input from these birds. Keywords: Reflectance spectroscopy; ornithogenic sediments; chlorophyll a; Antarctic ponds; primary productivity; VRS.
Keywords: Antarktis; alger; biogeokjemi; fytoplankton; innsjø; pingviner; sedimenter; sjøfugler

Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica - Fretwell, Peter; Pritchard, Hamish; Vaughan, David; Bamber, Jonathan; Barrand, N; Bell, Robin; Bianchi, Cesidio; Bingham, R; Blankenship, D; Casassa, Gino; Catania, G; Callens, D; et al. (The Cryosphere, 2013)
We present Bedmap2, a new suite of gridded products describing surface elevation, ice-thickness and the seafloor and subglacial bed elevation of the Antarctic south of 60° S. We derived these products using data from a variety of sources, including many substantial surveys completed since the original Bedmap compilation (Bedmap1) in 2001. In particular, the Bedmap2 ice thickness grid is made from 25 million measurements, over two orders of magnitude more than were used in Bedmap1. In most parts of Antarctica the subglacial landscape is visible in much greater detail than was previously available and the improved data-coverage has in many areas revealed the full scale of mountain ranges, valleys, basins and troughs, only fragments of which were previously indicated in local surveys. The derived statistics for Bedmap2 show that the volume of ice contained in the Antarctic ice sheet (27 million km3) and its potential contribution to sea-level rise (58 m) are similar to those of Bedmap1, but the mean thickness of the ice sheet is 4.6% greater, the mean depth of the bed beneath the grounded ice sheet is 72 m lower and the area of ice sheet grounded on bed below sea level is increased by 10%. The Bedmap2 compilation highlights several areas beneath the ice sheet where the bed elevation is substantially lower than the deepest bed indicated by Bedmap1. These products, along with grids of data coverage and uncertainty, provide new opportunities for detailed modelling of the past and future evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets.
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi

Abundance and breeding distribution of seabirds in the northern part of the Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula - González-Zevallos, Diego; Santos, M Mercedes; Rombolá, Emilce F; Juáres, Mariana A; Coria, Néstor R (Polar Research, 2013)
Seabird abundances and breeding distribution have the potential to serve as ecological indicators. The western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the three sites in the world with the greatest increases in local temperature during the last 50 years. The aim of this study was to monitor the distribution and abundance of breeding populations of seabirds in the northern sector of the Danco Coast, north-west of the Antarctic Peninsula, during the breeding season 2010/11. The birds were the Wilson's storm petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), South Polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki), kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), Antarctic tern (Sterna vittata), snowy sheathbill (Chionis alba), chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica), southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus), gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), Cape petrel (Daption capense) and Antarctic shag (Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis). Annual breeding population growth increased in pygoscelids, southern giant petrel and sheathbill, and for the remaining species, breeding population trends were stable. Given that seabird populations can provide valuable information on the conditions of their feeding and nesting environments, this study highlights the need to maintain basics monitoring studies. Keywords: Seabird abundances; breeding distribution; Danco Coast; Antarctic Peninsula.
Keywords: Antarktis; klimaendringer; ornitologi; petreller; sjøfugler; temperatur

The impact of abrupt suspension of solar radiation management (termination effect) in experiment G2 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) - Jones, Andy; Haywood, Jim M; Alterskjær, Kari; Boucher, Olivier; Cole, Jason N S; Curry, Charles L; Irvine, Peter J; Ji, Duoying; Kravitz, Ben; Egill Kristjánsson, Jón; Moore, John C; Niemeier, Ulrike; et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013)
We have examined changes in climate which result from the sudden termination of geoengineering after 50 years of offsetting a 1% per annum increase in CO2 concentrations by a reduction of solar radiation, as simulated by 11 different climate models in experiment G2 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project. The models agree on a rapid increase in global-mean temperature following termination accompanied by increases in global-mean precipitation rate and decreases in sea-ice cover. There is no agreement on the impact of geoengineering termination on the rate of change of global-mean plant net primary productivity. There is a considerable degree of consensus for the geographical distribution of temperature change following termination, with faster warming at high latitudes and over land. There is also considerable agreement regarding the distribution of reductions in Arctic sea-ice, but less so for the Antarctic. There is much less agreement regarding the patterns of change in precipitation and net primary productivity, with a greater degree of consensus at higher latitudes.
Keywords: Antarktis; global oppvarming; karbondioksid; klimaendringer; klimamodeller; klimatologi; polarområdene; solstråling

Better late than never? Interannual and seasonal variability in breeding chronology of gentoo penguins at Stranger Point, Antarctica - Juáres, Mariana A; Santos, M Mercedes; Negrete, Javier; Santos, M Rita; Mennucci, Jorge A; Rombolá, Emilce; Longarzo, Lucrecia; Coria, Néstor R; Carlini, Alejandro R (Polar Research, 2013)
Rapid climate change recorded in the western Antarctic Peninsula confronts species with less predictable conditions in the marine and terrestrial environments. We analysed the breeding chronology and nesting site selection of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at King George Island (Isla 25 de Mayo), Antarctica, during four seasons in which differences in snow presence and persistence on the ground were observed. We recorded an overall delay as well as seasonal asynchrony at the beginning of reproduction for those years with higher snow deposition. A redistribution of breeding groups was also observed. Nevertheless, the population breeding success and chicks’ weight at fledging remained relatively constant, despite the delay in breeding chronology, the increased duration of foraging trips during the guard stage and the decreased weight of stomach contents during the crèche stage. We suggest that the plasticity of their trophic biology, along with the flexibility of their breeding phenology and relocation of breeding groups, may be complementary reasons why gentoo penguin populations in the region have remained stable in spite of the changing conditions currently registered. Keywords: Antarctica; breeding delay; breeding phenology; snow; Pygoscelis papua; Euphausia superba.
Keywords: Antarktis; klimaendringer; krill; observasjoner; pingviner; plankton; reproduksjon; snø; zoologi

Standardized algal growth potential and/or algal primary production rates of maritime Antarctic stream waters (King George Island, South Shetlands) - Kvíderová, Jana; Elster, Josef (Polar Research, 2013)
In addition to the chemical analyses providing total nutrient content, standardized water trophic status bioassays are useful in the determination of available nutrients for primary producers. The aim of the study was to determine the standardized values of algal growth potential (AGP) and algal primary productivity rate (APPR) of maritime Antarctic stream water using modified AGP/APPR protocols. The standardized values of AGP and the APPR of oligotrophic and mesotrophic water samples from snow-melt streams were measured, and possible nutrient limitation and heavy metal inhibition were evaluated at 5°C and 25°C using polar and temperate strains of Stichococcus bacillaris, respectively. The water samples were enriched for the nutrient limitation tests with 1000 mμ l-1 NO3- -N, 50 μg l-1 PO43- -P, and a mixture of 1000 μg l-1 NO3- -N + 50 μg l-1 PO43- -P, and for the heavy metal inhibition tests with 1000 mg l-1 Na2-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The AGP of oligotrophic samples was significantly lower than that of the mesotrophic ones at both temperatures. In addition, AGP was significantly higher at 5°C than at 25°C. Oligotrophic samples were identified as being nitrogen limited, while no nutrient limitation was observed in the mesotrophic samples. No statistically significant heavy metal inhibition was observed at either temperature. The positive correlation of AGP and water nutrient content indicates that the method used accurately and comprehensively monitors the changes in biological availability of mineral nutrients and can provide a standardized reference point for similar exploration of freshwater ecosystems across both polar regions. Keywords: Maritime Antarctic; microalgae; nutrient limitations; snow-melt stream water.
Keywords: Antarktis; alger; analyser; ferskvann; innsjø; kjemisk; klimaendringer; næringsstoff; polarområdene; snø; strøm; økosystemer

Automated ice-sheet snowmelt detection using microwave radiometer measurements - Liang, Lei; Guo, Huadong; Li, Xinwu; Cheng, Xiao (Polar Research, 2013)
Monitoring ice-sheet snowmelt is fundamental to understanding global climate change. A simple and automated snowmelt detection process is critical to the establishment of an ice-sheet snowmelt monitoring system. However, different ice-sheet snowmelt detection methods are based on a variety of thresholding schemes using different melt signals for dry and wet snow; these complicate the regular operation of an ice-sheet snowmelt monitoring. We propose an automated melt signal detection method developed using melt signals derived from the cross-gradient polarization ratio snowmelt detection method over Greenland and the wavelet transformation-based snowmelt detection method over Antarctica. Initial results indicate that the proposed method not only increases computational efficiency, practicability and operability but is also more accurate. Keywords: Ice sheet; snowmelt detection; radiometer; cross-gradient polarization ratio; wavelet transformation; generalized Gaussian model.
Keywords: Antarktis; innlandsis; klimaendringer; mikrobølge; målinger; polarområdene; radiometer; snøsmelting; statistisk analyse; temperatur måling

Forskrift om miljøvern og sikkerhet i Antarktis - miljødepartementet, Klima- og (Lovdata, 2013)
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; forurensning; forvaltning; jus; miljøvern; naturvern

Forskrift om miljøvern og sikkerhet i Antarktis - Miljøverndepartementet (Justisdep., 2013)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Observations of nitric oxide in the Antarctic middle atmosphere during recurrent geomagnetic storms - Newnham, David A; Espy, Patrick J; Clilverd, Mark A; Rodger, Craig J; Seppälä, Annika; Maxfield, David J; Hartogh, Paul; Straub, Corinne; Holmén, Kim; Horne, Richard B (Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2013)
We report ground-based measurements of the polar middle atmosphere made using a 230–250 GHz passive microwave radiometer deployed at Troll station (72°01′S 02°32′E, L shell of L = 4.8), Antarctica. Our observations show enhanced mesospheric nitric oxide (NO) volume mixing ratio (VMR) during a series of small recurrent geomagnetic storms in the 2008 austral winter, reaching 1.2 ppmv on day 200 (18 July). The Lomb normalized periodogram of the NO VMR time series averaged over 65-80 km for days 130 to 220 of 2008 (9 May to 7 August) shows a peak exceeding the 95% confidence limit at 25.8 days, close to the synodic rotation period for low-latitude solar coronal holes. The highest correlations between the radiometer NO VMR data and trapped and quasi-trapped electron count rates for L = 3.5-5.5 from the Polar Orbiting Environment Satellites 90° telescope are for the >30 keV (90e1) channel (rmax = 0.56, lag time of 5.1 days) and >100 keV (90e2) channel (rmax = 0.57, lag time of 4.4 days). Maximum correlation between NO VMR and the >700 keV (90P6) channel data is lower but lag times are close to zero. Superposed epoch analyses for the eight most significant geomagnetic storm periods and three Carrington rotations (2070-2072) within the 90 day observation period indicate that significant NO abundance observed at 65-80 km in the Antarctic mesosphere may be produced directly by >200 keV electron precipitation or originate from a source at higher altitudes, e.g., production by >30 keV electrons followed by downward transport.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; fysikk; geomagnetiske stormer; meteorologi; polarområdene

New at-sea records of pelagic seabirds in the South Atlantic Ocean and Antarctica - Orgeira, José Luis; Scioscia, Gabriela; Torres, Mónica Anilía; Dellabianca, Natalia Andrea (Polar Research, 2013)
During ship-based seabird surveys in the south Atlantic and Antarctica in the austral summers of 1994/95, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, we documented at-sea distributions of Buller’s albatross (Thalassarche bulleri), Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta), soft-plumaged petrel (Pterodroma mollis), Kerguelen petrel (Lugensa brevirostris) and great-winged petrel (Pterodroma macroptera). In some cases, sightings were considered as extralimital, but for other species updating their distributions in the literature seems warranted. Atlantic petrel, for example, has been regularly observed in the Drake Passage and north of the Antarctic Peninsula for about 30 years, but the distribution of this species has not been updated in the literature. The observations reported here will contribute to update the at-sea distributions of these species and to changes in their distributions. Keywords: Seabirds; Antarctica; South Atlantic Ocean; distribution.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; marin zoologi; observasjoner; ornitologi; petreller; sjøfugler

Whaling, lobbying and politics - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Whaling and History IV : papers presented at a symposium in Sandefjord on the 20th and 21st of June 2013, 2013)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk; politikk

Sydpolfarerne Per Savio og Ole Must : liv i grenseland - Sandholm, Unni Aas (Temahefter Aas Sandholm, 2013)
Keywords: Antarktis; Southern Cross; Sydpolen; ekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; samer

Tryggve Gran : is, luft og krig - Simonsen, Anne Hege (Cappelen Damm, 2013)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; biografier; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

The first men on the last continent – Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink and the Southern Cross expedition, 1898 -1900 - Smelror, Morten (Fram forum, 2013)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink; Kapp Adare; Southern Cross; Victoria Land; ekspedisjonen; ekspedisjoner; første landgang; geologi; oppdagelsesreiser; overvintring

Trends in Antarctic ecological research in Latin America shown by publications in international journals - Stotz, Gisela C; Salgado-Luarte, Cristian; Rios, Rodrigo S; Acuña-Rodriguez, Ian S; Carrasco-Urra, Fernando; Molina-Montenegro, Marco A; Gianoli, Ernesto (Polar Research, 2013)
Antarctica is a highly interesting region for ecologists because of its extreme climatic conditions and the uniqueness of its species. In this article, we describe the trends in Antarctic ecological research participation by Latin American countries. In a survey of articles indexed by the ISI Web of Science, we searched under the categories ‘‘Ecology,’’ ‘‘Biodiversity Conservation’’ and ‘‘Evolutionary Biology’’ and found a total of 254 research articles published by Latin American countries. We classified these articles according to the country of affiliation, kingdom of the study species, level of biological organization and environment. Our main finding is that there is a steady increase in the relative contribution of Latin American countries to Antarctic ecological research. Within each category, we found that marine studies are more common than terrestrial studies. Between the different kingdoms, most studies focus on animals and most studies use a community approach. The leading countries in terms of productivity were Argentina, Chile and Brazil, with Argentina showing the highest rate of increase. Keywords: Antarctica; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; research trends; scientific productivity.
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; forskning; vitenskap; økologi

Characterization and mapping of plant communities at Hennequin Point, King George Island, Antarctica - Victoria, Filipe de C; de Albuquerque, Margéli P; Pereira, Antonio B; Simas, Felipe N B; Spielmann, Adriano A; Schaefer, Carlos E G R (Polar Research, 2013)
King George Island is the largest island and the principal area used for research bases in Antarctica. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Poland, Russia, South Korea and Uruguay have permanent open bases on this island. Other countries have seasonal summer stations on different parts of this island, which demonstrates that human impact is strong on King George Island relative to other areas in the maritime and continental Antarctica. The objective of this work was to present a phytosociological approach for ice-free areas of Hennequin Point, eastern coast of Admiralty Bay, King George Island. The study started with the classification and description of the plant communities based primarily on phytosociological and biodiversity data. The area was mapped using an Astech Promark II® DGPS, yielding sub-metric precision after post-processing with software. The plant communities were described as follows: (1) lichen and moss cushion formation; (2) moss carpet formation; (3) fellfield formation; (4) grass and cushion chamaephyte formation; and (5) Deschampsia Antarctica–lichen formation. Characterizations and distributions of the plant communities are presented on a map at a scale of 1:5000. The plant communities found at Hennequin Point, in general, differ from those found in other areas of the Admiralty Bay region, probably because of the concentration of skua nests in the area and the relief singularities. We conclude by highlighting the importance of the study of plant species found in the ice-free areas of the Antarctic with respect to environmental monitoring and for evaluating global climate and environmental changes. Keywords: Plant communities mapping; lichens; mosses; flowering plants; Antarctic
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; fytososiologi; klimaendringer; lav; miljøendringer; moser; planter; plantesosiologi

Isolation and description of a globally distributed cryosphere cyanobacterium from Antarctica - Won Hong, Ji; Kim, Sung Hong; Choi, Han-Gu; Kang, Sung-Ho; Yoon, Ho-Sung (Polar Research, 2013)
A previously uncultured cyanobacterium, strain KNUA009, was axenically isolated from a meltwater stream on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Molecular evidences showed that the isolate belongs to groups of globally distributed cryosphere cyanobacterial clones and this new isolate represents the first laboratory culture to be assigned to these groups. Strain KNUA009 was able to thrive at low temperatures ranging between 5°C and 20°C, but did not survive at temperatures of 25°C and above. As the isolate morphologically resembled Oscillatoria species, it is suggested that this cyanobacterium may represent a new species clade with cold resistance within the genus Oscillatoria. Keywords: Barton Peninsular; cryosphere cyanobacteria; King George Island; uncultured Oscillatoria species.
Keywords: Antarktis; bakterier; biologi; ferskvann; fylogenetikk

I Roald Amundsens skispor : kappløpet til Sørpolen - 100 år etter - Aasheim, Stein P (Cappelen Damm, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; ekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer; skisport

Den japanske antarktisekspedisjonen i 1912 - Barr, Susan (Polarboken, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; historie

The state of the poles : climate lessons from the International Polar Year - Bjørnæs, Christian; Prestrud, Pål (Unipub, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; klimaendringer; polarforskning; polarområdene

Roald Amundsen: Forsker eller grobian? - Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Nordisk tidskrift för vetenskap, konst och industri, 2012)
Roald Amundsens (1872-1928) liv og bedrifter er fremstilt i en rekke biografier, men det er oppdageren og eventyreren som blir tillagt mest vekt, mens vitenskapsmannen og forskeren tidvis underkjennes. Professor i arktisk biologi ved Universitetet i Tromsø, Arnoldus Schytte Blix, er kritisk til mye av det biografiske arbeidet som er gjort, og mener det er et åpent spørsmål om kontorhistorikere og journalister har noen reell mulighet til fullt ut å forstå Roald Amundsens situasjon og reaksjoner. Artikkelen er basert på et foredrag med en rekke illustrasjoner i Det Norske Videnskabs-Akademi, 17. november 2011.
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; biografier; oppdagelsesreiser

Ecosystem response to climatic change: the importance of the cold season - Bokhorst, Stef; Bjerke, Jarle W; Tømmervik, Hans; Preece, Catherine; Phoenix, Gareth K (Ambio, 2012)
Winter climate and snow cover are the important drivers of plant community development in polar regions. However, the impacts of changing winter climate and associated changes in snow regime have received much less attention than changes during summer. Here, we synthesize the results from studies on the impacts of extreme winter weather events on polar heathland and lichen communities. Dwarf shrubs, mosses and soil arthropods were negatively impacted by extreme warming events while lichens showed variable responses to changes in extreme winter weather events. Snow mould formation underneath the snow may contribute to spatial heterogeneity in plant growth, arthropod communities and carbon cycling. Winter snow cover and depth will drive the reported impacts of winter climate change and add to spatial patterns in vegetation heterogeneity. The challenges ahead lie in obtaining better predictions on the snow patterns across the landscape and how these will be altered due to winter climate change.
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; botanikk; dyr; klimaendringer; leddyr; planter; snø; sopper; zoologi; økosystemer

Environmental monitoring and management proposals for the Fildes Region, King George Island, Antarctica - Braun, Christina; Mustafa, Osama; Nordt, Anja; Pfeiffer, Simone; Peter, Hans-Ulrich (Polar Research, 2012)
The Antarctic terrestrial environment is under increasing pressure from human activities. The Fildes Region is characterized by high biodiversity, but is also a major logistic centre for the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Different interests, from scientific research, nature conservation, protection of geological and historical values, station operations, transport logistics and tourism, regularly overlap in space and time. This has led to increasing conflict among the multiple uses of the region and breaches of the legal requirements for environmental protection that apply in the area. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of human activities in the Fildes Region by monitoring the distribution of bird and seal breeding sites and recording human activities and their associated environmental impacts. Data from an initial monitoring period 200306 were compared with data from 200810. We observed similar or increased levels of air, land and ship traffic, but fewer violations of overflight limits near Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 150 Ardley Island. Open waste dumping and oil contamination are still major environmental impacts. Scientific and outdoor leisure activities undertaken by station personnel are more frequent than tourist activities and are likely to have a commensurate level of environmental impact. Despite the initial success of some existing management measures, it is essential that scientific and environmental values continue to be safeguarded, otherwise environmental impacts will increase and the habitat will be further degraded. We argue that the Fildes Region should be considered for designation as an Antarctic Specially Managed Area, a measure that has proven effective for environmental management of vulnerable areas of the Antarctic.
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; miljøvern

Aerosol-Mediated Transport and Deposition of Brominated Diphenyl Ethers to Antarctica - Dickhut, Rebecca M; Cincinelli, Alessandra; Cochran, Michele; Kylin, Henrik (Environmental Science & Technology, 2012)
Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE47, 99, 100, and 209) were measured in air, snow and sea ice throughout western Antarctica between 2001 and 2007. BDEs in Antarctic air were predominantly associated with aerosols and were low compared to those in remote regions of the northern hemisphere, except in Marguerite Bay following the fire at Rothera research station in Sept 2001, indicating that this event was a local source of BDE209 to the Antarctic environment. Aerosol BDE47/100 reflects a mixture of commercial pentaBDE products; however, BDE99/100 is suggestive of photodegradation of BDE99 during long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) in the austral summer. BDEs in snow were lower than predicted based on snow scavenging of aerosols indicating that atmospheric deposition events may be episodic. BDE47, -99, and -100 significantly declined in Antarctic sea ice between 2001 and 2007; however, BDE209 did not decline in Antarctic sea ice over the same time period. Significant losses of BDE99 and -100 from sea ice were recorded over a 19 day period in spring 2001 demonstrating that seasonal ice processes result in the preferential loss of some BDEs. BDE47/100 and BDE99/100 in sea ice samples reflect commercial pentaBDE products, suggesting that photodegradation of BDE99 is minimal during LRAT in the austral winter.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; atmosfæren; forurensning; miljøgifter; polarområdene

Low genetic diversity in Antarctic populations of the lichenforming ascomycete Cetraria aculeata and its photobiont - Domaschke, Stephanie; Fernández-Mendoza, Fernando; Garcia, Miquel A; Martín, Maria P; Printzen, Christian (Polar Research, 2012)
Lichens, symbiotic associations of fungi (mycobionts) and green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts), are poikilohydric organisms that are particularly well adapted to withstand adverse environmental conditions. Terrestrial ecosystems of the Antarctic are therefore largely dominated by lichens. The effects of global climate change are especially pronounced in the maritime Antarctic and it may be assumed that the lichen vegetation will profoundly change in the future. The genetic diversity of populations is closely correlated to their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions and to their future evolutionary potential. In this study, we present evidence for low genetic diversity in Antarctic mycobiont and photobiont populations of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata. We compared between 110 and 219 DNA sequences from each of three gene loci for each symbiont. A total of 222 individuals from three Antarctic and nine antiboreal, temperate and Arctic populations were investigated. The mycobiont diversity is highest in Arctic populations, while the photobionts are most diverse in temperate regions. Photobiont diversity decreases significantly towards the Antarctic but less markedly towards the Arctic, indicating that ecological factors play a minor role in determining the diversity of Antarctic photobiont populations. Richness estimators calculated for the four geographical regions suggest that the low genetic diversity of Antarctic populations is not a sampling artefact. Cetraria aculeata appears to have diversified in the Arctic and subsequently expanded its range into the Southern Hemisphere. The reduced genetic diversity in the Antarctic is most likely due to founder effects during long-distance colonization. The environmental conditions of the Antarctic are among the most adverse on Earth and are generally characterized by low mean annual temperatures, high wind velocities, extreme drought and extended periods of darkness. The effects of global climate change are especially pronounced in parts of the Antarctic (Turner et al. 2005). Air temperature in the maritime Antarctic has steadily increased within the last years (Smith & Stammerjohn 1996; Turner et al. 2005). On the western Antarctic Peninsula a temperature increase of more than 2.5 K has been observed over the last 50 years. The overall effect of such a temperature increase on terrestrial Antarctic organisms could be beneficial. For example, glacial melting will increase the availability of terrestrial (page number not for citation purpose). Keywords Genetic diversity; lichens; Cetraria aculeata; Trebouxia jamesii; polar lichens; global change.
Keywords: Antarktis; alger; fotobiont; genetisk mangfold; klimaendringer; lav; sopper; økosystemer

Leadership in politics and science within the Antarctic Treaty - Dudeney, John R; Walton, David W H (Polar Research, 2012)
For over 50 years the Antarctic has been governed through the Antarctic Treaty, an international agreement now between 49 nations of whom 28 Consultative Parties (CPs) undertake the management role. Ostensibly, these Parties have qualified for their position on scientific grounds, though diplomacy also plays a major role. This paper uses counts of policy papers and science publications to assess the political and scientific outputs of all CPs over the last 18 years. We show that a subset of the original 12 Treaty signatories, consisting of the seven claimant nations, the USA and Russia, not only set the political agenda for the continent but also provide most of the science, with those CPs producing the most science generally having the greatest political influence. None of the later signatories to the Treaty appear to play a major role in managing Antarctica compared with this group, with half of all CPs collectively producing only 7% of the policy papers. Although acceptance as a CP requires demonstration of a substantial scientific programme, the Treaty has no formal mechanism to review whether a CP continues to meet this criterion. As a first step to addressing this deficiency, we encourage the CPs collectively to resolve to hold regular international peer reviews of their individual science programmes and to make the results available to the other CPs. Keywords: Governance; claimant states; Antarctic policy; scientific publications.
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; forvaltning; politikk; vitenskap

Norges forskningsinnsats i Antarktis 2013-2022 - Forskningsrådet; Divisjon for energi, ressurser og miljø (Norges forskningsråd, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; forskning

Correlative and dynamic species distribution modelling for ecological predictions in the Antarctic: a cross-disciplinary concept - Gutt, Julian; Zurell, Damaris; Bracegridle, Thomas J; Cheung, William; Clark, Melody S; Convey, Peter; Danis, Bruno; David, Bruno; De Broyer, Claude; di Prisco, Guido; Griffiths, Huw; Laffont, Rémi; et al. (Polar Research, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; biosfære; miljø; oseanografi; økologi; økosystemer

Norges ti viktigste polarekspedisjoner - Jaklin, Asbjørn; Jølle, Harald Dag (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Maudheim; NSBX 1949-52; Norge; Norsk-britisk-svenske antarktisekspedisjon; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; polarekspedisjoner; polarforskning; polarområdene

Til Sydpolen - 100 år etter - Johansen, Asle T; Grindhaug, Gaute; Berg, Agnar (Fri flyt, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; ekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer; skisport

Review of Race for the South Pole: the expedition diaries of Scott and Amundsen, by Roland Huntford - Jølle, Harald Dag (Polar Research, 2012)
Roland Huntford is the grand old man among polar historians. After his classic Scott and Amundsen in 1979 (later editions were retitled, The last place on Earth), he wrote a series of books on Norwegian and British polar heroes as well as a thorough study of the history of skiing (2006). Huntford challenged the British admiration of Robert Falcon Scott’s scientific programme and great courage*and insisted that Roald Amundsen’s expedition was far better prepared and carried out. Huntford’s scathing criticism of Scott’s fatal choices and lack of competence dared to assault this cherished British polar icon in a manner that would be unthinkable for Norwegian authors.
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; Sørpolen; bokanmeldelser; dagbøker; kappløpet; polarhistorie; polarområdene

The South Pole expedition of Roald Amundsen: how did he prepare for the expedition and what do his crewmembers' diaries tell us about it? / Geir O. Kløver. - Kløver, Geir Olav (Nimrod : the Journal of the Ernest Shackleton Autumn School, 2012)
Describes Amundsen's experience on de Gerlache's 1897-99 Belgica Antarctic expedition, scientific interests, lessons learned on his 1903-06 Gjøa Northwest Passage expedition, and experience on 1910-12 Fram Antarctic expedition. Gives details of crew members on Antarctic expedition with account of their diaries. Author is director of Fram Museum and editor of South Pole diaries of Amundsen and fourteen of his crew members.
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica ekspedisjon; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; polarhistorie

Perspective: Strategic challenges of tourism development and governance in Antarctica: taking stock and moving forward - Lamers, Machiel; Liggett, Daniela; Amelung, Bas (Polar Research, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; turisme

Antarktis - Langerud, Per Jan (Klima, is og forskerfeil, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; klimaendringer; klimaforskning

Spatial variation of englacial radar attenuation: Modeling approach and application to the Vostok flowline - MacGregor, Joseph A.; Matsuoka, Kenichi; Waddington, Edwin D.; Winebrenner, Dale P.; Pattyn, Frank (Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2012)
Constraining the spatial variation of englacial radar attenuation is critical for accurate inference of the spatial variation of the englacial and basal properties of ice sheets from radar returned power. Here we evaluate attenuation models that account for spatial variations in ice temperature and chemistry and test them along the flowline that passes through the Vostok ice core site, Antarctica. The simplest model, often used but rarely valid, assumes a uniform attenuation rate everywhere along the flowline, so that total attenuation is proportional to ice thickness. The next simplest model uses spatially varying temperatures predicted by an ice-flow model and assumes uniform chemistry. Additional models account for spatially varying chemistry using englacial stratigraphy. We find that the roundtrip attenuation to the bed can easily differ by 10 dB or more between the uniform attenuation-rate model and models that account for variable ice temperature. Such differences are sufficient to confound the delineation of dry and wet beds. Also including spatial variations in chemistry produces smaller differences (<10 dB), but the magnitude of these differences depends on the relative importance of dry and wet deposition of impurities in the past. Accounting for dry-deposited impurities requires ice-flow modeling and results in larger differences from all other models, which assume uniform chemistry or wet deposition only. These results indicate that modeling the spatial variation of attenuation requires a spatially varying temperature model in order to infer bed conditions from bed returned power accurately, and that both ice core data and radar stratigraphy are also strongly desirable.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; glasiologi; innlandsis

Rapid development of anisotropic ice-crystal-alignment fabrics inferred from englacial radar polarimetry, central West Antarctica - Matsuoka, Kenichi; Power, Donovan; Fujita, Shuji; Raymond, Charles F (Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2012)
Anisotropy in englacial radar power was measured using 60-MHz and 179-MHz copolarized pulse-modulated radar at 19 sites in central West Antarctica. The study region is a 100 × 300 km2area near the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide that separates ice flow toward the Ross and Amundsen Embayments. The frequency dependence of the returned power indicates that most of the radar data are affected by vertical variations in the crystal-orientation fabric (COF), though the 60-MHz data are more affected by acidity contrasts in the top 1000 m. Significant polarimetric variations occur at most sites, likely due to effects of the anisotropic COF patterns. More anisotropic variations occur at sites with significant horizontal strain, whereas more isotropic variations occur at sites where vertical compression dominates. Azimuthal shifts with depth of the principal axes of COF were found in shallow ice near the current flow divide and at greater depths over locations of rough bed. The former indicates that the divide has differentially migrated, resulting in a rotation of the principal COF axes. Nevertheless, the regionally consistent radar signatures suggest that the first-order ice properties in this area have remained constant and that no major changes in the strain configuration or ice topography have occurred for the past five to eight thousand years. We conclude that shallow polarimetric features can be related to the current strain configurations, and that englacial polarimetric features can help constrain current ice rheology and evolution of the ice topography.
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi; innlandsis; iskrystaller; polarimetrisk radar; topografi

Review of A complete guide to Antarctic wildlife: birds and mammals of the Antarctic Continent and the Southern Ocean, by Hadoram Shirihai - Mehlum, Fridtjof (Polar Research, 2012)
This impressive book is an invaluable, fully illustrated, wildlife guide for tourists and scientists visiting the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; bokanmeldelser; dyreliv; fugler; marin biologi; ornitologi; pattedyr; zoologi

The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island - O'Gorman, José P (Polar Research, 2012)
Elasmosaurs are recorded for the first time in the Lachman Crags Member (Beta Member) of the Santa Marta Formation (lower Campanian) and in the Herbert Sound Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian). These are the first elasmosaurids from James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. These records greatly improve our knowledge of the taxonomic diversity of plesiosaurs of the Santa Marta Formation and Herbert Sound Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, and extend the lower limit of the record of Elasmosauridae in Antarctica to the lower Campanian, making this the oldest record of an Antarctic elasmosaur. Keywords: Elasmosauridae; Antarctica; Late Cretaceous.
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; paleontologi

The Mapping of Antarctica - Pedersen, Jakob Søndergård; Curtis, Philip (The Map House, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; kart; kartlegging; kartografi; oppdagelsesreiser

Being there: examining the behaviour of Antarctic tourists through their blogs - Roura, Ricardo M (Polar Research, 2012)
Most visitors to Antarctica today are commercial tourists. Over 150 000 tourists visited Antarctica between 2007 and 2010, making up more than 700 000 person/landings. Despite the scale of tourism in Antarctica, knowledge about its environmental impacts is generally inconclusive, and monitoring is limited. This article examines tourist behaviour regarding the environment using information available on travel weblogs (blogs) posted by tourists on the Internet. Fifty blogs describing Antarctic travel were analysed, mostly as part of organized tourism cruises, during the four Antarctic summer seasons between 2007 and 2010, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The blogs described the activities of 90 people who had visited Deception Island as part of their itinerary and who, overall, had undertaken at least 190 person/landings in Antarctica. Blog analysis highlighted the importance of wildlife as a tourist attraction. In the blogs it was apparent that touristwildlife interactions result in a range of behaviours from both individual tourists and animals. Tourism results in cultural traces and other environmental consequences, although some of these would not be judged as ‘‘impacts’’ under the current practice of implementing the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Blogs showed many more instances of compliance than of noncompliance with environmental regulations. Tourist blogs illustrate the behavioural processes by which environmental impacts from tourism could occur, which are repeated through thousands of person-landings and other activities in Antarctica every season. Precautionary action may be a practical alternative to manage tourism at some sites until it is clearer how this activity affects the environment.
Keywords: Antarktis; miljøvern; polarområdene; turisme

Cecilie Skog. Liv Arnesen. Monica Kristensen - Sandberg, Sigri (Polarheltinner : Cecilie Skog, Liv Arnesen, Monica Kristensen, Christiane Ritter, Wanny Woldstad, Ellen Dorthea Nøis, Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjoner; biografier; friluftsliv; kvinner; polarekspedisjoner; polarhistorie

Extent of low-accumulation 'wind glaze' areas on the East Antarctic plateau: implications for continental ice mass balance - Scambos, Ted A; Frezzotti, Massimo; Haran, T; Bohlander, J; Lenaerts, Jan T M; Van Den Broeke, M R; Jezek, K; Long, D; Urbini, S; Farness, K; Neumann., T; Albert, M; et al. (Journal of Glaciology, 2012)
Persistent katabatic winds form widely distributed localized areas of near-zero net surface accumulation on the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) plateau. These areas have been called 'glaze' surfaces due to their polished appearance. They are typically 2-200 km2 in area and are found on leeward slopes of ice-sheet undulations and megadunes. Adjacent, leeward high-accumulation regions (isolated dunes) are generally smaller and do not compensate for the local low in surface mass balance (SMB). We use a combination of satellite remote sensing and field-gathered datasets to map the extent of wind glaze in the EAIS above 1500 m elevation. Mapping criteria are derived from distinctive surface and subsurface characteristics of glaze areas resulting from many years of intense annual temperature cycling without significant burial. Our results show that 11.2 ± 1.7%, or 950 ± 143 × 103km2, of the EAIS above 1500 m is wind glaze. Studies of SMB interpolate values across glaze regions, leading to overestimates of net mass input. Using our derived wind-glaze extent, we estimate this excess in three recent models of Antarctic SMB at 46-82 Gt. The lowest-input model appears to best match the mean in regions of extensive wind glaze.
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi

Nansen-Amundsen-året 2011 - Schreuder, Janne (ed.); Jaklin, Gunn Sissel (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; jubileer; polarområdene

Sydpolen eller Sørpolen? - Skagestad, Odd Gunnar (Ordet: kvartalsskrift for riksmålsbevegelsen, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; språk; stedsnavn

The impact of human activities on wilderness and aesthetic values in Antarctica - Summerson, Rupert; Bishop, Ian D. (Polar Research, 2012)
There has been little progress in implementing protection of wilderness and aesthetic values in Antarctica since the coming into force of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1998. This can in part be attributed to a lack of research defining these values and showing how they may be assessed. In 2009, a survey comprising 90 images of Antarctic landscapes was established on the Internet to canvass as wide a cross-section of people with an interest in Antarctica as possible on their perceptions of wilderness and their aesthetic preference. At the time of writing, over 337 respondents from 23 nationalities have taken part in the survey. Responses were analysed to determine the effect of human presence, both transient and as infrastructure, on perceptions of wilderness and aesthetic values. The analysis was in three parts: (1) all images combined; (2) images grouped by landscape type, derived from the Environmental Domains of Antarctica regionalization; and (3) 16 pairs of digitally manipulated images of which respondents were shown either an original image or one in which human presence had been either digitally removed or added. Responses to images grouped by landscape type show that coastal and ice-free areas are less valued both aesthetically and as wilderness than mountainous and ice-covered terrains. Signs of human presence were found to make images significantly less likely to be considered as wilderness and also reduced their aesthetic rating. This demonstrates that human impacts on these values are measureable. Keywords: Antarctica; Madrid Protocol; wilderness; aesthetic; values; photographs.
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; estetikk; menneskelig påvirkning; miljøpåvirkning; miljøvern

Trampling on maritime Antarctica: can soil ecosystems be effectively protected through existing codes of conduct? - Tejedo, Pablo; Pertierra, Luis R; Benayas, Javier; Convey, Peter; Justel, Ana; Quesada, Antonio (Polar Research, 2012)
Soil trampling is one of the most obvious direct negative human impacts in Antarctica. Through a range of experiments and field studies based on quantitative physical (soil penetration resistance) and biological (collembolan abundance) indicators, we evaluate the current codes of conduct relating to the protection of Antarctic soils from the consequences of pedestrian impacts. These guidelines include using, where available, established paths that cross vegetation-free soils. However, the effectiveness of this strategy is highly dependent on context. Limited intensity use - below 100 foot passes per year - produces small changes at the soil surface that can recover relatively rapidly, suggesting that the dispersal of activity across wider corridors may be the most appropriate option. However, for paths with a higher use level and those located in steep-sloped sites, it is desirable to define a single track, following stony or bouldery surfaces wherever possible, to keep the disturbed area to a minimum. It is clear that both environmental conditions and expected use levels must be taken into account in determining when and where it is more appropriate to concentrate or disperse human activities. Even though they may have performed satisfactorily to date, the increasing pressure in terms of numbers of visits for certain sites may make it necessary to revise existing codes of conduct. Keywords: Trampling impacts; environmental monitoring; low impact practices; soil resilience; soil penetration resistance; collembolan abundance.
Keywords: Antarktis; jord; menneskelig påvirkning; miljøvern; økosystemer

Foreword: The complex business of managing human activities and protecting the environment of the polar regions - Tin, Tina; Liggett, Daniela; Maher, Patrick T (Polar Research, 2012)
The thematic cluster ‘‘Human impacts in the Arctic and Antarctic’’ in Polar Research has its origins in the International Polar Year (2007-09) Oslo Science Conference held in Oslo, Norway, from 8 to 12 June 2010. We were the co-convenors of the session ‘‘Human impacts in the Arctic and Antarctic: regulatory and management implications,’’ in which 27 talks and 21 posters were presented over the course of two days. We invited contributors to the conference session to explore all types of impacts of human activities and regional environmental change in the polar regions, with a special focus on highlighting the management priorities for the protection of the landscape (environment and people) of the polar regions in the face of increasing human activity. Exploring a wide range of topics ranging from human wildlife interactions to chemical contamination and from whaling to polar tourism, contributors provided examples of existing environmental management regimes that are working as well as those that are not.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; menneskelig påvirkning; miljøvern; polarområdene; turisme; økosystemer

Of reindeer, ponies and automobiles : Roald Amundsen and the Norwegian bid for the South Pole - Turney, Chris (1912 : the year the world discovered Antarctica, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; polarhistorie

Veivisere under sydkorset - Walsøe, Jan Oskar (Sophie Borchgrevink Nordrum og Ivar O. Nordrum, 2012)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink; Southern Cross; Sydpolen; ekspedisjonen; ekspedisjoner; kartlegging; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Chemical composition of tropospheric air masses encountered during high altitude flights (>11.5 km) during the 2009 fall Operation Ice Bridge field campaign - Yang, Mei Ying Melissa; Vay, Stephanie A; Stohl, Andreas; Choi, Yonghoon; Diskin, Glenn S; Sachse, Glen W; Blake, Donald R (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2012)
As part of the 2009 Operation Ice Bridge campaign, the NASA DC-8 aircraft was used to fill the data-time gap in laser observation of the changes in ice sheets, glaciers and sea ice between ICESat-I (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) and ICESat-II. Complementing the cryospheric instrument payload were four in situ atmospheric sampling instruments integrated onboard to measure trace gas concentrations of CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, water vapor and various VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds). This paper examines two plumes encountered at high altitude (12 km) during the campaign; one during a southbound transit flight (13°S) and the other at 86°S over Antarctica. The data presented are especially significant as the Southern Hemisphere is heavily under-sampled during the austral spring, with few if any high-resolution airborne observations of atmospheric gases made over Antarctica. Strong enhancements of CO, CH4, N2O, CHCl3, OCS, C2H6, C2H2 and C3H8 were observed in the two intercepted air masses that exhibited variations in VOC composition suggesting different sources. The transport model FLEXPART showed that the 13°S plume contained predominately biomass burning emissions originating from Southeast Asia and South Africa, while both anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions were observed at 86°S with South America and South Africa as indicated source regions. The data presented here show evidence that boundary layer pollution is transported from lower latitudes toward the upper troposphere above the South Pole, which may not have been observed in the past.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; atmosfæriske gasser; forurensning; havis; innlandsis; isbreer; isbrem; kjemi; kjemiske analyser; menneskelig påvirkning; meteorologi; sjøis; sporgass

Cold recall: Roald Amundsen's reflections from the South Pole - Amundsen, Roald; Kløver, Geir O (Fram Museum, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; historie

Variation of accumulation rates over the last eight centuries on the East Antarctic Plateau derived from volcanic signals in ice cores - Anschütz, Helgard; Sinisalo, Anna; Isaksson, Elisabeth; McConnell, Joseph R; Hamran, Svein Erik; Bisiaux, M M; Pasteris, Daniel R; Neumann, Thomas; Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011)
Volcanic signatures in ice-core records provide an excellent means to date the cores and obtain information about accumulation rates. From several ice cores it is thus possible to extract a spatio-temporal accumulation pattern. We show records of electrical conductivity and sulfur from 13 firn cores from the Norwegian-USA scientific traverse during the International Polar Year 2007–2009 (IPY) through East Antarctica. Major volcanic eruptions are identified and used to assess century-scale accumulation changes. The largest changes seem to occur in the most recent decades with accumulation over the period 1963–2007/08 being up to 25% different from the long-term record. There is no clear overall trend, some sites show an increase in accumulation over the period 1963 to present while others show a decrease. Almost all of the sites above 3200 m above sea level (asl) suggest a decrease. These sites also show a significantly lower accumulation value than large-scale assessments both for the period 1963 to present and for the long-term mean at the respective drill sites. The spatial accumulation distribution is influenced mainly by elevation and distance to the ocean (continentality), as expected. Ground-penetrating radar data around the drill sites show a spatial variability within 10–20% over several tens of kilometers, indicating that our drill sites are well representative for the area around them. Our results are important for large-scale assessments of Antarctic mass balance and model validation.
Keywords: Antarktis; akkumulasjon; geovitenskap; glasiologi; innlandsis; iskjerner; klimatologi

Implications of meltwater pulse events for soil biology and biogeochemical cycling in a polar desert - Ball, Becky A; Barrett, J E; Gooseff, Mike N; Virginia, Ross A; Wall, Diana H (Polar Research, 2011)
The McMurdo Dry Valleys are one of the most arid environments on Earth. Over the soil landscape for the majority of the year, biological and ecosystem processes in the dry valleys are constrained by the low temperatures and limited availability of water. The prevalence of these physical limitations in controlling biological and ecosystem processes makes the dry valleys a climatesensitive system, poised to experience substantial changes following projected future warming. Short-duration increases in summer temperatures are associated with pulses of water from melting ice reserves, including glaciers, snow and permafrost. Such pulses alter soil geochemistry by mobilizing and redistributing soil salts (via enhanced weathering, solubility and mobility), which can alter habitat suitability for soil organisms. Resulting changes in soil community composition or distribution may alter the biogeochemical processes in which they take part. Here, we review the potential impacts of meltwater pulses and present new field data documenting instances of meltwater pulse events that result from different water sources and hydrological patterns, and discuss their potential influence on soil biology and biogeochemistry. We use these examples to discuss the potential impacts of future climate change on the McMurdo Dry Valley soil ecosystem.Keywords: Water pulse; climate change; polar desert; International Polar Year; discrete warming events; soil biogeochemistry.
Keywords: Antarktis; Det internasjonale geofysiske år (IGY); IPY; biogeokjemi; biologi; jord; klimaendringer; polarørken

Some like it cold: microbial transformations of mercury in polar regions - Barkay, Tamar; Kroer, Niels; Poulain, Alexandre J (Polar Research, 2011)
The contamination of polar regions with mercury that is transported from lower latitudes as inorganic mercury has resulted in the accumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) in food chains, risking the health of humans and wildlife. While production of MeHg has been documented in polar marine and terrestrial environments, little is known about the responsible transformations and transport pathways and the processes that control them. We posit that as in temperate environments, microbial transformations play a key role in mercury geochemical cycling in polar regions by: (1) methylating mercury by one of four proposed pathways, some not previously described; (2) degrading MeHg by activities of mercury resistant and other bacteria; and (3) carrying out redox transformations that control the supply of the mercuric ion, the substrate of methylation reactions. Recent analyses have identified a high potential for mercury-resistant microbes that express the enzyme mercuric reductase to affect the production of gaseous elemental mercury when and where daylight is limited. The integration of microbially mediated processes in the paradigms that describe mercury geochemical cycling is therefore of high priority especially in light of concerns regarding the effect of global warming and permafrost thawing on input of MeHg to polar regions. Keywords: Microbiology; mercury biogeochemistry; redox transformations; polar regions; methylation
Keywords: Antarktis; biogeokjemi; forurensning; mikrobiologi; miljøvern; polarområdene; økosystemer

Polar settlements : location, techniques and conservation - Barr, Susan (red.); Chaplin, Paul (red.) (ICOMOS International Polar Heritage Committee, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; hvalfangststasjoner; kulturminnevern; polarforskning; polarområdene; turisme

Contaminant profiles of air and soil around Casey station, Antarctica; Discerning local and distant contaminant sources - Bengtson Nash, Susan; Xiao, H; Schlabach, Martin; Stark, J; King, C; Hung, H (2011)
The primary input of Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) contamination to the Antarctic is expected to be via Long Range Atmospheric Transport (LRAT) from emissions in neighboring Southern hemisphere nations In addition to LRAT, system input of POPs must increasingly consider alternate pathways Human activity in the Antarctic represents a potential direct source of both legacy and current-use chemicals It has been two decades since the organic chemical composition of air masses arriving in the Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT), which spans the majority of the eastern Antarctic sector, was last investigated Here we present the first atmospheric measurements made as part of a new continuous monitoring effort at Casey station (66°17’ S 110°31’ E), one of Australia’s all-year research stations The results are evaluated alongside POP contamination data of soil samples collected around the Casey station perimeter and the respective sample profiles are assessed for clues as to local and distant contamination sources Results suggest a potential local source of the currently produced, involatile, deca-brominated PBDE congener 209 which contributed substantially to PBDE profiles of all samples Profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and rganochlorine pesticides on the other hand primarilly support LRAT as the primary input pathway of these contaminants, whilst a dominance of endosulfan in air samples evidences its ongoing application in the southern hemisphere.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; forskningsstasjoner; forurensning; miljøgifter

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1912 - Bjaaland, Olav (Frammuseet, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Review of Tourism and change in polar regions: climate, environment and experience and Cruise tourism in polar regions: promoting environmental and social sustainability? - Capelotti, P J (Polar Research, 2011)
These two edited volumes, which cover much of the same ground, both begin from a common premise: polar tourism, as its been experienced by wealthy travellers for over a century, has a very definite shelf life. With the acceleration of global climate change, the Arctic and Antarctic are being changed, changed rapidly, perhaps permanently and, if one pays attention to the news, seemingly by the day. When combined with popular documentaries and feature films like An inconvenient truth, March of the penguins and Happy feet potential polar tourists have been sensitized to see the polar regions not as implacably hostile wastes once challenged only by the likes of Nansen, Amundsen, Scott and Shackleton but as irreplaceably fragile zones that, once lost, will take some essential part of the planet with them.
Keywords: Antarktis; bokanmeldelser; cruiseturisme; global oppvarming; klimaendringer; miljøvern; polarområdene; turisme; økologi

Princess Elisabeth Antarctica: an International Polar Year outreach and media success story - Cheek, Joseph; Huyge, Ben; Pomereu, Jean de (Polar Research, 2011)
One of the priorities of the fourth International Polar Year (IPY) was to increase awareness of the polar regions and polar science among the general public through education, communication and other forms of outreach. This paper reports on the media coverage of Princess Elisabeth Antarctica (PEA), Belgium’s ‘‘zero-emission’’ Antarctic research station designed by the nonprofit International Polar Foundation (IPF) to run on wind and solar energy and to employ state-of-the-art forms of energy management and other ‘‘green’’ technology. This paper provides background information on PEA, a review of IPF’s media strategy for the project, a description of media coverage of the station and a discussion of the way in which the IPF’s main messages were reported in the media. IPF staff surveyed approximately 300 media reports released between February 2004, when the PEA project was announced to the general public, and June 2010, when the IPF presented their findings at the IPY conference in Oslo. PEA was featured 580 times in print and web media in Belgium, and 303 times outside Belgium. Major international agencies such as the Associated Press, Agence France Presse, the BBC, Al-Jazeera and Reuters covered the project. On television and radio, PEA was featured in news broadcasts from all four major television networks in Belgium, most major radio stations and 34 different television and radio news outlets outside Belgium. The paper concludes that the media coverage for PEA was significant and suggests reasons why the project was so widely reported. Keywords: Media and outreach; media strategy; Antarctic research stations; energy management system; renewable energy; reducing environmental footprint
Keywords: Antarktis; Det internasjonale polaråret; fornybar energi; forskningsstasjoner; fotavtrykk; mediadekning; miljø; polarområdene

Global southern limit of flowering plants and moss peat accumulation - Convey, Peter; Hopkins, David W; Roberts, Stephen J; Tyler, Andrew N (Polar Research, 2011)
The ecosystems of the western Antarctic Peninsula, experiencing amongst the most rapid trends of regional climate warming worldwide, are important “early warning” indicators for responses expected in more complex systems elsewhere. Central among responses attributed to this regional warming are widely reported population and range expansions of the two native Antarctic flowering plants, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis. However, confirmation of the predictions of range expansion requires baseline knowledge of species distributions. We report a significant southwards and westwards extension of the known natural distributions of both plant species in this region, along with several range extensions in an unusual moss community, based on new survey work in a previously unexamined and un-named low altitude peninsula at 69º22.0’S 71º50.7’W in Lazarev Bay, north-west Alexander Island, southern Antarctic Peninsula. These plant species therefore have a significantly larger natural range in the Antarctic than previously thought. This site provides a potentially important monitoring location near the southern boundary of the region currently demonstrated to be under the influence of rapidly changing climate trends. Combined radiocarbon and lead isotope radiometric dating suggests that this location was most likely deglaciated sufficiently to allow peat to start accumulating towards the end of the 19th century, which we tentatively link to a phase of post-1870 climate amelioration. We conclude that the establishment of vegetation in this location is unlikely to be linked to the rapid regional warming trends recorded along the Antarctic Peninsula since the mid-20th century. Antarctic plants, distribution limits, peat accumulation, dating.
Keywords: Antarktis; hårgress; klimaendringer; perleurt; planter; økosystemer

The ANTOSTRAT Legacy: Science Collaboration and International Transparency in Potential Marine Mineral Resource Exploitation of Antarctica - Cooper, Alan; Barker, Peter; Barrett, Peter; Behrendt, John; Brancolini, Giuliano; Childs, Jonathan; Escutia, Carlota; Jokat, Wilfried; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Leitchenkov, German; Stagg, Howard; Tanahashi, Manabu; et al. (Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science, and the Governance of International Spaces, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; geopolitikk; internasjonal samarbeid; marin geologi; mineraler; ressurser; stratigrafi; tektonikk

Belgica. South Pole. The Heroic Dogs. Darkness and Light. Amundsen and Byrd - Cox, Lynne (South with the sun : Roald Amundsen, his polar explorations, and the quest for discovery, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolekspedisjonen; Sydpolen; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner; sledehunder

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1912 - Gjertsen, Hjalmar Fredrik (Frammuseet, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1912 - Hassel, Sverre (Frammuseet, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Polythermal glacier hydrology: a review - Irvine-Fynn, Tristram D L; Hodson, Andrew J; Moorman, Brian J; Vatne, Geir; Hubbard, Alun L (Reviews of Geophysics, 2011)
The manner by which meltwater drains through a glacier is critical to ice dynamics, runoff characteristics, and water quality. However, much of the contemporary knowledge relating to glacier hydrology has been based upon, and conditioned by, understanding gleaned from temperate valley glaciers. Globally, a significant proportion of glaciers and ice sheets exhibit nontemperate thermal regimes. The recent, growing concern over the future response of polar glaciers and ice sheets to forecasts of a warming climate and lengthening summer melt season necessitates recognition of the hydrological processes in these nontemperate ice masses. It is therefore timely to present an accessible review of the scientific progress in glacial hydrology where nontemperate conditions are dominant. This review provides an appraisal of the glaciological literature from nontemperate glaciers, examining supraglacial, englacial, and subglacial environments in sequence and their role in hydrological processes within glacierized catchments. In particular, the variability and complexity in glacier thermal regimes are discussed, illustrating how a unified model of drainage architecture is likely to remain elusive due to structural controls on the presence of water. Cold ice near glacier surfaces may reduce meltwater flux into the glacier interior, but observations suggest that the transient thermal layer of near surface ice holds a hydrological role as a depth-limited aquifer. Englacial flowpaths may arise from the deep incision of supraglacial streams or the propagation of hydrofractures, forms which are readily able to handle varied meltwater discharge or act as locations for water storage, and result in spatially discrete delivery of water to the subglacial environment. The influence of such drainage routes on seasonal meltwater release is explored, with reference to summer season upwellings and winter icing formation. Moreover, clear analogies emerge between nontemperate valley glacier and ice sheet hydrology, the discussion of which indicates how persistent reassessment of our conceptualization of glacier drainage systems is required. There is a clear emphasis that continued, integrated endeavors focused on process glaciology at nontemperate glaciers are a scientific imperative to augmenting the existing body of research centered on ice mass hydrology.
Keywords: Antarktis; geografi; glasiologi; global oppvarming; hydrologi; innlandsis; isbreer; isbrem; polarområdene

Low-ozone events in the southern polar summer as indicated by Met Office ozone analyses - Jackson, David; Orsolini, Yvan Joseph; Engelsen, Ola (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011)
Southern summer low-ozone events (LOEs) are examined using Met Office ozone analyses for 2005–2007. At 31 hPa, tongues of low-ozone air are pulled out of the polar region and extend to lower latitudes. Low tongues are also seen at 100 hPa, but there the low ozone is transported from low to high latitudes. These low tongues are frequently superimposed on one another, meaning that there are often also reductions in total ozone. What is striking is that at high latitudes, summer total ozone is typically lower over the Weddell Sea than at other longitudes. The low-ozone tongues at 31 and 100 hPa are consistent with transport associated with planetary waves. Daily geopotential height fields show a poleward and westward wave tilt with height, indicating the presence of baroclinic waves. The tilt enables the superimposition of the low-ozone tongues at 100 and 31 hPa. Filtered geopotential height anomalies reveal the presence of waves reported in other studies and indicate the connection between tropospheric and stratospheric wave dynamics in driving the LOEs. There is also a high connection between the LOEs and ultraviolet (UV) Index. The Weddell Sea region gets up to 20–30% more UV than the zonal mean, and the tip of South America gets about 10–25% more. There have been numerous studies of the impacts of increased UV on the Antarctic marine ecosystem during the springtime ozone hole, and our results indicate there is a case for these studies being extended to the summer LOEs.
Keywords: Antarktis; UV-stråling; Weddellhavet; ozonlaget; polarområdene; stratosfæren; ultrafiolett stråling

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1912 - Johansen, Hjalmar (Frammuseet, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Das Eis und der Tod : Scott, Amundsen und das Drama am Südpol - Jostmann, Christian (Beck, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; ekspedisjoner; historie; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

The oldest plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from Antarctica - Kellner, Alexander Wilhelm Armin; Simões, Tiago Rodrigues; Riff, Douglas; Grillo, Orlando; Romano, Pedro; Paula, Helder de; Ramos, Renato; Carvalho, Marcelo; Sayão, Juliana; Oliveira, Gustavo; Rodrigues, Taissa (Polar Research, 2011)
Antarctic plesiosaurs are known from the Upper Cretaceous López de Bertodano and Snow Hill Island formations (Campanian to upper Maastrichtian), which crop out within the James Ross Basin region of the Antarctic Peninsula. Here we describe the first plesiosaur fossils from the Lachman Crags Member of the Santa Marta Formation, north-western James Ross Island. This material constitutes the stratigraphically oldest plesiosaur occurrence presently known from Antarctica, extending the occurrence of plesiosaurians in this continent back to Santonian times (86.3-83.5 Mya). Furthermore, MN 7163-V represents the first plesiosaur from this region not referable to the Elasmosauridae nor Aristonectes, indicating a greater diversity of this group of aquatic reptiles in Antarctica than previously suspected. Keywords: James Ross Island; Antarctica; plesiosauria; Late Cretaceous; Museu Nacional.
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; paleontologi; svaneøgler

Der Wettlauf zum Südpol : das grösste Abenteuer der Geschichte - Knopp, Guido; Sporn, Mario; Schnier, Marten (Bertelsmann, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; ekspedisjoner; historie; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Meteoritten som vitnet om liv på Mars - Knutsen, Henning; Matland, Aleksander (Naturen, 2011)
Har livet på Jorda blitt ført hit fra tidligere liv på planeten Mars? I 1996 hevdet en gruppe forskere at en meteoritt fra Mars faktisk inneholdt spor etter organisk liv. Hvis dette virkelig var tilfelle, ville det medføre en revolusjon for vårt syn på verden og det univers vi befinner oss i. Men vitenskapsfolk besitter sunn skepsis, og hos dem kommer ikke tvilen tiltalte til gode. Nå mener de fleste ekspertene at funnet var for godt til å være sant.
Keywords: Antarktis; astrofysikk; mikrobiologi

Recovery Lakes, East Antarctica: Radar assessment of sub-glacial water extent - Langley, Kirsty; Kohler, Jack; Matsuoka, Kenichi; Sinisalo, Anna; Scambos, Ted; Neumann, Thomas; Muto, Atsuhiro; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Albert, Mary (Geophysical Research Letters, 2011)
A fast-flowing tributary of Recovery ice stream penetrates more than 500 km into the interior of East Antarctica. Recent satellite-based studies found surface features in the onset area of this tributary that indicate a significant subglacial hydraulic system, including four large smooth basins, the typical surface expression of large subglacial lakes, as well as eleven smaller areas over which ice-sheet surface elevations rapidly changed by discharge/filling of subglacial water. Here we present the first ice-penetrating radar evidence of subglacial conditions in this area. We identified a distinct ice-water interface only over a limited area within the boundaries of the investigated large smooth basins, previously hypothesized to be water-filled lakes. The radar characteristics in some areas are similar to those of a drained lake, indicating that parts of the bed are wet, but not a typical lake. We also find evidence for discrete water bodies outside of the lake boundaries. The lines of evidence indicate that the northern most two Recovery Lakes have recently drained.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; glasiologi; isbre; isstrøm; radar observasjoner; subglasial innsjø

Bildeberetninger. Mediebegivenheter. Polprospekter - Lund, Harald Østgaard; Berg, Siv Frøydis (Norske polarheltbilder : 1888-1928, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; fotografi; fotohistorie; kulturhistorie; polarekspedisjoner; polarområdene; polfarere

Race to the end : Scott, Amundsen and the South Pole - MacPhee, Ross D E (The Natural History Museum, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; ekspedisjoner; historie; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

A comparison of the present and last interglacial periods in six Antarctic ice cores - Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Buiron, Daphné; Ekaykin, Alexey Anatolievich; Frezzotti, M; Gallée, Hubert; Jouzel, Jean; Krinner, Gerhard; Landais, Amaelle; Motoyama, Hideaki; Oerter, Hans; Pol, K; Pollard, D; et al. (Clim. Past, 2011)
We compare the present and last interglacial periods as recorded in Antarctic water stable isotope records now available at various temporal resolutions from six East Antarctic ice cores: Vostok, Taylor Dome, EPICA Dome C (EDC), EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML), Dome Fuji and the recent TALDICE ice core from Talos Dome. We first review the different modern site characteristics in terms of ice flow, meteorological conditions, precipitation intermittency and moisture origin, as depicted by meteorological data, atmospheric reanalyses and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics. These different factors can indeed alter the relationships between temperature and water stable isotopes. Using five records with sufficient resolution on the EDC3 age scale, common features are quantified through principal component analyses. Consistent with instrumental records and atmospheric model results, the ice core data depict rather coherent and homogenous patterns in East Antarctica during the last two interglacials. Across the East Antarctic plateau, regional differences, with respect to the common East Antarctic signal, appear to have similar patterns during the current and last interglacials. We identify two abrupt shifts in isotopic records during the glacial inception at TALDICE and EDML, likely caused by regional sea ice expansion. These regional differences are discussed in terms of moisture origin and in terms of past changes in local elevation histories, which are compared to ice sheet model results. Our results suggest that elevation changes may contribute significantly to inter-site differences. These elevation changes may be underestimated by current ice sheet models.
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; atmosfæren; glasiologi; iskjerner; klimatologi; meteorologi; stabile isotoper

Pitfalls in radar diagnosis of ice-sheet bed conditions: Lessons from englacial attenuation models - Matsuoka, Kenichi (Geophysical Research Letters, 2011)
Radar power returned from ice-sheet beds has been widely accepted as an indicator of bed conditions. However, the bed returned power also depends on englacial attenuation, which is primarily a function of ice temperature. Here, using a one-dimensional attenuation model, it is demonstrated that, in most cases, variations in bed returned power are dominated by variations in englacial attenuation, rather than bed reflectivity. Both accumulation rate and geothermal flux anomalies can interfere with the interpretation. With the consequence, analytical radar algorithms that have been widely accepted likely yield false delineations of wet/dry beds. More careful consideration is needed when diagnosing bed conditions. Spatial patterns of shallow englacial radar reflectors can be used as a proxy for accumulation rates, which affect ice temperature and thus returned power. I argue that it is necessary to simultaneously interpret the returned power and englacial-reflector patterns to improve the bed diagnosis.
Keywords: Antarktis; geotermisk strømning; glasiologi; innlandsis; istykkelse; overflateakkumulering; polarområdene

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1914 - Nilsen, Thorvald (Frammuseet, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; oseanografi; polarområdene

The present location of the tent that Roald Amundsen left behind at the South Pole in December 1911 - Orheim, Olav (Polar Record, 2011)
Determining the present precise location of Amundsen's tent is a function of 1) the precision of Amundsen's navigation in 1911, 2) the flow of ice since then, and 3) the amount of burial by intervening snow fall. These factors are discussed and it is concluded that the best location that can be given for the tent in December 2011 is 89° 58′ 51″ S, 46° 14′ E, and lying 17 m below the present snow surface. The uncertainty in the position is 0.3 km, and is mainly related to uncertainties in the original positioning. It can be concluded with high certainty that the tent lies between 1.8 and 2.5 km from the South Pole.
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; glasiologi; historie

Le tombeau des glaces : duel mortel pour le pôle - Pierre, Marc (Dorval, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; ekspedisjoner; historie; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1912 - Prestrud, Kristian (Frammuseet, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Hval, veid, fangst og norske kyster : linjer i norsk hvalfangsthistorie - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Norsk kulturråd, 2011)
Fram mot grunnlovsjubileet i 2014 vil det bli utarbeidet nasjonale rammefortellinger om utvalgte epoker og tema i kystens historie. Fortellingene lanseres under overskriften Fortellinger om kyst-Norge. Siden oppstarten i 2009 har det blitt produsert seks hefter. Det første heftet, Kyst- og havlandet viser bredden i norsk kysthistorie, og finnes også i engelsk utgave. Siden har heftet Riksvei nr. 1 tatt for seg maritim infrastruktur, Ressursar til låns og Den norsk arktiske torsken og verden har lagt vekt på sild og torsk sin betydning for norsk fiskeri- og kysthistorie. Videre formidler heftene Verdens Fraktemenn og Åkeren kan òg være blå sentrale sider ved norsk sjøfartshistorie og fremveksten av havbruksnæringen, to næringer som også i dag utgjør sentrale deler av det kystvendte næringslivet i Norge. Det siste heftet så langt, det syvende i rekken, handler om norsk hvalfangsthistorie, og har fått tittelen Hval, veid, fangst og norske kyster. Her blir hvalfangstens historie fulgt fra de eldste tiders fangst med enkle midler og nyttiggjørelse av strandede hvaler, til den ekspansive utviklingen av industrialisert hvalfangst både ved norskekysten og ved fjerne kyster i Sydishavet, og de konsekvenser dette fikk. Teksten er Jan Erik Ringstads verk, mens Sølvi Vik har vært billedredaktør. Museum Vest har koordinert den tekniske produksjonen og kontakten mellom forfatter og Redaksjonsrådet. Medlemmer i redaksjonsrådet har vært Pål Christensen fra Museum Nord, Jo van der Eyden fra Etatsmuseet for Kystverket, Per G. Norseng fra Norsk Maritimt Museum og Bjørg Christophersen, Anders Haaland og Årstein Svihus fra Museum Vest. Direktoratene og nettverksmuseene håper at de nasjonale rammefortellingene vil være til glede, ettertanke og nytte for alle kystkulturinteresserte, og at de kan bidra til et historisk perspektiv på nåtidens og framtidens utfordringer. Direktoratene og museene tar gjerne imot spørsmål eller synspunkter på prosjektet. Les mer om Fortellinger om kyst-Norge på www.kyst-norge.no. 10. oktober 2011 På østsiden av Larviksfjorden skjærer den lille bukta Rekkevik inn i det kuperte landskapet. På sletta innerst i bukta lå Colin Archers båtbyggeri hvor polarskipet Fram ble bygget. Like bak båtbyggeriet åpner det seg en åtte meter bred kløft som smalner av innover. Da man i 1914 skulle grave en brønn ytterst i denne kløfta, støtte man på noen meget store knokler som man hogg seg gjennom for å få brønnen tilstrekkelig dyp. De avhogde fragmentene ble innsendt til universitetet, hvor man fastslo at det var knokler av grønlandshval. Grønlandshvalen er en av tre hvalarter som lever hele sitt liv i Arktis – de andre to er hvithvalen og narhvalen. Funnstedet lå noe over 40 meter fra strandlinjen, fire, fem kilometer utenfor raet. En analyse av funnet indikerer at hvalen kan ha kjørt seg fast i kløfta da denne lå på ca. 30 meters dyp, og druknet. Klimaet må da ha vært høyarktisk, og dateringen ble satt til ca. 10 000 f. Kr. Hvalen følger mennesket i tid og rom. Det finnes knapt en kyst der mennesker har bodd uten at hval og andre sjøpattedyr har vært del av deres ressursgrunnlag. Fra kysten har man sett hvalens mektige ”blåst” og kraftige bevegelser. Iblant strandet store eksemplarer og ga opphav til mytiske forestillinger og inspirasjon til avbildninger. Hvalen kan altså følges 10-12 000 år tilbake langs våre kyster. Vi skal møte den i noen tekster fra norrøn tid av, diskutere ulike fangstprinsipper og omtale Svend Foyns granatharpun. Fra vår egen kyst skal vi følge fangsten til en rekke felt kloden rundt, især til Antarktis med annekteringer av store landområder i hvalfangstens kjølvann. En rekke aktører fortjener omtale, både investorer, arbeidere, motstandere, forskere, politikere og de som ble igjen hjemme da flåten dro av sted. Målet er at heftet skal bidra til kunnskap om viktige linjer i norsk hvalfangsthistorie.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk hvalfangst

Hva er en helt? Kjønn i antarktislitteraturen - Ryall, Anka (Fortid : historiestudentenes tidsskrift, UiO, 2011)
Menneskenes historie i Antarktis er ikke mer enn noen hundre år gammel. De viktigste kildene til denne historien er ekspedisjonsberetningene – en omfangsrik litteratur som kan leses på mange måter, også fra et kjønnsperspektiv.
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; litteratur; polarhistorie

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1914 - Schröer, Adolf Hermann; Hansen, Ludvig; Rønne, Martin; Hanssen, Helmer; Kutschin, Aleksandr; Wisting, Oscar; Stubberud, Jørgen; Doxrud, Christian; Stubberud, Jørgen; Hansen, Ludvig; Rønne, Martin (Frammuseet, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Antarktis : 71 dager, 1800 kilometer og én million tanker - Skog, Cecilie; Sandberg, Sigri (Gyldendal, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; polarekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer

Spatial modelling of wetness for the Antarctic Dry Valleys - Stichbury, Glen; Brabyn, Lars; Green, T G Allan; Cary, Craig (Polar Research, 2011)
This paper describes a method used to model relative wetness for part of the Antarctic Dry Valleys using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing. The model produces a relative index of liquid water availability using variables that influence the volume and distribution of water. Remote sensing using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images collected over four years is used to calculate an average index of snow cover and this is combined with other water sources such as glaciers and lakes. This water source model is then used to weight a hydrological flow accumulation model that uses slope derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) elevation data. The resulting wetness index is validated using three-dimensional visualization and a comparison with a high-resolution Advanced Land Observing Satellite image that shows drainage channels. This research demonstrates that it is possible to produce a wetness model of Antarctica using data that are becoming widely available. Keywords: GIS; water; Antarctica; remote sensing.
Keywords: Antarktis; geografi; hydrologi; innsjø; isbreer; satellitt bilder; snø; vann; økosystemer

Using transport diagnostics to understand chemistry climate model ozone simulations - Strahan, Susan; Douglass, A R; Stolarski, R S; Akiyoshi, Hideharu; Bekki, Slimane; Braesicke, P; Butchart, N; Chipperfield, Martyn; Cugnet, David; Dhomse, Sandip; Frith, Stacey; Gettelman, Andrew; et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011)
We use observations of N2O and mean age to identify realistic transport in models in order to explain their ozone predictions. The results are applied to 15 chemistry climate models (CCMs) participating in the 2010 World Meteorological Organization ozone assessment. Comparison of the observed and simulated N2O, mean age and their compact correlation identifies models with fast or slow circulations and reveals details of model ascent and tropical isolation. This process-oriented diagnostic is more useful than mean age alone because it identifies models with compensating transport deficiencies that produce fortuitous agreement with mean age. The diagnosed model transport behavior is related to a model's ability to produce realistic lower stratosphere (LS) O3 profiles. Models with the greatest tropical transport problems compare poorly with O3 observations. Models with the most realistic LS transport agree more closely with LS observations and each other. We incorporate the results of the chemistry evaluations in the Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) CCMVal Report to explain the range of CCM predictions for the return-to-1980 dates for global (60°S–60°N) and Antarctic column ozone. Antarctic O3 return dates are generally correlated with vortex Cly levels, and vortex Cly is generally correlated with the model's circulation, although model Cl chemistry and conservation problems also have a significant effect on return date. In both regions, models with good LS transport and chemistry produce a smaller range of predictions for the return-to-1980 ozone values. This study suggests that the current range of predicted return dates is unnecessarily broad due to identifiable model deficiencies.
Keywords: Antarktis; drivhusgasser; fysikk; geovitenskap; klimamodeller; meteorologi; ozonlaget; stratosfæren

Amundsens omstridte forløper ; Innsjøen under isen - Thuesen, Nils Petter (Vi menn vitenskap & historie, 2011)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink; Vostoksjøen; ekspedisjoner; glasiologi; subglasial innsjø

Colonization and demographic structure of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis along an altitudinal gradient on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica - Vera, María Luisa (Polar Research, 2011)
The colonization capacity and demographic structure of populations of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis were studied in different microhabitats between 10 and 147 m a.s.l. on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, near the Spanish Antarctic base Juan Carlos I, in February 2002. At the highest site (147 m a.s.l.), mean temperatures were about 1 ºC lower than at sea level. Both species are less common in inland areas and at the highest altitudes only occur at restricted sites that are frequently snow-free in the early austral summer. The diameters of the largest plants (C. quitensis cushions 7-8 cm ; D. antarctica tufts 10-11 cm) in the populations growing at the highest altitudes (110 and 147 m a.s.l.) suggest that these populations were established about 24-28 years ago. The largest diameter plants (Deschampsia 20 cm; Colobanthus 18 cm) were found at the lowest altitudes on deep soil. The presence of numerous seedlings and young individuals on the periphery of populations established several years ago or at recently colonized sites suggests an active process of expansion. There were more emerged seedlings of C. quitensis than of D. antarctica, but the density of established individuals was higher for D. antarctica, suggesting these species have different demographic strategies. Keywords: Antarctic vascular plants; altitude and habitat effect; colonization; population structure.
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; flora; planter

Mesospheric wind semidiurnal tides within the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model Data Assimilation System - Xu, Xiaoyong; Manson, Alan H; Meek, Christopher; Jacobi, Christoph; Hall, Chris; Drummond, James (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011)
The horizontal wind data from the standard version of Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model Data Assimilation System (CMAM-DAS) for the years 2006–2008 are analyzed to obtain the global structure and seasonal variability of the semidiurnal tide (SDT) in the mesosphere. The modeled amplitudes and phases of the SDTs at single stations from middle/high northern latitudes are quite similar to those observed by radars. The primary nonmigrating tides identified in both the meridional wind and zonal wind semidiurnal spectra at 88 km include the westward propagating wave numbers s = 1 (SW1), 3 (SW3), 4 (SW4), 6 (SW6), the standing s = 0 (S0), and the eastward propagating s = 2 (SE2). The migrating SDT (SW2) amplitude maxima usually occur at 40°N–60°N during December–February and August–September, and also at 40°S–60°S in April–May, with the dominance of (2, 4) during October–April and (2, 3) and (2, 5) dominance for other months. The CMAM-DAS is quite successful in reproducing the dominance of SW1 in the Antarctic summer mesosphere. The modeled SW1 shows very good overall agreement in both amplitude and phase with wind measurements from UARS High Resolution Doppler Imager and Wind Imaging Interferometer (UARS-HRDI/WINDII) and from TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI). The CMAM-DAS analyses for SW3, SW4, SW6, and S0 are also in reasonable agreement with those determined from the HRDI/WINDII or TIDI wind measurements. This work provides further evidence for the tidal forcing from below.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; atmosfærisk tidevann; geofysikk; meteorologi

The intraseasonal variability of winter semester surface air temperature in Antarctica - Yu, Lejiang; Zhang, Zhanhai; Zhou, Mingyu; Zhong, Shiyuan; Sun, Bo; Hsu, Hsiaoming; Gao, Zhiqiu; Wu, Huiding; Ban, Junmei (Polar Research, 2011)
This study investigates systematically the intraseasonal variability of surface air temperature over Antarctica by applying empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, US Department of Energy, Reanalysis 2 data set for the period of 1979 through 2007. The results reveal the existence of two major intraseasonal oscillations of surface temperature with periods of 26 - 30 days and 14 days during the Antarctic winter season in the region south of 60°S. The first EOF mode shows a nearly uniform spatial pattern in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean associated with the Antarctic Oscillation. The mode-1 intraseasonal variability of the surface temperature leads that of upper atmosphere by one day with the largest correlation at 300-hPa level geopotential heights. The intraseasonal variability of the mode-1 EOF is closely related to the variations of surface net longwave radiation the total cloud cover over Antarctica. The other major EOF modes reveal the existence of eastward propagating phases over the Southern Ocean and marginal region in Antarctica. The leading two propagating modes respond to Pacific-South American modes. Meridional winds induced by the wave train from the tropics have a direct influence on the surface air temperature over the Southern Ocean and the marginal region of the Antarctic continent. Keywords: Antarctic climate, surface air temperature, intraseasonal variability, Antarctic Oscillation.
Keywords: Antarktis; forskning; klima; lufttemperatur

Sydpolsekspedisjonen 1910-1912 - Amundsen, Roald (Frammuseet, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

The South Pole expedition 1910-1912 - Amundsen, Roald (Frammuseet, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Roald Amundsen; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Roald Amundsens sydpolsferd (1910-1912) = Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition (1910-1912) - Amundsen, Roald; Diesen, Jan Anders; Lund, Harald Østgaard (Norsk filminstitutt, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Norge; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dokumentarfilmer; ekspedisjonsfilmer; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Race for the South Pole : the expedition diaries of Scott and Amundsen - Amundsen, Roald; Scott, Robert Falcon; Bjaaland, Olav; Huntford, Roland (Continuum, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; ekspedisjoner; historie; kjeldeskrift; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polferder

East Antarctic snow accumulation changes - Anschütz, Helgard; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Müller, Karsten; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Albert, Mary (Ice and climate news, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi

Patterns of variation of serum oxidative stress markers in two seabird species - Costantini, David; Bonadonna, Francesco (Polar Research, 2010)
Variation in oxidative stress markers in natural populations may provide a useful background for understanding variation in life history strategies. In this study, we seek to evaluate patterns of variation in levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (markers of oxidative damage), serum antioxidant capacity, and serum concentration of thiols (antioxidants endogenously synthesized) in nestling and breeding blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea) and in breeding Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata). Male and female prions and nestling petrels did not differ in any of the oxidative stress markers. The serum antioxidant capacity positively correlated with the sample time in nestling blue petrels. Breeding petrels with higher body condition index had higher serum antioxidant capacity and circulating thiols. Finally, both seabird species showed lower levels of reactive oxygen metabolites and higher levels of serum antioxidant capacity than previously studied bird species.
Keywords: Antarktis; marin biologi; ornitologi; petreller; reproduksjon; sjøfugler; zoologi; økologi

Holocene Antarctic climate variability from ice and marine sediment cores: insights on ocean-atmosphere interaction - Divine, Dmitry; Koç, Nalân; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Nielsen, Simon H; Crosta, Xavier; Godtliebsen, Fred (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2010)
Holocene climate variability in the southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic is assessed and quantified through integration of available marine sediment core and Antarctic ice core data. We use summer sea surface temperature (SSST) and sea ice presence (SIP) reconstructions from two marine sediment cores recovered north (50 °S) and south (53.2 °S) of the present day Antarctic Polar Front (APF), as well as an atmospheric temperature and sea ice proxy from the EPICA ice core from Dronning Maud Land (EDML). We find reasonably good agreement in the timing of climate evolution in the analyzed series. Almost all records show a gradual glacial-to-Holocene climate transition, interrupted by the Antarctic cold reversal around 13 000 cal yr BP, and early Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) at about 11 000 cal yr BP. During the early HCO, the seasonal ice cover retreats to south of 53 °S; it then readvances in the course of the mid- to late Holocene. The maximum winter sea ice edge position during the recent 10 000 years varied mainly within 51–53 °S, with sporadic growth to north of 50 °S, a position similar to that during the last glacial. The onset of the Neoglacial period after ca 4000 yr BP is associated with a steepening of the SSST gradient between the marine core sites, strengthening of the westerlies and cooling in the inland ice sheet. The agreement in timing between elevated SSST during the early HCO and decreased deuterium excess in EDML and other ice cores from different locations in the East Antarctic suggests that the retreat of sea ice during the early HCO and weakening of the APF was a general feature of the East Antarctic climate during that time.
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; glasiologi; holocene; iskjerner; klimaendringer; oseanografi; paleoklimatologi

Guest editorial—the 1959 Antarctic Treaty: reflecting on the 50th anniversary of a landmark agreement - Dodds, Klaus (Polar Research, 2010)
Commemorating a particular anniversary is always an arbitrary affair, an act of whimsy. After all, why acknowledge the 50th anniversary of someone or some event as opposed to the 48th? In terms of birthdays, we tend to celebrate each year as another rite of human passage. However, when it comes to events such as wars and diplomatic encounters, the media and political commentators like more substantial blocks of time: 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 100th anniversaries are particularly noteworthy. The year 2009 has proven no different in terms of representing a temporal marker for the 50th anniversary of the signing of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. In December 2009 a so-called Antarctic Treaty Summit was held in Washington, D.C. to take advantage of not only such a milestone, but also “to highlight lessons learned about international governance ‘with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind’ ” (Antarctic Treaty Summit 2009, emphasis added).
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; historie; internasjonal samarbeid; politikk

Review of Legacies and change in polar sciences: historical, legal and political reflections on the International Polar Year, edited by JM Shadian & M Tennberg - Dodds, Klaus (Polar Research, 2010)
The International Polar Year (IPY) of 2007–09 was an international scientific enterprise that encompassed all polar regions, and built on the legacies bequeathed by earlier endeavours stretching back to the late 19th century. The first such venture was initiated in 1882–83, the second was in 1932–33 and the last, the International Geophysical Year (IGY), occurred in 1957–58, and involved thousands of scientists working inter alia in the polar continent. Activity in the Arctic, for geopolitical reasons, was rather more limited, and was certainly not epitomized by free and unfettered scientific investigation. Sponsored by the International Council for Science, the most recent IPY was noteworthy for its explicit bi-polar focus, and its integration of the humanities and social sciences with the physical and environmental sciences. The role of indigenous communities was also notable in Arctic-based projects, a development that would have been inconceivable during the IGY. As with the IGY, however, a spectacular event in one of the theatres of scientific interest grabbed world headlines: in 1957 it was Sputnik orbiting the Earth, and in 2007 it was a Russian submersible planting a flag on the bottom of the central Arctic Ocean basin.
Keywords: Antarktis; Det internasjonale geofysiske år (IGY); bokanmeldelser; forskning; geopolitikk; internasjonal; polarområdene; samarbeid; vitenskap

A New Approach for Exploring Ice Sheets and Sub-Ice Geology - Eisen, Olaf; Hofstede, Coen; Miller, Heinrich; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Blenkner, Rick; Lambrecht, Astrid; Mayer, Christoph (Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; geologi; innlandsis; seismologi

Neogene biochronology of Antarctic diatoms: A comparison between two quantitative approaches, CONOP and UAgraph - Galster, Federico; Guex, Jean; Hammer, Oyvind (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2010)
A quantitative biochronological study by Cody et al. (2008) integrates comprehensive diatom biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and tephrostratigraphy from 32 Neogene sections around the Southern Ocean and Antarctic continental margin. A recent method, known as Constrained Optimization (CONOP), which can be viewed as a multidimensional version of graphic correlation, is applied to that very interesting database. The goal of the present paper is to discuss some theoretical aspects of quantitative biochronology and to compare the constrained optimization with the deterministic method called Unitary Associations (UAM), a graph theoretical model. We illustrate the fact that the UAM is an extremely powerful and unique theory allowing an in-depth analysis of the internal conflicting inter-taxon stratigraphic relationships, inherent to any complex biostratigraphical database.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; biokronologi; diatomeer; paleogeografi; paleoklimatologi; paleontologi; paleoøkologi

"Det må gå!" : en kulturhistorisk studie av hvalfangerhustruer i Vestfold 1930-1968 - Garmel, Hanne; Gustavsson, Anders (Universitetet i Oslo, 2010)
I denne masteroppgaven har jeg med utgangspunkt i kvinner bosatt i og rundt Sandefjord kommune i Vestfold, sett nærmere på kvinnenes side av hvalfangsthistorien, og undersøkt hvordan hvalfangernes hustruer opplevde hverdagen med og uten ektemennene ved sin side under den pelagiske hvalfangsten i tidsrommet 1930-1968. Oppgavens hovedproblemstilling, ”hvalfangerhustruer, en gruppe sterke kvinner?” er inspirert av moderne kjønnsteori og kjønnsforskning, og stiller spørsmålstegn ved flere sentrale påstander i den eneste andre boken om hvalfangerhustruene i Vestfold, nemlig høyskolelæreren og forfatteren Jorunn Vesterlids bok Hvalfangerkoner og barn forteller fra 1992. Oppgaven er videre en kvalitativ studie, og bygger i hovedsak på muntlige kilder. Hovedkildene er egne intervjuer med tidligere hvalfangerhustruer og en hvalfanger, i tillegg til minnematerialet etter Jorunn Vesterlid, som også består av intervjuer med forhenværende hvalfangerhustruer. I tillegg består oppgavens kildegrunnlag av et supplerende kildemateriale som blant annet består av en privat brevsamling, foto og avisutklipp. Oppgaven består av totalt fire analysekapitler, som på ulike måter belyser og besvarer problemstillingen. I det første kapittelet ser jeg nærmere på hvalfangerhustruenes arbeid, og studerer både arbeidet til hvalfangerhustruene som bodde på gård, og arbeidet til hvalfangerhustruer som bodde i byen eller tettbygde strøk. Sentrale spørsmål er hvorvidt hvalfangerhustruenes arbeid skilte seg fra øvrige, samtidige kvinners arbeid, samt om mennenes fravær førte til at kvinnene fikk større ansvar. Denne diskusjonen fortsettes i kapittel tre, hvor jeg diskuterer kvinnenes arbeid og hverdagsliv under andre verdenskrig. I kapittel fire tar jeg for meg hvalfangerhustruenes fritid, og undersøker om de tilbrakte mye tid sammen under mennenes fravær, en diskusjon som igjen belyser hvorvidt kvinnene opplevde at de var del av en spesiell gruppe, eller et kollektiv som hvalfangerhustruer. Det siste analysekapittelet omhandler kvinnenes følelser, og jeg spør hvordan det var å leve med en ektemann som var fraværende store deler av året, og som i tillegg hadde et tidvis farlig yrke. På bakgrunn av analysen har jeg kommet frem til en hovedkonklusjon, hvor jeg hevder at hvalfangerhustruene nødvendigvis ikke var sterkere enn andre kvinner, men at de som følge av mennenes fravær likevel måtte takle så vel et utvidet ansvar som ekstra utfordringer. Jeg finner heller ikke at det medfører riktighet å omtale hvalfangerhustruene som en egen gruppe kvinner til enhver tid, til tross for at det forekom anledninger hvor kvinnene opplevde så vel liknende erfaringer som samhold.
Keywords: Antarktis; Vestfold; hvalfangst; kulturhistorie; kvinner

Polarskipet Antarctics stolte historie. Del 2 - Goldberg, Fred (Polarboken, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; historie; logistikk

Evaluating CERES angular distribution models for snow using surface reflectance observations from the East Antarctic Plateau - Hudson, Stephen R; Kato, Seiji; Warren, Stephen G (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010)
Clouds and the Earth's radiant energy system (CERES) is a satellite-based remote sensing system designed to monitor the Earth's radiation budget. In this paper we examine uncertainties in the angular distribution models (ADMs) used by CERES over permanently snow covered surfaces with clear skies. These ADMs are a key part of the CERES data processing algorithms, used to convert the observed upwelling radiance to an estimate of the upwelling hemispheric flux. We model top-of-atmosphere anisotropic reflectance factors using an atmospheric radiative transfer model with a lower boundary condition based on extensive reflectance observations made at Dome C, Antarctica. The model results and subsequent analysis show that the CERES operational clear-sky permanent-snow ADMs are appropriate for use over Dome C, with differences of less than 5% between the model results and the ADMs at most geometries used by CERES operationally. We show that the uncertainty introduced into the flux estimates through the use of the modeled radiances used in the ADM development is small when the fluxes are averaged over time and space. Finally, we show that variations in the angular distribution of radiance at the top of the atmosphere due to atmospheric variability over permanently snow covered regions are in most cases unlikely to mask the real variations in flux caused by these atmospheric variations.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; fjernmåling; klima; meteorologi; observasjoner; snø; solstråling

A comparison of shortwave reflectance over the East Antarctic Plateau observed by CERES to that estimated from surface reflectance observations - Hudson, Stephen R; Warren, Stephen G; Kato, Seiji (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010)
Spectral albedo and bidirectional reflectance of snow were measured at Dome C on the East Antarctic Plateau for wavelengths of 350–2400 nm and solar zenith angles of 52°–87°. A parameterization of bidirectional reflectance, based on those measurements, is used as the lower boundary condition in the atmospheric radiation model SBDART to calculate radiance and flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The model's atmospheric profile is based on radiosoundings at Dome C and ozonesoundings at the South Pole. Computed TOA radiances are integrated over wavelength for comparison with the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) shortwave channel. CERES radiance observations and flux estimates from four clear days in January 2004 and January 2005 from within 200 km of Dome C are compared with the TOA radiances and fluxes computed for the same solar zenith angle and viewing geometry, providing 11,000 comparisons. The measured radiance and flux are lower than the computed values. The median difference is about 7% for CERES on Terra, and 9% on Aqua. Sources of uncertainty in the model and observations are examined in detail and suggest that the measured values should be less than the computed values, but only by 1.7% ± 4%. The source of the discrepancy of about 6% cannot be identified here; however, the modeled values do agree with observations from another satellite instrument (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer), suggesting that the CERES calibration must be considered a possible source of the discrepancy.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; fjernmåling; meteorologi; observasjoner; solstråling

Heat conservation during cold exposure in birds (vasomotor and respiratory implications) - Johansen, Kjell; Bech, Claus (Polar Research, 2010)
The mechanisms by :vhich peripheral circulation and respiration serve in maintaining thermal homeostasis in birds living in cold climates are reviewed. Three types of arteriovenous heat exchanger (an elaborate rete, asimple rete, and a venue comirantes system) are found in the legs of birds. The anatomical differences between the different types of A-V associations are described, and the regulation of peripheral blood flow, in respect to maximal heat conservation and prevention of tissue damage, is discussed. A nasal temporal counter current heat exchanger, lowering the temperature of the expired air to values considerably below the body temperature, is the most important mechanism for minimizing the respiratory heat and water loss. In addition, a decreased ventilatory requirement, caused by a changed respiratory pattern and an increased parabronchial oxygen extraction, lowers the amount of air ventilated relative to the amount of oxygen uptake. Thus, the relative loss of heat and water is reduced.
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; kuldeeksponering; kuldetoleranse; ornitologi; zoofysiologi; zoologi

Antarctic pioneers : the voyage of the Belgica 1879-99 - Kløver, Geir O (Red.) (The Fram Museum, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica (skip); Roald Amundsen; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; vitenskap

Antarctic clouds - Lachlan-Cope, Tom (Polar Research, 2010)
Sensitivity studies with global climate models show that, by their influence on the radiation balance, Antarctic clouds play a major role in the climate system, both directly at high southern latitudes and indirectly globally, as the local circulation changes lead to global teleconnections. Unfortunately, observations of cloud distribution in the Antarctic are limited and often of low quality because of the practical difficulty in observing clouds in the harsh Antarctic environment. The best surface observations suggest that the fractional cloud cover at the South Pole is around 50–60% in all seasons, whereas the cloud cover rises to around 80–90% close to the coast of the continent. Microphysical observations of cloud parameters are also very sparse in the Antarctic. However, the few measurements that do exist show predominantly ice-crystal clouds across the interior, with mixed-phase clouds close to the coasts. Crystal sizes vary from 5 to 30 mm (effective radius) in the interior to somewhat larger ice crystals and water drops near the coast. A wide range of crystal shapes is observed at all sites. This review considers the available cloud observations and highlights the importance of Antarctic clouds and the need for better observations in the future.
Keywords: Antarktis; klimatologi; meteorologi; observasjoner; satellitt bilder; skyer

An 860 km surface mass-balance profile on the East Antarctic plateau derived by GPR - Müller, Karsten; Sinisalo, Anna; Anschütz, Helgard; Hamran, Svein-Erik; Hagen, Jon-Ove; McConnell, Joseph R; Pasteris, Daniel R (Annals of Glaciology, 2010)
Snow accumulation and its variability on the East Antarctic plateau are poorly understood due to sparse and regionally confined measurements. We present a 5.3 GHz (C-band) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profile with a total length of 860 km recovered during the joint Norwegian–US International Polar Year traverse 2007/08. Mean surface mass balance (SMB) over the last 200 years was derived from the GPR data by identifying the volcanic deposition of the Tambora eruption in 1815. It varies between 9.1 and 37.7 kg m−2 a−1 over the profile, with a mean of 23.7 kg m−2 a−1 and a standard deviation of 4.7 kg m−2 a−1. The 200 year SMB estimated is significantly lower than most of the SMB estimates over shorter time periods in this region. This can be partly explained by a SMB minimum in the vicinity of the ice divide. However, it is more likely that a recent increase in SMB observed by several studies is largely responsible for the observed discrepancy.
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

Glacier advance in southern middle-latitudes during the Antarctic Cold Reversal - Putnam, Aaron E.; Denton, George H.; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Barrell, David J. A.; Andersen, Bjørn G.; Finkel, Robert C.; Schwartz, Roseanne; Doughty, Alice M.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Schlüchter, Christian (Nature Geoscience, 2010)
The geographic extent of cooling associated with the Antarctic Cold Reversal is unclear. Dating of glacial moraines in New Zealand suggests that the cooling extended into the southern mid-latitudes, possibly as a result of the northward migration of the southern subtropical front.
Keywords: Antarktis; deglasiasjon; holocene; kryosfæren; paleoglasiologi; paleoklimatologi

Land and sea-ice properties in Antarctica: bridging the gap between the ground and satellite measurements in the western Ross Sea region - Rack, Wolfgang; Langhorne, Pat; Haas, Christian; Clavano, Wendy; Gough, Alex; Kruetzmann, Nikolai; Pinchin, James; Riger-Kusk, Mette (Ice and climate news, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; isshelf

A frozen field of dreams : science, strategy, and the Antarctic in Norway, Sweden, and the British empire, 1912-1952 : a dissertation submitted to the Department of History and the Committee on graduate studies of Stanford University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy - Roberts, Peder (Peder William Chellew Roberts, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; politikk

Antarktistraktatens effekt på norsk politikk 1959-2009: fra polarimperium på sparebluss til nye utfordringer - og ny giv? - Skagestad, Odd Gunnar (Norsk militært tidsskrift, 2010)
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Antarctic troposphere - Stohl, Andreas; Sodemann, Harald (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010)
We have developed a 5.5 year climatology of atmospheric transport into the Antarctic troposphere, which uses the same data set and methods as described in a recent study for the Arctic. This allows direct comparisons of transport properties for the two polar regions. The climatology is based on a simulation with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, where the model atmosphere was globally filled with particles. Transport characteristics as well as emission sensitivities were derived from 6 hourly particle positions. We found that the probability for near-surface air to originate from the stratosphere on a time scale of 10 days is an order of magnitude higher near the South Pole than near the North Pole, a result of higher topography and descent that partly compensates for the flow of air down the Antarctic Plateau with the katabatic winds. The stratospheric influence is largest in fall, which is opposite to the seasonality in the Arctic. Stratospheric influence is much smaller over the shelf ice regions and in a band around Antarctica. The average time for which air near the surface has been exposed to continuous darkness in July (continuous light in January) is longest over the Ronne Ice Shelf and Ross Ice Shelf at ∼11 days (20 days). We calculated how sensitive Antarctic air masses are to emission input up to 30 days before arriving in Antarctica if removal processes are ignored. The emission sensitivity shows strong meridional gradients and, as a result, is generally low over South America, Africa, and Australia. For a 10 day time scale, the largest emission sensitivities over these continents are 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than over Eurasia for transport to the Arctic, showing that foreign continents have a much smaller potential to pollute the Antarctic than the Arctic troposphere. Emission sensitivities and derived black carbon (BC) source contributions over South America, Africa, and Australia are substantially (a factor 10 for Africa) larger in winter than in summer. In winter, biomass burning contributes more BC than anthropogenic sources. For typical aerosol lifetimes of 5–10 days, ship emissions south of 60°S account for half of the total BC concentrations in the lowest 1000 m of the atmosphere south of 70°S in December. The increasing number of tourists visiting Antarctica and fishing vessels operating close to Antarctica are, therefore, a matter of concern.
Keywords: Antarktis; cruiseturisme; forurensning; klimatologi; polarområdene; stratosfæren; utslipp

Roald Amundsen: Conqueror of the South Pole - Thyvold, Hans Olav (Font forl., 2010)
ROALD AMUNDSEN (1872-1928), norsk oppdager, polfarer og nasjonalhelt. Det første mennesket som fant og seilte gjennom Nordvestpassasjen, og førstemann til å sette fot på Sydpolen. Norges nasjonalarv er en serie gjennomillustrerte bøker som presenterer våre viktigste og mest kjente nasjonale ikoner. De enkeltstående bøkene tar for seg betydelige skikkelser innenfor kunst og litteratur, vitenskap, idrett og samfunnsliv, men også landets mange naturperler, samt sentrale historiske epoker og kulturuttrykk. Hver for seg gir bøkene en oppdatert innføring for lesere som vil gjøre seg bedre kjent med et gitt tema.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; polarhistorie

Roald Amundsen: Conqueror of the South Pole - Thyvold, Hans Olav; Cowlishaw, J Basil (Font forl., 2010)
ROALD AMUNDSEN (1872-1928), a Norwegian polar explorer and national hero. The first man to find and sail through the North-West Passage, and the first to set foot on the South Pole. NORWEGIAN HERITAGE is a series of illustrated books about our most important and best-known national icons. The respective titles introduce major personalities from the worlds of art and literature, science and sports, but also the many natural wonders of the country, as well as significant historical periods and cultural expressions. Each book offers an updated introduction to readers who wish to familiarize themselves with a given subject.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; polarhistorie

A consistent data set of Antarctic ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and global bathymetry - Timmermann, Ralph; Le Brocq, Anne M; Deen, Tara J; Domack, Eugene W; Dutrieux, Pierre; Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K; Hellmer, Hartmut H; Humbert, Angelika; Jansen, Daniela; Jenkins, Adrian; Lambrecht, Astrid; Makinson, Keith; et al. (Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2010)
Sub-ice shelf circulation and freezing/melting rates in ocean general circulation models depend critically on an accurate and consistent representation of cavity geometry. Existing global or pan-Antarctic data sets have turned out to contain various inconsistencies and inaccuracies. The goal of this work is to compile in- dependent regional fields into a global data set. We use the S-2004 global 1-minute bathymetry as the backbone and add an improved version of the BEDMAP topography (ALBMAP bedrock topography) for an area that roughly coincides with the Antarctic continental shelf. The position of the merging line is individually chosen in different sectors in order to get the best out of each data set. High resolution gridded data for upper and lower ice surface topographies and cavity geometry of the Amery, Fimbul, Filchner-Ronne, Larsen C and George VI Ice Shelves, and for Pine Island Glacier are carefully merged into the ambient ice and ocean topographies. Multibeam survey data for bathymetry in the former Larsen B cavity and the southeastern Bellingshausen Sea have been obtained from the data centers of Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), gridded, and blended into the existing bathymetry map. The resulting global 1-minute topography data set (RTopo-1) contains maps for upper and lower ice surface heights, bedrock bathymetry, and consistent masks for open ocean, grounded ice, floating ice, and bare land surface.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; batymetri; glasiologi; havbunnen; topografi

Biogeochemical weathering under ice: Size matters - Wadham, Jemma L; Tranter, Martyn; Skidmore, Mark; Hodson, Andy; Priscu, John C; Lyons, W Berry; Sharp, Martin; Wynn, Peter; Jackson, Miriam (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2010)
The basal regions of continental ice sheets are gaps in our current understanding of the Earth's biosphere and biogeochemical cycles. We draw on existing and new chemical data sets for subglacial meltwaters to provide the first comprehensive assessment of sub-ice sheet biogeochemical weathering. We show that size of the ice mass is a critical control on the balance of chemical weathering processes and that microbial activity is ubiquitous in driving dissolution. Carbonate dissolution fueled by sulfide oxidation and microbial CO2 dominate beneath small valley glaciers. Prolonged meltwater residence times and greater isolation characteristic of ice sheets lead to the development of anoxia and enhanced silicate dissolution due to calcite saturation. We show that sub-ice sheet environments are highly geochemically reactive and should be considered in regional and global solute budgets. For example, calculated solute fluxes from Antarctica (72–130 t yr−1) are the same order of magnitude as those from some of the world's largest rivers and rates of chemical weathering (10–17 t km−2 yr−1) are high for the annual specific discharge (2.3–4.1 × 10−3 m). Our model of chemical weathering dynamics provides important information on subglacial biodiversity and global biogeochemical cycles and may be used to design strategies for the first sampling of Antarctic Subglacial Lakes and other sub-ice sheet environments for the next decade.
Keywords: Antarktis; biogeokjemi; biosfære; brehylle; glasiologi; innlandsis; isbrem; isshelf; subglasial biodiversitet; subglasial innsjø

Seismic and radar investigations of Fourcade Glacier on King George Island, Antarctica - Young Kim, Ki; Lee, Joohan; Ho Hong, Myung; Kuk Hong, Jong; Keun Jin, Young; Shon, Howong (Polar Research, 2010)
To determine P- and S-wave velocities, elastic properties and subglacial topography of the polythermal Fourcade Glacier, surface seismic and radar surveys were conducted along a 470-m profile in November 2006. P- and S-wave velocity structures were determined by travel-time tomography and inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion curves, respectively. The average P- and S-wave velocities of ice are 3466 and 1839 m s-1, respectively. Radar velocities were obtained by migration velocity analysis of 112 diffraction events. An estimate of 920 kg m-3 for the bulk density of wet ice corresponds to water contents of 5.1 and 3.2%, which were derived from the average P-wave and radar velocities, respectively. Using this density and the average P- and S-wave velocities, we estimate that the corresponding incompressibility and rigidity of the ice are 6.925 and 3.119 GPa, respectively. Synergistic interpretation of the radar profile and P- and S-wave velocities indicates the presence of a fracture zone above a subglacial high. Here, the P- and S-wave velocities are approximately 5 and 3% less than in the ice above a subglacial valley, respectively. The S-wave velocities indicate that warmer and less rigid ice underlies 10–15 m of colder ice near the surface of the glacier. Such layering is characteristic of polythermal glaciers. As a relatively simple non-invasive approach, integration of P-wave tomography, Rayleigh wave inversion and ground-towed radar is effective for various glaciological studies, including the elastic properties of englacial and subglacial materials, cold/warm ice interfaces, topography of a glacier bed and location of fracture zones.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; glasiologi; isbre; radarundersøkelse; seismisk undersøkelse; subglasial; tomografi; topografi

Isostatic stability of the East Antarctic station Dumont d’Urville from long-term geodetic observations and geophysical models - Amalvict, Martine; Willis, Pascal; Wöppelmann, Guy; Ivins, Erik R.; Bouin, Marie-Noëlle; Testut, Laurent; Hinderer, Jacques (Polar Research, 2009)
Geodetic measurements of the vertical crustal displacement collocated with absolute gravity changes provide a discriminatory measurement of present-day glacial changes, versus more deeply seated rock motions caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). At the East Antarctic station of Dumont d’Urville, we compare the displacements derived from continuous DORIS (1993.0– 2006.0) and Global Positioning System (GPS) (1999.0–2005.7) data, and observed changes in absolute gravity (2000–2006), with the predicted vertical displacement and change in gravity from GIA modelling. The geodetic results have mutual self-consistency, suggest station stability and provide upper bounds on both GIA and secular ice mass changes. The GIA models tend to predict amplitudes of rock motion larger than those observed, and we conclude that this part of Antarctica is probably experiencing a slight gain in ice mass, in contrast to West Antarctica.
Keywords: Antarktis; breendringer; geodesi; geofysikk; innlandsis; tidevannsmålinger

Belgicaekspedisjonen 1897-1899 : den første overvintring i Antarktis - Amundsen, Roald; Kløver, Geir O. (Red.) (Frammuseet, 2009)
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica (skip); Roald Amundsen; Sydpolen; dagbok; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; vitenskap

East Antarctic snow accumulation changes - Anschütz, Helgard; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Müller, Karsten; Albert, Mary (Polar Research in Tromsø, 2009)
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi

Cold recall: reflections of a polar explorer - Kløver, Geir O (Fram Museum, 2009)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; historie

Cold Recall : Reflections of a Polar Explorer - Kløver, Geir O (Red.) (The Fram Museum, 2009)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolekspedisjon; oppdagelsesreiser

Ice-ocean processes over the continental shelf of the southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica: A review - Nicholls, Keith W.; Østerhus, Svein; Makinson, Keith; Gammelsrød, Tor; Fahrbach, Eberhard (Reviews of Geophysics, 2009)
Interactions between the Southern Ocean and the Weddell Sea ice shelves are important both to the Antarctic Ice Sheet and to the production of globally significant water masses. Here we review the interaction between the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and the shelf sea in which it floats. The continental shelf processes leading to the production of Weddell Sea deep and bottom waters from the original off-shelf source waters are discussed, and a new view is offered of the initial production of High-Salinity Shelf Water. Data from ship-based measurements at the ice front, from glaciological methods, and from measurements made within the sub–ice shelf cavity itself are used to describe the pattern of flows beneath the ice shelf. We also consider the variability observed within the cavity from tidal to interannual time scales and finish with a discussion of future research priorities in the region.
Keywords: AABW; Antarktis; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; innlandsis; isfront; isshelf; oseanografi; vannmasser

Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten: hva var Norges linje? - Skagestad, Odd Gunnar (Norsk militært tidsskrift, 2009)
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

Suverenitet, jurisdiksjon og samarbeid: Antarktistraktaten – forutsetninger og innhold - Skagestad, Odd Gunnar (Norsk statsvitenskapelig tidsskrift, 2009)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

Asymmetries in the moisture origin of Antarctic precipitation - Sodemann, Harald; Stohl, Andreas (Geophysical Research Letters, 2009)
The seasonality of moisture sources for precipitation in Antarctica is studied with a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic. Moisture origin for precipitation in Antarctica has strongly asymmetric properties, which are related to the Antarctic topography, seasonal sea ice coverage, and the land/ocean contrasts in the mid-latitudes of the southern hemisphere. The highest altitudes of the East Antarctic ice shield, where major ice cores have been drilled, have mean source latitudes of 45–40°S year-round. This finding contrasts to results from previous Lagrangian studies which detected a more southerly moisture origin due to too short trajectories. Now, results from Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics are consistent with findings from general circulation models with tagged tracers. Thus, both approaches can serve as a common benchmark for the interpretation of moisture source indicators based on stable isotopes, such as deuterium excess, in Antarctic ice cores.
Keywords: Antarktis; klimatologi; meteorologi; nedbør

Contrasting climate change in the two polar regions - Turner, John; Overland, Jim (Polar Research, 2009)
The two polar regions have experienced remarkably different climatic changes in recent decades. The Arctic has seen a marked reduction in sea-ice extent throughout the year, with a peak during the autumn. A new record minimum extent occurred in 2007, which was 40% below the long-term climatological mean. In contrast, the extent of Antarctic sea ice has increased, with the greatest growth being in the autumn. There has been a large-scale warming across much of the Arctic, with a resultant loss of permafrost and a reduction in snow cover. The bulk of the Antarctic has experienced little change in surface temperature over the last 50 years, although a slight cooling has been evident around the coast of East Antarctica since about 1980, and recent research has pointed to a warming across West Antarctica. The exception is the Antarctic Peninsula, where there has been a winter (summer) season warming on the western (eastern) side. Many of the different changes observed between the two polar regions can be attributed to topographic factors and land/sea distribution. The location of the Arctic Ocean at high latitude, with the consequently high level of solar radiation received in summer, allows the icealbedo feedback mechanism to operate effectively. The Antarctic ozone hole has had a profound effect on the circulations of the high latitude ocean and atmosphere, isolating the continent and increasing the westerly winds over the Southern Ocean, especially during the summer and winter.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; havis; klimaendringer; klimatologi; ozonhull; ozonlaget; polarområdene; sjøis

Sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological evidence for a neoglacial cold event during the late Holocene in the continental shelf of the northern South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica - Yoo, Kyu-Cheul; Yoon, Ho Il; Kim, Jin-Kyung; Khim, Boo-Keun (Polar Research, 2009)
Two sediment cores obtained from the continental shelf of the northern South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, consist of: an upper unit of silty mud, bioturbated by a sluggish current, and a lower unit of well-sorted, laminated silty mud, attributed to an intensified Polar Slope Current. Geochemical and accelerator mass spectrometry 14C analyses yielded evidence for a late Holocene increase in sea-ice extent and a decrease in phytoplankton productivity, inferred from a reduction in the total organic carbon content and higher C : N ratios, at approximately 330 years B.P., corresponding to the Little Ice Age. Prior to this, the shelf experienced warmer marine conditions, with greater phytoplankton productivity, inferred from a higher organic carbon content and C : N ratios in the lower unit. The reduced abundance of Weddell Sea ice-edge bloom species (Chaetoceros resting spores, Fragilariopsis curta and Fragilariopsis cylindrus) and stratified cold-water species (Rhizosolenia antennata) in the upper unit was largely caused by the colder climate. During the cold period, the glacial restriction between the Weddell Sea and the shelf of the northern South Shetland Islands apparently hindered the influx of ice-edge bloom species from the Weddell Sea into the core site. The relative increases in the abundance of Actinocyclus actinochilus and Navicula glaciei, indigenous to the coastal zone of the South Shetland Islands, probably reflects a reduction in the dilution of native species, resulting from the diminished influx of the ice-edge species from the Weddell Sea. We also document the recent reduction of sea-ice cover in the study area in response to recent warming along the Antarctic Peninsula.
Keywords: Antarktis; Den lille istid; Vestantarktis; Weddellhavet; diatomeer; fytoplankton; geokjemi; havis; klimaendringer; klimatologi; kontinentalsokkel; marin biologi; mikropaleontologi; oseanografi; sedimenter; sedimentologi; sjøis

Self-scattering of a powerful HF radio wave on stimulated ionospheric turbulence - Zalizovski, Andriy; Kashcheyev, S B; Yampolski, Y M; Galushko, V G; Belyey, Vasyl; Isham, B; Rietveld, M T; La Hoz, C; Brekke, A; Blagoveshchenskaya, N F; Kornienko, V A (Radio Science, 2009)
An analysis is presented of high-frequency (HF) signals from the European Incoherent Scatter HF ionospheric modification transmitter received during 26–30 October 2002 at three sites, two in Europe and one in Antarctica. Two components with different characteristics (“mirror-reflected” and “scattered”) were observed in the signal spectra. The mirror-reflected component can be associated with radiation through the side lobes of the transmitting antenna thus bypassing the modified volume on its way to the receiving sites. In contrast, the scattered component was radiated through the main antenna beam and then scattered by pump-induced ionospheric irregularities above the heater. As a result, variations in the scattered component signal intensity and Doppler frequency shifts (DFS) recorded at the greatly separated sites showed a high level of correlation. It is shown that the Doppler frequency variations can be associated with variations in the plasma density and/or physical motion velocities of stimulated inhomogeneities within the volume common to all propagation paths. Analysis of Doppler frequency shifts at greatly separated sites would allow identifying the mechanism responsible for the self-scattering effect. In the case of DFSs due to motion of the pump-induced scatterers it would be also possible to reconstruct the full velocity vector of the inhomogeneities.
Keywords: Antarktis; astronomi; fysikk; ionosfæren; polarområdene

[Im kyank’y vorpes beverrayin hetazotogh] - Amundsen, Roald; Movsisyaně, Suren (Toner, 2008)
Keywords: Antarktis; biografi; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Historical Polar bases - preservation and management - Barr, Susan (red.); Chaplin, Paul (red.) (ICOMOS International Polar Heritage Committee, 2008)
Keywords: Antarktis; forskningsstasjoner; kulturminnevern; kulturvern; polarområdene

Review of Footsteps on the ice: the Antarctic diaries of Stuart D. Paine, Second Byrd Expedition, by M.L. Paine - Baughman, Timothy H (Polar Research, 2008)
If the reader is looking for another rehashing of one of the adventures of the “Heroic Era” of Antarctic exploration, or another reshaping of the same old material about the three or four explorers from that period who get all the attention, M.L. Paine’s Footsteps on the ice: the Antarctic diaries of Stuart D. Paine, Second Byrd Expedition is not the book for you. But if you are a serious Antarctic buff who wants to learn something new, and really get inside one of the early expeditions of the 20th century, Paine’s volume will be a compelling read.
Keywords: Antarktis; Richard Evelyn Byrd; Sydpolflyvningen; bokanmeldelser; dagbøker; ekspedisjoner; fly; luftfart; oppdagelsesreiser; polarflyving; turisme

Cenozoic Climate History from Seismic Reflection and Drilling Studies on the Antarctic Continental Margin - Cooper, Alan K; Brancolini, Giuliano; Escutia, Carlota; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Larter, Rob; Leitchenkov, German; O'Brien, Phillip; Jokat, Wilfried (Developments in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008)
Keywords: Antarktis; geomorfologi; innlandsis; isbreer; kontinentalmargin; paleoseanografi; stratigrafi