Pesca: the history of Compañia Argentina de Pesca Sociedad Anónima of Buenos Aires: an account of the pioneer modern whaling and sealing company in the Antarctic - Hart, Ian B (Aidan Ellis, 2001)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; fiskeindustri; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstnæring; hvalindustri; pelagisk; økonomi

Direct measurements reveal insignificant storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the Abyssal Weddell Sea - Hoppema, Mario; Roether, Wolfgang; Bellerby, Richard G. J.; de Baar, Hein J. W. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2001)
In the northern Weddell Gyre at the prime meridian, Total TCO2 changes in the Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) have been investigated. Following a suggestion by [Poisson and Chen, 1987], the TCO2 difference at potential temperatures of 0.2°C and −0.8°C was determined using data from 1996 and 1998. No significant difference was found to similar differences for the years 1973 and 1981 reported by Poisson and Chen. Thus, over a period of 25 years an at most minor amount of anthropogenic CO2 has penetrated into the WSBW at this location. This suggests that this abyssal subpolar region is relatively unimportant for the storage of anthropogenic CO2. The same core of WSBW exhibited a marked increase of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). For the Southern Ocean, therefore, CFCs are apparently of limited value as analogues of anthropogenic CO2, in contrast to some other ocean provinces.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; antropogenisk CO2; drivhusgasser; geofysikk; klimagasser

A high-altitude snow chemistry record from Amundsenisen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Isaksson, Elisabeth; Karlén, Wibjörn; Mayewski, Paul; Twickler, Mark; Whitlow, Sallie (Journal of Glaciology, 2001)
In this paper a detailed record of major ions from a 20 m deep firn core from Amundsenisen, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is presented. The core was drilled at 75° S, 2° E (2900 m a.s.l.) during austral summer 1991/92. The following ions were measured at 3 cm resolution: Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, S04 2− and CH3SO3H (MSA). The core was dated back to 1865 using a combination of chemical records and volcanic reference horizons. The volcanic eruptions identified in this core are Mount Ngauruhoe, New Zealand (1974–75), Mount Agung, Indonesia (1963), Azul, Argentina (1932), and a broad peak that corresponds in time toTarawera, New Zealand (1886), Falcon Island, South Shetlands, Southern Ocean (1885), and Krakatau, Indonesia (1883). There are no trends in any of the ion records, but the annual to decadal changes are large. The mean concentrations of the measured ions are in agreement with those from other high-altitude cores from the Antarctic plateau. At this core site there may be a correspondence between peaks in the MSA record and major El Niño–Southern Oscillation events.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fysisk geografi; glasiologi; iskjerner; kjemi; meteorologi

Tropospheric response to stratospheric ozone loss - Kindem, Ina T; Christiansen, Bo (Geophysical Research Letters, 2001)
The response to realistic total column ozone trends on the troposphere and the stratosphere as simulated by the ARPEGE General Circulation Model (GCM) has been investigated. In both hemispheres, the lower stratosphere cooled and the polar vortex strengthened significantly during spring/early summer. The cooling trend was weaker than the observed trend in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), but stronger than the observed trend in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). In the troposphere, the changes in geopotential height resembled the positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in the NH in March and the positive phase of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) in the SH during summer (December–February).
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; meteorologi; ozonhull; ozonlaget

Counts of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, at Bouvet Island - Kirkman, S. P.; Hofmeyr, G. J. G.; Bester, M. N.; Isaksen, K. (Polar Biology, 2001)
Southern elephant seals were counted and classified into subjective sex-age classes on a weekly basis during expeditions to Bouvet Island in the austral summers of 1996/1997 and 1998/1999. The expeditions coincided with the moulting period of elephant seals aged one year and older. The presence of weaned pups at the principal haulout site, Nyrøysa/Westwindstranda, during the latter expedition, indicates that breeding took place here during 1998. Elephant seal counts from previous expeditions are summarised.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1996/97; NARE 1998/99; marin biologi; pinnipedier; seler

Measuring snow and glacier ice properties from satellite - König, Max; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Isaksson, Elisabeth (Reviews of Geophysics, 2001)
Satellite remote sensing is a convenient tool for studying snow and glacier ice, allowing us to conduct research over large and otherwise inaccessible areas. This paper reviews various methods for measuring snow and glacier ice properties with satellite remote sensing. These methods have been improving with the use of new satellite sensors, like the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) during the last decade, leading to the development of new and powerful methods, such as SAR interferometry for glacier velocity, digital elevation model generation of ice sheets, or snow cover mapping. Some methods still try to overcome the limitations of present sensors, but future satellites will have much increased capability, for example, the ability to measure the whole optical spectrum or SAR sensors with multiple polarization or frequencies. Among the methods presented are the satellite-derived determination of surface albedo, snow extent, snow volume, snow grain size, surface temperature, glacier facies, glacier velocities, glacier extent, and ice sheet topography. In this review, emphasis is put on the principles and theory of each satellite remote sensing method. An extensive list of references, with an emphasis on studies from the 1990s, allows the reader to delve into specific topics.
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi; satellite bilder

Kval i sikte - frå fjellbygda : nokre blad or soga om kvalfangarane i Rauland og Vinje - Landsverk, Helga; Kjelingtveit, Tone Liv; Bylander, Olof; Henriksveen, Herman (Rauland historielag, 2001)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; pelagisk hvalfangst

Klimavariasjoner gjennom de siste 45 000 14C år i Weddellhavet, Antarktis - Larsen, Anne Marit Løland (Universitetet i Bergen, 2001)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; maringeologi; paleoklimatologi; sedimenter

Don Pedro : Norges mest vellykkede emigrant - Larsen, Joar Hoel (Kagge, 2001)
Keywords: Carl Anton Larsen; Nordmenn; Sørishavet; fiskeindustri; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk; økonomi

Rapid climate shifts in the southern African interior throughout the Mid to Late Holocene - Lee-Thorp, Julia; Holmgren, Karin; Lauritzen, Stein Erik; Linge, Henriette; Moberg, Anders; Partridge, Timothy C; Stevenson, Chris; Tyson Peter D. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2001)
A detailed climate proxy record based on δ18O, δ13O, and grey index of a well-dated stalagmite from Cold Air Cave in the Makapansgat Valley of north-eastern South Africa suggests that regional precipitation, temperatures and vegetation oscillated markedly and rapidly over the last ∼6500 years on centennial and multi-decadal scales. The mid-Holocene prior to 5200 years ago was humid and warm. A fundamental transition occurred 3200 years ago, leading to drier and cooler conditions that culminated at 1750 AD. Comparisons with ice core records suggest synchronous changes implicating rapid global teleconnections.
Keywords: Antarktis; arkeologi; geografi; geologi; klimaendringer; klimatologi; paleontologi

Growing Gondwana and Rethinking Rodinia: A Paleomagnetic Perspective - Meert, Joseph G. (Gondwana Research, 2001)
The formation of Gondwana during the late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian times (550-530 Ma) was traditionally viewed as the welding of two, more or less contiguous, Proterozoic continental masses called East and West Gondwana. The notion of a united West Gondwana is no longer tenable as a wealth of geochronologic and structural data indicate major orogenesis amongst its constituent cratons during the final stages of greater Gondwana assembly. The idea that East Gondwana may also have formed through the amalgamation of a collage of cratonic nuclei during the Cambrian is controversial. Recent paleomagnetic, geochronologic and structural data from elements of East Gondwana indicate that its formation may have extended well into Cambrian time. Thus, the terms ‘East’ and ‘West’ Gondwana may be relegated to convenient geographical terms rather than any connotation of tectonic coherence during the Proterozoic. In addition, the paleomagnetic data also challenge the conventional views of the Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia and the SWEAT fit. Alternative variants including Protopangea and AUSWUS are not supported by paleomagnetic data during the interval 800–700 Ma.
Keywords: Antarktis; geokronologi; geologi; paleomagnetisme

Oceanographic conditions south of Berkner Island, beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica - Nicholls, Keith William; Østerhus, Svein; Makinson, Keith; Johnson, Michaela R. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2001)
We have made oceanographic measurements at two sites beneath the southern Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Hot-water drilled access holes were made during January 1999, allowing conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiling and the deployment of instrument moorings. The CTD profiles show that the entire water column is below the surface freezing point. We estimate the (summer) flux of water between the two sites to be 2×106 m3 s−1. The summer potential temperature-salinity properties of the water column suggest that this flow is part of a recirculation in the deepest part of the subice shelf cavity and the Filchner Depression. The recirculation is driven by a combination of the melting of deep basal ice and the freezing that results from the depressurization of the cold buoyant water as it ascends the ice shelf base. The source of the water was high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) produced in the Ronne Depression. This is the water that provides the external heat necessary for the strong melting at the deep grounding lines in the vicinity of Foundation Ice Stream. Instruments moored at the drill sites show that during the winter HSSW formed on the Berkner Shelf flows beneath the ice shelf and largely displaces the recirculating water from the two sites. This provides an externally driven through flow that is warmer (nearer the surface freezing point) and slower than the internal recirculation and which is low enough in density to escape the Filchner Depression.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi

Quantitative models for reconstructing catchment ice-extent using physical-chemical characteristics of lake sediments - Noon, P.E.; Birks, H.J.B.; Jones, V.J.; Ellis-Evans, J.C. (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2001)
The physical characteristics of surface sediments from a suite of pristine lakes on Signy Island, maritime Antarctic, were used to develop a quantitative link between catchment ice-extent and lake-sediment response. Percentage dry weight, median particle size, percentage loss-on-ignition and wet density of the lakes' surface sediments were the most significant variables explaining contemporary catchment ice-extent. Two independent reconstruction models – Partial Least Squares (PLS) and a Modern Analog Technique (MAT) – were applied to dated sediment cores at two sites on Signy Island. The validity of the reconstructions was tested against historical information on catchment ice-extent. With sufficiently high sedimentation rates and sampling resolution, the models can predict sub-decadal changes in ice-extent. The model results are best regarded as indicators of erosion resulting from meltwater activity in the catchment. Comparison of results with Twentieth Century climate records affirms the hypothesis that climatic warming is the most likely cause for the ice retreat observed on Signy Island during the last 40 yrs. Similar reconstruction models using these simple sedimentary measures could be developed for analogous locations in the Antarctic and in Arctic and Alpine regions.
Keywords: Antarktis; innsjø; klimaendringer; paleolimnologi; sedimenter; økologi

Metal dynamics in an Antarctic food chain - Nygård, Torgeir; Lie, Elisabeth; Røv, Nils; Steinnes, Eiliv (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001)
The concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium, selenium and mercury were determined in eggs, muscle, liver, kidney and stomach content of nestlings and adults of the Antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica, and its predator, the south polar skua, Chataracta maccormicki, from Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The dominant food of the petrels is krill, Euphausia superba. The results show relatively high levels of cadmium in krill, which is assumed to be the main reason for the high levels of cadmium in petrels and skuas. Cadmium is almost absent in eggs, but accumulates very rapidly with age in nestlings. The copper concentrations in livers of nestling petrels reach very high levels during growth. This may be seen in connection with physiological development processes. Mercury seems to be accumulated with age and between trophic levels. Among the nestlings, the mercury levels decrease with increasing age, which may be accomplished by the excretion of mercury through the growth of feathers and as a dilution effect during growth. Selenium and mercury are inversely correlated in nestlings. The levels of zinc were similar for different nestling stages and between nestlings and adults in skuas and petrels.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; antarktispetrell; forurensning; fugler; krill; miljøgifter; næringskjede; ornitologi

Historien om skuta Vesleper - Olsen, Else Mehren (Follominne: årbok, 2001)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; historie; hvalfangst

Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia : a guide to their identification and ecology - Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Smith, Ronald Lewis (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

Phytoplankton dynamics at the ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea (Southern Ocean) during the austral summer 1994/1995 drogue study - Pakhomov, Evgeny; Ratkova, Tatjana; Froneman, Pierre W.; Wassmann, Paul (Polar Biology, 2001)
Phytoplankton dynamics in the open waters of the ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea were investigated over 12 consecutive days during a drogue study conducted in austral summer (December/January) 1994/1995. Throughout the study, the upper water column (<30 m) was stratified with a well-defined pycnocline evident. Although a subsurface intrusion of colder, more saline water into the region was recorded on days 5–9 of the experiment, its effect on the water column structure was negligible. Total surface chlorophyll a biomass doubled between days 1 and 5 (from 0.82 to 1.62 mg m–3), and then showed a tendency to stabilise, while the depth-integrated chlorophyll a standing stock displayed an increasing trend during the entire experiment. All changes in biomass were associated with an increase in microphytoplankton. Flagellates and picoplankton dominated cell counts, while diatoms composed most of the phytoplankton biovolume. Results of the study indicate that, during the period of investigation, average cell abundance decreased. Coupled with this decrease was an increase in the biovolume and average size of the phytoplankton. Phytoplankton succession was observed in the ice edge during the drogue study. Typical ice-associated species of genera Haslea, Fragilariopsis and Chaetoceros, which dominated at the beginning of study, were replaced by open-water species of genera Corethron, Dactyliosolen and Rhizosolenia. The shift in phytoplankton species composition and size can likely be related to high light intensities and grazing by microzooplankton. The intrusion of colder, more saline water on day 5 appeared to modify the diatom succession, indicating extreme variability in phytoplankton dynamics in the near ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea.
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi

Protecting whales by distorting uncertainty: non-precautionary mismanagement? - Schweder, Tore (Fisheries Research, 2001)
Precautionary management is based on science, and is incompatible with large fluctuations in the management regime. Whaling is managed by the International Whaling Commission, and has seen large fluctuations. It is argued that both the period of intense Antarctic whaling and the current period of protectionism have been unduly prolonged by scientists expanding out of proportion the uncertainty surrounding management issues. In the 1950s, uncertainty concerning fin whale stock status and trend was consistently distorted from one quarter, and in the 1990s a minority in the Scientific Committee blocked consensus over the revised management procedure that had been successfully developed by the Committee. In both cases, the political consequence of expanded uncertainty in the science was lack of action resulting in a continuation of business as usual. Extending a period of heavy exploitation longer than the resource can sustain is mismanagement. Extending a period of extreme protectionism when the resource is known to scientists to sustain valuable exploitation is also mismanagement even from a conservationist point of view. This might, in fact, erode the role of science in management and thus prepare the ground for subsequent overexploitation. Distorting uncertainty by injecting controversy or otherwise expanding uncertainty has contributed to excessive fluctuations in management regimes and consequently in stock abundance. Detrimental fluctuations might continue, since science is side tracked and management now is based on sentiments that might fade.
Keywords: Den internasjonale hvalfangstkommisjonen; Sørishavet; fiskeri; hvalfangst; marine økosystemer

Kvalfangsteventyret i Antarktis - Tokheim, Henrik (Vindetreet: sogeskrift for Vindafjord, 2001)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst

Blue-ice areas in Antarctica derived from NOAA AVHRR satellite data - Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Jespersen, Martin Nørman; Liston, Glen E. (Journal of Glaciology, 2001)
We have mapped Antarctic blue-ice areas using the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Antarctica cloud-free image mosaic established by the United States Geological Survey. The mosaic consists of 38 scenes acquired from 1980 to 1994. Our results show that approximately 60 000 km2 of blue ice exist for each of the two main types of blue ice: “melt-induced” and “wind-induced”. Normally, the former type is located on slopes in coastal areas where climate conditions (i.e. persistent winds and temperature), together with favourable surface orientation, sustain conditions for surface and near surface melt. The latter blue-ice category occurs near mountains or on outlet glaciers, often at higher elevations, where persistent winds erode snow away year-round, and combined with sublimation creates areas of net ablation. Furthermore, we have identified an additional area of 121 000 km2 as having potential for blue ice. However, in these areas features such as mixed pixels, glazed snow surfaces, crevasses and/or shadows make interpretation more uncertain. In conclusion, a conservative estimate of Antarctic blue-ice area coverage by this method is found to be 120 000 km2 (∼0.8% of the Antarctic continent), with a potential maximum of 241 000 km2 (∼1.6% of the Antarctic continent).
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; blåis; fjernmåling; glasiologi; satellite bilder; teknologi

South through the Pole 1997-98 - Arnesen, Liv (Polarboken, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Man in extreme environments - Brubakk, Alf O. (Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 2000)
Humans have demonstrated the ability to live and work in many adverse environments. Many examples demonstrate that our understanding of humans ability to adapt to extreme environments is limited, but it is reasonable to assume that the main problems in space exploration will be psychological and social. It is argued that polar expeditions of an earlier age are a better model for space exploration than confinement studies or Antarctic overwintering. Some aspects of the reason for the success of these expeditions are discussed and the lessons that can be used are pointed out.
Keywords: Antarktis; fysiologi; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; polarområdene

Et liv i isen : polarkokken Adolf H. Lindstrøm - Ekeberg, Jan Ove (Kagge forl., 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner

Fra Haugesund til isødet i Antarktis: en hvalfanger forteller - Evensen, Karin H (Akademisk fagforlag, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; historie; hvalfangst

Lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in Arctic and Antarctic krill - Falk-Petersen, Stig; Hagen, Wilhelm; Kattner, Gerhard; Clarke, Andrew; Sargent, John (Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2000)
Environmental seasonality is a critical factor in structuring polar marine ecosystems. The extensive data now available on the lipids of Arctic and Antarctic euphausiids show that all species are characterised by a seasonally high lipid content, and neutral lipids, whether wax esters or triacylglycerols, are primarily accumulated for reproduction. The Arctic Thysanoessa inermis and the Antarctic Euphausia crystallorophias contain high levels of wax esters and higher concentrations of 18:4(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) and a lower ratio of 18:1(n-9)/(n-7) fatty acids in their neutral lipids than the Arctic Thysanoessa raschii and the Antarctic Thysanoessa macrura and Euphausia superba. Large amounts of phytol in the lipids of T. raschii and E. crystallorophias during winter suggest the ingestion of decaying algae originating in sedimenting material or in sea ice. Thysanoessa raschii, T. macrura, and E. superba have a high ratio of 18:1(n-9)/ (n-7) fatty acids, indicating animal carnivory. We conclude that T. inermis and E. crystallorophias are true high polar herbivores, while T. raschii, T. macrura, and E. superba are omnivores with a more boreal distribution. The Arctic species Thysanoessa longicaudata and Meganyctiphanes norvegica are carnivores feeding on Calanus, as indicated by high amounts of 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11) fatty acids.
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; copepoder; krill; marin biologi; marine økosystemer; plankton

Spatial gradients in snow layering and 10 m temperatures at two EPICA-Dronning Maud Land (Antarctica) pre-site-survey drill sites - Holmlund, P.; Gjerde, K.; Gundestrup, N.; Hansson, M.; Isaksson, E.; Karlöf, L.; Nman, M.; Pettersson, R.; Pinglot, F.; Reijmer, C. H.; Stenberg, M.; Thomassen, M.; et al. (Annals of Glaciology, 2000)
During the 1997/98 field season, Sweden, Norway and The Netherlands performed a pre-site survey for EPICA in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. This paper summarizes the results and pays special attention to the high spatial gradients found in snow layering and temperatures. The sites were "Camp Victoria" (CV) on Amundsenisen (76° S, 8° W; 2400 m a.s.l.), approximately 550 km from the coast, and "Camp Maudheimvidda" (CM) on Maudheimvidda (74° S 13° W; 362 m a.s.L), some 140 km from the coast.The drilling programme included both medium-long firn/ice cores and shallow firn cores. These were analysed by means of δ18O, DEP, ECM,β activity, density, and ion content. The combined results suggests a mean annual accumulation rate of 60 mm. we. for CV and 220 mm. we. for CM.Variability measurements of spatial snow layering were performed at two scales; over tens of kilometres by radar and over a few metres by pits and high-resolution radar soundings. Results, as measured by relative standard deviation, were typically 10% on the polar plateau and as high as 50% near the coast.The 10 m temperature measurements were –38.5°C (std dev. = 0.5°) for CV and –17.6°C (std dev.=0.15°) for CM.Snow chemistry was sampled at each medium-long-core drill site. Comparison of δ18O profiles from snow pits and the uppermost part of the CV medium-long core showed large variations. Mean δ18O valuesover 2 m profiles varied between 41.6%, and 39.7%o within a horizontal distance of 50 m.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; iskjerner; klimatologi

Studies of seabirds and seals on Bouvetøya 1998/99 - Isaksen, Kjell; Huyser, Onno; Kirkman, Steve; Wanles, Ross; Wilson, Wendy (2000)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; forskning; fugler; pinnipedier; seler; zoologi

A 1500 year record of accumulation at Amundsenisen western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, derived from electrical and radioactive measurements on a 120 m ice core - Karlöf, Lars; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Kohler, Jack; Pinglot, Jean Francis; Wilhelms, Frank; Hansson, Margareta; Holmlund, Per; Nyman, M; Pettersson, Rikard; Stenberg, Malin; Thomassen, M P A; et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2000)
During the Nordic EPICA pre-site survey in Dronning Maud Land in 1997/1998 a 120 m long ice core was retrieved (76°00′S 08°03′W, 2400 m above sea level). The whole core has been measured using the electric conductivity measurement (ECM) and dielectric profiling (DEP) techniques, and the core chronology has been established by detecting major volcanic eruptions. In a nearby shallow core radioactive traces from nuclear tests conducted during the 1950s and 1960s have been identified. Altogether, 13 ECM and DEP peaks in the long core are identified as originating from specific volcanic eruptions. In addition two peaks of increased total β activity are identified in the short core. Accumulation is calculated as averages over the time periods between these dated events. Accumulation rate is 62 millimetres (w. eq./yr) for the last 181 years (1816 A.D. to present) and 61 mm w. eq./yr for the last 1457 years (540 A.D. to present). Our record shows an 8% decrease in accumulation between 1452 and 1641 A.D. (i.e. part of the Little Ice Age), compared to the long-term mean.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geofysikk; glasiologi; innlandsis; iskjerner; paleoklimatologi

Geochronologic evidence for Early Cretaceous volcanic activity on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica - Kim, Hyeoncheol; Ik Lee, Jong; Young Chose, Moon; Cho, Moonsup; Zheng, Xiangshen; Sang, Haiquing; Qiu, Ji (Polar Research, 2000)
Ages of six volcanic and plutonic rocks on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, were determined using 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar isotopic systems. The 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar ages of basaltic andesite and diorite range from 48 My to 74 My and systematically decrease toward the upper stratigraphic section. Two specimens of basaltic andesite which occur in the lowermost sequence of the peninsula, however, apparently define two distinct plateau ages of 52-53 My and 119-120 My. The latter is interpreted to represent the primary cooling age of basaltic andesite, whereas the former is interpreted as the thermally-reset age caused by the intrusion of Tertiary granitic pluton. The isochron ages calculated from the isotope correlation diagram corroborate our interpretation based on the apparent plateau ages. It is therefore likely that volcanism was active during the Early Cretaceous on Barton Peninsula. When the K-Ar ages of previous studies are taken into account with our result, the ages of basaltic andesite in the northern part of the Barton Peninsula are significantly older than those in the southern part. Across the north-west-south-east trending Barton fault bounding the two parts, there are significant differences in geochronologic and geologic aspects.
Keywords: Antarktis; geokronologi; geologi; vulkaner

Diet and estimated food consumption of Antarctic fur seals at Bouvetøya during summer - Kirkman, Stephen; Wilson, W.; Klages, Norbert; Bester, Marthán; Isaksen, Kjell (Polar Biology, 2000)
Collection and analysis of natural regurgitations and fresh scats, deposited by Antarctic fur seals at the Nyrøysa colony, Bouvetøya, during December 1998 to February 1999, afforded a comprehensive description of the dietary composition of this expanding population during the summer months. Mature, adult Euphausia superba was the staple diet of fur seals at Nyrøysa, while squid and myctophid fish appeared to be taken opportunistically. In metric tons, the total Bouvetøya fur seal population is estimated to have consumed a minimum of 14,365 t krill (representing 1.2713 × 1010 individuals of 1.13 g mass), 186 t fish, 184 t squid and 14,735 t over 3 months, but there are many possible sources of error in these estimates. It is presumed that over-indulgence in krill may cause animals to regurgitate ashore.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; marin biologi; pelsseler; pinnipedier; seler; zoologi

Effort explores 130 Million years of Antarctic paleoenvironment - Kristoffersen, Yngve; Goodwin, Ian D; Cooper, Alan K (Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2000)
Antarctic climate history has been dominated by events and turning points with causes that are poorly understood. To fill the gaps in our knowledges new effort is underway in the international geologic community to acquire and coordinate the circum-Antarctic geologic data needed to derive and model paleoenvironments of the past 130 m.y. The effort, which focuses principally on using shallow (<100 m) stratigraphic drilling and coring to acquire the geologic data, is being led by the Antarctic Offshore Stratigraphy Project (ANTOSTRAT), a group that works under the aegis of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). About 40 scientists from 12 countries met this past summer in Wellington, New Zealand, at an ANTOSTRAT meeting to discuss strategies for implementing the desired paleoenvironmental field and modeling studies. The meeting was held in conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences.
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; geovitenskap; klimatologi; paleontologi; stratigrafi

Pilot shallow drilling on the continental shelf, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Kristoffersen, Yngve; Strand, Kari; Vorren, Tore; Harwood, Dave; Webb, Peter (Antarctic Science, 2000)
A light, mining drill rig deployed from the stern of a research vessel has been used to carry out shallow drilling in 212 m water depth on the continental shelf in the eastern Weddell Sea. Penetration was 15 m below the seabed with 18% recovery in the 31 hours available for the experiment. The recovered glacigenic sediments are predominantly volcanic material of basaltic and andesitic composition with petrological characteristics and age similar to the continental flood basalts exposed in Vestfjella, about 130 km upstream from the drill site. The sediments include a reworked marine Miocene diatom flora. The material documents oscillations of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet over the past 30 ka. The lowermost diamicton probably represents a deformation till, and the grounding line retreated past the drill site 30 km from the shelf edge about 30 kyr BP. A readvance occurred during the Late Wisconsin Glacial Maximum. Assuming a reservoir correction of 1300 yr, marine conditions existed at the site between 10.1-7 kyr BP, and later at least between 2.8 and 2.5 kyr BP. The stratigraphy at the site has been disturbed by iceberg ploughing and/or contact between the ice shelf and the sea floor during local advances after 2.5 kyr BP.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Weddellhavet; geokjemi; geologi; glasiologi; havbunnen; innlandsis; isshelf; kontinentalsokkel; stratigrafi

Shelf progradation on a glaciated continental margin, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica - Kristoffersen, Yngve; Winterhalter, Boris; Solheim, Anders (Marine Geology, 2000)
A detailed survey of the continental margin in the eastern Weddell Sea demonstrates shelf progradation by material input from discrete glacial wedges that amalgamate to form the present near rectilinear shelf edge. Kvitkuven Ice Rise is located between two trough mouth fans and rests on a thick sediment substratum that predates the shelf sequences north of it. Shelf progradation, west of the ice rise, preceded the progradation east of it. In this way the seaward progression of a shelf edge may reflect the broad scale expansion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, but the timing of shelf progradation can be different in adjacent areas. The progradational glacial wedges on the continental shelf mapped by this survey are correlated stratigraphically to be within the post Late Miocene glacial sequence, drilled at ODP Site 693 on the middle continental slope 200 km to the northeast. Two submarine moraine ridge complexes on the shelf parallel the shelf edge. A radiocarbon age of 18:950 ^ 280 years BP from the front of the inner complex (water depth 319 m) suggests that grounded ice at most reached the present mid-shelf area in front of the ice rise during the Late Wisconsin Glacial Maximum, or had retreated to this position at that time.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Weddellhavet; marin geofysikk; marin geologi; oseanografi; seismisk stratigrafi

Combined characterisation of GOME and TOMS total ozone measurements from space using ground-based observations from the NDSC - Lambert, J.-C.; Van Roozendael, M.; Simon, P.C.; Pommereau, J.-P.; Goutail, F.; Gleason, J.F.; Andersen, S.B.; Arlander, D.W.; Bui Van, N.A.; Claude, H.; de La Noë, J.; De Mazière, M.; et al. (Advances in Space Research, 2000)
Several years of total ozone measured from space by the ERS-2 GOME, the Earth Probe TOMS, and the ADEOS TOMS, are compared with high-quality ground-based observations associated with the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), over an extended latitude range and a variety of geophysical conditions. The comparisons with each spaceborne sensor are combined altogether for investigating their respective solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence, dispersion, and difference of sensitivity. The space- and ground-based data are found to agree within a few percent on average. However, the analysis highlights for both GOME and TOMS several sources of discrepancies: (i) a SZA dependence with TOMS beyond 80° SZA; (ii) a seasonal SZA dependence with GOME beyond 70° SZA; (iii) a difference of sensitivity with GOME at high latitudes; (iv) a difference of sensitivity to low ozone values between satellite and SAOZ sensors around the southern tropics; (v) a north/south difference of TOMS with the ground-based observations; and (vi) internal inconsistencies in GOME total ozone.
Keywords: Antarktis; fjernmåling; geofysikk; meteorologi; ozonlaget; polarområdene; satellitt observasjoner

Snow and blue-ice distribution patterns on the coastal Antarctic Ice Sheet - Liston, Glen E.; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Bruland, Oddbjørn; Elvehøy, Hallgeir; Sand, Knut; Karlöf, Lars (Antarctic Science, 2000)
Surface patterns of alternating snow and blue-ice bands are found in the Jutulgryta area of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The snow-accumulation regions exist in the lee of blue-ice topographic ridges aligned perpendicular to winter winds. The snow bands are c. 500–2000 m wide and up to several kilometres long. In Jutulgryta, these features cover c. 5000 km2. These alternating snow and blue-ice bands are simulated using a snow transport and redistribution model, SnowTran-3D, that is driven with a winter cycle of observed daily screen-height air temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction. The snow-transport model is coupled to a wind model that simulates wind flow over the relatively complex topography. Model results indicate that winter winds interact with the ice topographic features to produce alternating surface patterns of snow accumulation and erosion. In addition, model sensitivity simulations suggest that subtle topographic variations, on the order of 5m elevation change over a horizontal distance of 1 to 1.5 km, can lead to snow-accumulation variations that differ by a factor of six. This result is expected to have important consequences regarding the choice of sites for ice-coring efforts in Antarctica and elsewhere.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; blåis; geofysikk; glasiologi; iskjerner

Molecular Evidence for Extrapair Paternity and Female-Female Pairs in Antarctic Petrels - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Amundsen, Trond; Anthonisen, Kristin; Lifjeld, Jan T. (The Auk, 2000)
Considerable interspecific variation exists in the frequency of extrapair fertilizations (EPFs) in birds. In general, EPFs are more common and occur at higher frequencies in passerines than in nonpasserines (Westneat and Sherman 1997). Lower rates of EPFs are typical for territorial nonpasserines as well as those that breed colonially (Westneat and Sherman 1997). This seems to contradict Birkhead and Møller's (Birkhead and Møller 1992, Møller and Birkhead 1993) hypothesis of intense sperm competition in colonial birds. Their arguments were based on the assumption that the need for nest defense in dense aggregations restricts the ability of males to guard their mates, and that the high number of potential extrapair mates available in colonies selects for a high rate of extrapair copulations (EPCs). In contrast, Westneat and Sherman (1997) found no correlation across species between the frequency of EPFs and nesting dispersion, local breeding density, or breeding synchrony, although EPFs were related to nesting density within species. This suggests that EPC rates are not informative regarding EPF rates in colonial birds (Westneat and Sherman 1997), or that the pattern reported by Møller and Birkhead (1993) does not hold true when more species are included. The conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between extrapair activities and breeding density calls for more empirical studies, especially among colonial nonpasserines. Social monogamy is the predominant mating system in the Procellariiformes (Warham 1990). Several aspects of their breeding biology may, however, provide favorable opportunities for extrapair sexual activity. First, colonial breeding provides ample opportunities for EPCs because many potential partners are available at close range (Birkhead and Møller 1992, Møller and Birkhead 1993). Second, when the sexes are spatially and/or temporally separated, as may be the case in procellariiforms where adults seek food far from the colony, males have few cues to assess whether their mates have been unfaithful. Hence, few reasons exist to expect a facultative decrease in male parental investment if cuckolded, in contrast to the case for many territorial species where a male may have more reliable cues to his mate's unfaithfulness (e.g. female disappearance, high intrusion rate, etc.). Accordingly, colonial breeding may facilitate EPCs for both sexes, and colonial species may be expected to display high rates of EPC. Paternity studies require error-free sex determination of adults. This is straightforward for clearly dimorphic species, or if sex determination can be done from genitalia during the fertile period. But if fieldwork can be performed only during the nestling period, sex determination may be problematic for largely monomorphic species, and indirect methods must be used. In the Antarctic Petrel (Thalassoica antarctica), the two sexes differ slightly in mean body size. Lorentsen and Røv (1994) used this difference to determine the sex of Antarctic Petrels by discriminant function analysis (DFA). The procedure correctly determined the sex of 92% of the birds in a sample from the same year. This does not necessarily imply a similar resolution if the discriminant function is adopted for samples from other years, or if data are collected by other observers. Moreover, although useful for many purposes, 92% resolution in sex determination is insufficient for paternity studies. Therefore, we performed molecular sexing of all breeding adults according to the PCR-based method of Griffiths et al. (1998). The main aim of our study was to analyze whether extrapair paternity occurs in a colonial procellariiform, the Antarctic Petrel. We also tested the robustness of morphological sex determination (from DFA) across seasons relative to that obtained from molecular techniques.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1993/94; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

IFIX - inductive data acquisition system: system for sub ice shelf data acquisition - Lothe, Torleif (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; forskning; teknologi

Flood Basalts of Vestfjella: Jurassic Magmatism Across an Archaean–Proterozoic Lithospheric Boundary in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Luttinen, Arto V.; Furnes, Harald (Journal of Petrology, 2000)
Continental flood basalts (CFBs) of Jurassic age make up the Vestfjella mountains of western Dronning Maud Land and demonstrate an Antarctic extension of the Karoo large igneous province. A detailed geochemical study of the 120-km-long Vestfjella range shows the CFB suite to consist mainly of three intercalated basaltic rock types designated CT1, CT2 and CT3 (chemical types 1, 2 and 3) that exhibit different incompatible trace element ratios. CT1 and CT2 of north Vestfjella record wide ranges of Nd and Sr isotopic compositions with initial εNd and εSr ranging from +7·6 to −16·0 and −16 to +65, respectively. The southern Vestfjella is dominated by CT3 with near-chondritic εNd (+2·0 to −4·1) and εSr (−11 to +19). A volumetrically minor suite of ocean island basalt (OIB-)like CT4 dykes (εNd +3·6, εSr +1) cuts the lava sequence in north Vestfjella. The pronounced isotopic differences suggest different magmatic plumbing systems for the heterogeneous CT1 and CT2 suites and the relatively homogeneous CT3 lavas. This is further supported by the palaeoflow directions, which point to major source regions to the north (CT1 and CT2) and east (CT3) of Vestfjella. These source regions can be associated with two contemporaneous major lithospheric thinning zones that permitted magma emplacement and controlled the melting of upper-mantle sources in the Jurassic Dronning Maud Land. The CT1 and CT2 magmas utilized the northern zone of thinning and were emplaced into the 3 Ga Grunehogna craton, whereas the CT3 magmas were emplaced through thinned Proterozoic Maud Belt lithosphere. Trace element and isotopic studies of the identified magma types reveal a complex history of fractionation and contamination at different lithospheric levels. All extrusive rock types show evidence of crustal contamination but this had rather small impact on their diagnostic trace element ratios. Much stronger overprint, in the CT1 and CT2 suites, resulted from contamination with veined Archaean lithospheric mantle, which produced wide ranges of isotopic and highly incompatible element ratios. CT3, in turn, does not show evidence of interaction with the Proterozoic lithospheric mantle. The high-εNd endmembers of CT1, CT2 and CT3 probably closely resemble uncontaminated mantle-derived magmas and indicate three different mantle sources. The CT2 primary magmas were derived from light rare earth element (LREE)-depleted, slightly large ion lithophile element (LILE)-enriched sources, whereas data on the volumetrically preponderant CT1 and CT3 point to variably LREE-enriched, strongly LILE-enriched sources. The sources of CT1, CT2 and CT3 may record large-scale lateral heterogeneity generated by subduction-contamination of the Gondwanan upper mantle. The OIB-like CT4 dykes probably reflect asthenospheric heterogeneities that were unrelated to the proposed subduction-contamination.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geokjemi; geologi; petrografi; petrologi

Subglacial topography of Jutulstraumen outlet glacier, East Antarctica, mapped from ground-penetrating radar, optical and interferometric synthetic aperture radar satellite data - Melvold, Kjetil; Rolstad, Cecilie Eie (Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; glasiologi; isstrøm; topografi

Oceanographic observations south of Berkner Island: preliminary results - Nicholls, Keith W; Østerhus, Svein; Makinson, Keith; Johnson, Mark (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 2000)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Etableringen av Norsk polarinstitutt i 1948 : gammel vin i nye skinnsekker? - Nilsen, Frode (Universitetet i Tromsø, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norsk Polarinstitutt; historie; internasjonal; polarområdene; politikk

Norway: Implementing the Protocol on Environmental Protection - Njåstad, Birgit (Implementing the Environmental Protection Regime for the Antarctic, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; miljøprotokollen; miljøvern

The Committee for Environmental Protection: Its Establishment, Operation and Role within the Antarctic Treaty System - Orheim, Olav (Implementing the Environmental Protection Regime for the Antarctic, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; miljø; miljøkonsekvensanalyser; miljøpåvirkning

Hvite horisonter - Oterhals, Leo (Lagunen, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; historie

Arctic and Antarctic ozone layer observations: chemical and dynamical aspects of variability and long-term changes in the polar stratosphere - Rex, Markus; Dethloff, Klaus; Handorf, Dörthe; Herber, Andreas; Lehmann, Ralph; Neuber, Roland; Notholt, Justus; Rinke, Annette; von der Gathen, Peter; Weisheimer, Antje; Gernandt, Hartwig (Polar Research, 2000)
The altitude dependent variability of ozone in the polar stratosphere is regularly observed by balloon-borne ozonesonde observations at Neumayer Station (70°S) in the Antarctic and at Koldewey Station (79°N) in the Arctic. The reasons for observed seasonal and interannual variability and long-term changes are discussed. Differences between the hemispheres are identified and discussed in light of differing dynamical and chemical conditions. Since the mid- 1980s, rapid chemical ozone loss has been recorded in the lower Antarctic stratosphere during the spring season. Using coordinated ozone soundings in some Arctic winters, similar chemical ozone loss rates have been detected related to periods of low temperatures. The currently observed cooling trend of the stratosphere, potentially caused by the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, may further strengthen chemical ozone removal in the Arctic. However, the role of internal climate oscillations in observed temperature trends is still uncertain. First results of a 10000 year integration of a low order climate model indicate significant internal climate variability. on decadal time scales, that may alter the effect of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the polar stratosphere.
Keywords: Antarktis; drivhusgasser; klimaendringer; klimagasser; meteorologi; observasjoner; ozonlaget; polarområdene; stratosfæren

The large-scale dynamics of Jutulstraumen drainage basin, East Antarctica - Rolstad, Cecilie Eie (Unipub forlag, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; geografi; glasiologi

Large-scale force budget of an outlet glacier: Jutulstraumen, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica - Rolstad, Cecilie; Whillans, Ian M.; Hagen, Jon Ove; Isaksson, Elisabeth (Annals of Glaciology, 2000)
A large-scale force budget was applied using a combination of remote-sensing and field data from Jutulstraumen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. In the grounded area, more than 95 % of ice flow is balanced by basal friction. In a partly floating section near the grounding-line area, on average lateral drag provides 38% of resistance to flow. Measurement uncertainties were propagated through the calculation of forces. The accuracies of strain rates derived from satellite data (Landsat thematic mapper) were found adequate to calculate meaningful force-balance terms. For the floating section, where lateral forces contribute to controlling flow, the main contribution to errors in the force budget is uncertainty in the rate factor for the flow law of ice. For grounded sections, the uncertainty in ice thickness, as measured by ground-penetrating radar, contributes more or less equally to errors in the force budget as does that in the rate factor.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fjernanalyse; glasiologi; isstrøm; satellittbilder

Henryk Johan Bull (1893-1895). Carsten E. Borchgrevink (1898-1900). Roald Amundsen (1910-1912) - Rosove, Michael H (Let heroes speak : Antarctic explorers, 1772-1922, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink; Henrik Johan Bull; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolen; biografier; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner

Coping in Antarctica: is it possible to generalize results across settings? - Sandal, Gro Mjeldheim (Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 2000)
Background: To gain knowledge about psychological issues in space, data have been collected from groups in isolated and confined settings on Earth. This study examines the possibility of generalizing psychological findings across such environments. HYPOTHESIS: Psychological reactions among personnel in different Antarctic environments show similar time patterns. Antarctic personnel differ in personality from submariners to crews confined in hyperbaric chambers to military recruits. METHOD: Psychological reactions were evaluated by the Revised Antarctic Questionnaire. The Personality Characteristic Inventory was used to measure personality. RESULTS: Personnel stationed on a ship (n = 19) showed high coping during the whole mission, whereas personnel on land bases (n = 18) showed a marked decline around the third quarter. Reduced coping in the land-based groups was associated with stress from interpersonal relationships. Compared with submariners (n = 54) and hyperbaric chamber crews (n = 20), Antarctic personnel scored lower on competitiveness and higher on achievement striving. CONCLUSIONS: Similarities in physical, individual and group characteristics should be considered before extrapolating psychological findings across settings.
Keywords: Antarktis; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; polarforskere; polarområdene; psykologi

Havforskning i tung sjø - Schwach, Vera (Havet, fisken og vitenskapen: fra fiskeriundersøkelser til havforskningsinstitutt 1860-2000, 2000)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; historie; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Pingviner - Skår, Astrid (Landbruksforlaget, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; fugler; zoologi

The impact of greenhouse gases and halogenated species on future solar UV radiation doses - Taalas, Petteri; Kaurola, Jussi; Kylling, Arve; Shindell, Drew; Sausen, Robert; Dameris, Martin; Grewe, Volker; Herman, Jay; Damski, Juhani; Steil, Benedikt (Geophysical Research Letters, 2000)
The future development of stratospheric ozone layer depends on the concentration of chlorine and bromine containing species. The stratosphere is also expected to be affected by future enhanced concentrations of greenhouse gases. These result in a cooling of the winter polar stratosphere and to more stable polar vortices which leads to enhanced chemical depletion and reduced transport of ozone into high latitudes. One of the driving forces behind the interest in stratospheric ozone is the impact of ozone on solar UV-B radiation. In this study UV scenarios have been constructed based on ozone predictions from the chemistry-climate model runs carried out by GISS, UKMO and DLR. Since cloudiness, albedo and terrain height are also important factors, climatological values of these quantities are taken into account in the UV calculations. Relative to 1979–92 conditions, for the 2010–2020 time period the GISS model results indicate a springtime enhancement of erythemal UV doses of up to 90% in the 60–90 °N region and an enhancement of 100% in the 60–90 °S region. The corresponding maximum increases in the annual Northern Hemispheric UV doses are estimated to be 14% in 2010–20, and 2% in 2040–50. In the Southern Hemisphere 40% enhancement is expected during 2010–20 and 27% during 2040–50.
Keywords: Antarktis; UV-stråling; drivhusgasser; klimaendringer; klimatologi; ozonlaget; polarområdene; ultrafiolett stråling

Very little in situ produced radiocarbon retained in accumulating Antarctic ice - van der Kemp, Wybe J.M.; Alderliesten, Cees; van der Borg, Klaas; Holmlund, Per; de Jong, Arie F.M.; Karlöf, Lars; Lamers, R.A.N.; Oerlemans, Johannes; Thomassen, Martijn P.A.; van de Wal, Roderik S.W. (8th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, 2000)
Ice samples from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, were analyzed for 14CO2 and 14CO by accelerator mass spectrometry. Only a small amount (∼2%) of in situ produced radiocarbon was detected. The calibrated radiocarbon ages, corrected for in situ produced 14C, are in fair agreement with age estimates obtained from stratigraphical methods added to a gas inclusion model. The ages of the entrapped air range from recent to ca. 1200 AD.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fysikk; karbondatering; karbondioksid; kjemi; massespektrometri

Determination of Q1, an unknown organochlorine contaminant, in human milk, Antarctic air, and further environmental samples - Vetter, Walter; Alder, Lutz; Kallenborn, Roland; Schlabach, Martin (Environmental Pollution, 2000)
Q1, an organochlorine component with the molecular formula C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2) and of unknown origin was recently identified in seal blubber samples from the Namibian coast (southwest of Africa) and the Antarctic. In these samples, Q1 was more abundant than PCBs and on the level of DDT residues. Furthermore, Q1 was more abundant in seals from the Antarctic than the Arctic. To prove this assumption, gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS), which is sensitive and selective for Q1, allowed for screening of traces of Q1 even in samples with particularly high levels of other organochlorine contaminants. Q1 was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from a skua liver sample. A 1:1 mixture with trans-nonachlor in electron-capture detectors (ECDs) was used to determine the relative response factor with ECNI-MS. The ECNI-MS response of Q1 turned out to be 4.5 times higher than that of trans-nonachlor in an ECD. With GC/ECNI-MS in the selected ion-monitoring mode, four Antarctic and four Arctic air samples were investigated for the presence of Q1. In the Antarctic air samples, Q1 levels ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 fg/m(3). In Arctic air samples, however, Q1 was below the detection limit (<0.06 fg/m(3) or 60 ag/m(3)). We also report on high Q1 levels in selected human milk samples (12-230 microg/kg lipid) and, therefore, suggested that the unknown Q1 is an environmental compound whose origin and distribution should be investigated in detail. Our data confirm that Q1 is a bioaccumulative natural organochlorine product. Detection of a highly chlorinated natural organochlorine compound in air and human milk is novel.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; kromatografi; miljøgifter; miljøovervåking; toksikologi

Implementing the environmental protection regime for the antarctic - Vidas ed., Davor (Kluwer, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Emerging Law of the Sea Issues in the Antarctic Maritime Area: A Heritage for the New Century? - Vidas, Davor (Ocean Development & International Law, 2000)
This article focuses on three emerging law of the sea issues for states cooperating in management of the Antarctic and its maritime area. The first of these is no newcomer: How to regulate the dramatic increase in illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southern Ocean? The second question, according to the letter of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, awaits the countries claiming sovereignty over portions of territory in the Antarctic 10 years from the entry into force of the Convention for each of them. The question here is what to do with the requirement contained in that Convention relating to the submission of information on the outer limit of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles to the Commission on the Continental Shelf? Finally, there is a third tricky question: Who is competent to regulate, and accordingly to ban, mineral activities in the Southern Ocean seabed? Is it the International Seabed Authority as the global body, or the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties through their regional cooperation? This question may well never be put on the policy agenda for any global forum; but it may well be posed at any time and by any third party, whether in the UN General Assembly or, more likely, in the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority.
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; Sørishavet; fiskeri; havrett; internasjonal rett; kontinentalsokkel

Protecting the polar marine environment : law and policy for pollution prevention - Vidas, Davor (ed.) (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; hav; miljørett; miljøvern; polarområdene; skadeforebygge

The ATS on the Web: Introducing Modem Information Technology in Antarctic Affairs - Vidas, Davor; Njåstad, Birgit (Implementing the Environmental Protection Regime for the Antarctic, 2000)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; miljøprotokollen; miljøvern

Johan Koren : feltzoolog og polar-pioner - Wikan, Steinar (Schibsted, 2000)
EN NORSK FELTZOOLOG OG POLAR-PIONER 17 år gammel drar snekkerlærlingen JOHAN KOREN ut fra hjembyen i Fredrikstad i 1897 som deltager i historiens første overvintringekspedisjon i Antarktis, Belgica-ekspedisjonen. Styrmann om bord er en landsmann, den unge Roald Amundsen. I likhet med ham, blir Koren snart kjent og omtalt som en av tidenes dristigste oppdagelsesreisende, med Antarktis og Arktis som virkefelt. Men for Koren blir berømmelsen ikke varig. Bare 39 år gammel dør han i spanskesyken, alene på et hospital i Vladivostok. Og med tiden går det slik at han blir "Gutten Norge glemte" - slik tittelen lød på en senere guttebok, inspirert av hans begivenhetsrike og dramatiske liv. Blant feltzoologer regnes han imidlertid den dag i dag som en pionerskikkelse, og rundt om i verdens zoologiske museer finnes tusenvis av vitnesbyrd om hans innsats for vitenskapen som samler av fugle- og dyrearter. Forfatteren, historikeren og biologen STEINAR WIKAN bygger denne beretningen på Johan Korens delvis bevarte dagbøker, samtlige brev, dokumenter og presseomtaler, erindringsbøker og - ikke minst - samtaler med en gammel mann i det fjerneste Sibir som kjente Koren.
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica ekspedisjon; biografier; forskning; oppdagelser; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; zoologi

Postsealing genetic variation and population structure of two species of fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis) - Wynen, Louise P.; Goldsworthy, Simon D.; Guinet, Christophe; Bester, Marthán N.; Boyd, Ian L.; Gjertz, Ian; Hofmeyr, Greg J. G.; White, Robert W. G.; Slade, Rob (Molecular Ecology, 2000)
Abstract Commercial sealing in the 18th and 19th centuries had a major impact on the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seal populations (Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis) in the Southern Ocean. The intensive and unrestricted nature of the industry ensured substantial reductions in population sizes and resulted in both species becoming locally extinct at some sites. However, both species are continuing to recover, through the recolonization of islands across their former range and increasing population size. This study investigated the extent and pattern of genetic variation in each species to examine the hypothesis that higher levels of historic sealing in A. gazella have resulted in a greater loss of genetic variability and population structure compared with A. tropicalis. A 316-bp section of the mitochondrial control region was sequenced and revealed nucleotide diversities of 3.2% and 4.8% for A. gazella and A. tropicalis, respectively. There was no geographical distribution of lineages observed within either species, although the respective ΦST values of 0.074 and 0.19 were significantly greater than zero. These data indicate low levels of population structure in A. gazella and relatively high levels in A. tropicalis. Additional samples screened with restriction endonucleases were incorporated, and the distribution of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence haplotypes were examined to identify the main source populations of newly recolonized islands. For A. tropicalis, the data suggest that Macquarie Island and Iles Crozet were probably recolonized by females from Marion Island, and to a lesser extent Ile Amsterdam. Although there was less population structure within A. gazella, there were two geographical regions identified: a western region containing the populations of South Georgia and Bouvet?ya, which were the probable sources for populations at Marion, the South Shetland and Heard Islands; and an eastern region containing the panmictic populations of Iles Kerguelen and Macquarie Island. The latter region may be a result of a pronounced founder effect, or represent a remnant population that survived sealing at Iles Kerguelen.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Sørishavet; genetikk; marin biologi; pinnipedier; seler

Roald Amundsen's Belgica diary : the first scientific expedition to the Antarctic - Amundsen, Roald; Decleir, Hugo (Red.) (Bluntisham Books, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica (skip); Roald Amundsen; Sydpolen; dagbok; oppdagelsesreiser; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; vitenskap

Ekspedisjonsfotografi i polare områder - Barr, Susan (Bildet lever! : bidrag til norsk fotohistorie. 7, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; fotografi; historie; polarekspedisjoner; polarområdene

Roald Amundsen conquers the South Pole - Berg, Kåre (Norwegian maritime explorers and expeditions : over the past thousand years, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser

The importance of charged aerosols in the polar mesosphere in connection with Noctilucent Clouds and Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes - Blix, Tom Arild (The Antarctic and Arctic Middle Atmospheres: Their Differences and Similarities, 1999)
A number of campaigns have been conducted in order to study Polar Mesosphere Summer Echos (PMSE) and Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) in the period 1991–1994. Several sounding rockets have been launched through these layers with measurements being performed on upleg as well as downleg. These include measurements of positive ions and electrons in both ram and wake positions, as well as measurements of charged aerosols in ram on upleg. In this paper we will review these measurements and make a preliminary classification of the data based upon the presence of PMSE and/or NLC. One of the mechanisms responsible for PMSE is the presence of neutral air turbulence in combination with a high Schmidt number. We will briefly discuss this type of echo using in situ rocket data. Differences and similarities of PMSE and NLC as observed both in the Arctic and the Antarctic will be discussed. Observations show that especially PMSE are much more frequent in the Arctic. This may be due to a difference in the water vapour content or the temperature at mesopause heights. Lack of data in the Antarctic makes it difficult to decide which of these two factors are the most important. More measurements, especially co-ordinated in situ and ground-based lidar and radar measurements, are needed to discuss the Arctic and Antarctic similarities and differences in further detail.
Keywords: Antarktis; astrofysikk; atmosfæren; geofysikk; mesosfæren; meteorologi; polarområdene

Exploitation of Inland-Breeding Antarctic Petrels by South Polar Skuas - Brooke, Michael de L; Keith, Dave; Røv, Nils (Oecologia, 1999)
During the austral summer of 1996/1997 we studied south polar skuas at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, where the world's largest known colony of Antarctic petrels is found. Our censuses suggested approximately 250 full-grown skuas and 140,000 breeding pairs of petrels were present. During their breeding season, skuas did not visit the open sea at least 200 km from the site; they relied entirely on prey caught and scavenged from the petrel colony. Because the site is so isolated, we asked whether the prey (petrels) had swamped the predators (skuas), or whether there was evidence that predator numbers were limited by the size of the prey population. Particularly at the end of the petrel incubation period, we found a close correspondence between the energy required by adult skuas and their chicks, ascertained from time budget studies, and the rate at which petrel eggs disappeared from the colony. This suggests that, in this closed system, the predator population was limited by the prey population, and that predator swamping was not an advantage that petrels gained by nesting in this remote location.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

The influence of ornithogenic products on the nutrient status of soils surrounding nests on nunataks in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Cocks, Martin P; Harris, Jean M; Steele, William K; Balfour, Dave A (Polar Research, 1999)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fugler; nunataker; næringsstoff; ornitologi; petreller

C.A. Larsen - Pioneer of the Antarctic ocean - Devig, Thor N (Norwegian maritime explorers and expeditions : over the past thousand years, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Nordmenn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; kartlegging; oppdagelsesreiser; pelagisk; polarekspedisjoner

Combined use of field observations and SAR interferometry to study ice dynamics and mass balance in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Dietrich, Reinhard; Metzig, Robert; Korth, Wilfried; Perlt, James (Polar Research, 1999)
In the region of the Schirmacheroase (71 °S, 12°E) various geodetic and glaciological research activities have been carried out in the last decade. Several times three geodetic-glaciological traverses were undertaken to study ice velocity, accumulation and ablation, and ice surface height changes. Repeated ground surveys show a significant decrease in surface heights by about 15 cm/y for a large blue-ice area. This paper presents the first interferometrically derived ice velocity field of the inland ice close to the Schirmacheroase. The interferometric analysis of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is performed in combination with ground-based information. Since only ERS-1&2 tandem mission image couples are available for this region a digital elevation model (DEM) is used to remove the effect of topography. Ice velocities up to 100 m/y are proved interferometrically for this part of the inland ice.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geodesi; glasiologi; innlandsis

A local geoid in Dronning Maud Land - Eiken, Trond; Omang, Ove Christian Dahl; Øvstedal, Ola ([European Geosciences Union], 1999)
The main purpose of the present paper is to estimate the orthometric height of the GPS-station at Troll, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Located at approximately 1300 m Troll has been connected to the GIANT-network, but it's orthometric height remains undetermined. A local geoid has been determined based on available gravity anomalies and vertical angle mesurements. Information about the ice-thickness has been included in the terrain model. Based on tidal measurements the mean sea level was determined in Jutulgryta, a rift zone in the Fimbulisen ice shelf. Several gravity- and GPS-stations were measured between the two points (Jutulgryta and Troll), a distance of approximately 100 km.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE ekspedisjoner; Troll forskningsstasjon; geodesi; kartlegging

Functional biodiversity of lipids in Antarctic zooplankton: Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, Thysanoessa macrura and Euphausia crystallorophias - Falk-Petersen, Stig; Sargent, John R; Lønne, Ole Jørgen; Timofeev, Sergej (Polar Biology, 1999)
Zooplankton samples were collected in January 1993 off Dronning Maud Land along a transect from open waters to the marginal ice zone close to the Antarctic ice shelf. Thysanoessa macrura was caught in open waters while Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus were mainly sampled between ice floes in the marginal ice zone. The “ice-krill”Euphausia crystallorophias was found over the shelf directly associated with ice floes. T. macrura had a lipid content up to 36% of its dry weight with the dominant lipid class, wax ester, accounting for 45–50% of the total lipid. The predominance of 18:1 fatty alcohols is the striking characteristic of the wax esters. Small specimens of E. crystallorophias had lipid levels up to 26% of their dry weight with, unexpectedly, triacylglycerols being the dominant lipid (up to 41% of total lipid). The small levels of wax esters in these animals (3–6% of total lipid) had phytol as a major constituent. Large specimens of E. crystallorophias had up to 34% of their dry weight as lipid, with wax esters (47% of total lipid) dominated by 16:0 and 14:0 fatty alcohols as the major lipid. Calanus propinquus had lipid levels of up to 34% of their dry weight, with triacylglycerols (up to 63% of total lipid) being the dominant lipid. High levels of 22:1 (n-9) fatty acid were present in the triacylglycerols. Calanoides acutus had lipid levels up to 35% of the dry weight with wax esters accounting for up to 83% of total lipid. High levels of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids were recorded with 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3) and 18:4(n-3) being the dominant moieties. On the basis of their lipid compositions we deduce that: (1) Calanoides acutus is the strictest herbivore among the four species studied, heavily utilizing the typical spring bloom; (2) T. macrura is essentially omnivorous, probably utilizing the less defined bloom situations found in oceanic waters; (3) E. crystallorophias is an omnivore well adapted to utilize both a bloom situation and to feed on ice algae and micro-zooplankton associated with the ice; (4) Calanus propinquus seems to be the most opportunistic feeder of the four species studied, probably grazing heavily on phytoplankton during a bloom and, during the rest of the year, feeding on whatever material is available, including particulates, flagellates and other ice-associated algae. We conclude that the different biochemical pathways generating large oil reserves of different compositions, enabling species to utilize different ecological niches, are major determinants of biodiversity in polar zooplankton.
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; biodiversitet; biokjemi; dyreplankton; krill; lipider; marin biologi; zooplankton

Søylegangen i Buenos Aires - Fløgstad, Kjartan (Eld og vatn : nordmenn i Sør-Amerika, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Nordmenn; Roald Amundsen; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; oppdagelsesreiser; pelagisk

Bernt Balchen : polar aviator - Glines, Carroll V (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; Sydpolflyvningen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; biografier; ekspedisjoner; fly; luftfart; polarekspedisjoner; polarflyving

In search of an elusive Antarctic circumpolar wave in sea ice extents: 1978–1996 - Gloersen, Per; Huang, Norden E. (Polar Research, 1999)
For ease in discerning an Antarctic circumpolar wave in the perimeter of the ice pack, we construct a time series of the sea ice extents (essentially the area within the ice perimeter) in 1-degree longitudinal sectors for the period 1978-1996, as observed with the multichannel microwave imagers on board the NASA Nimbus 7 and the DOD (Dept. of Defense) DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) F8, F11, and F13 satellites. After converting the time series into complex numbers by means of a Hilbert transform, we decompose the time series of the 360 sectors into its complex principal components (CPCs), effectively separating the spatial and temporal values. Then we decompose the real and imaginary parts of the temporal portions of the first three CPCs (complex principal compenents) by Empirical Mode Decomposition into their intrinsic modes, each representing a narrow frequency band, resulting in a collection of three CPCs for each intrinsic mode. Finally, we reconstruct the data in two different ways. First, we low-pass filter the data by combining all of the intrinsic modes of each CPC with periods longer than two years, which we designate as lowpass filtered. Next, we select the intrinsic mode of each CPC with periods of approximately four years, which we designate the quasiquadrennial (QQ) modes. The low-pass filtered time series shows eastward propagating azimuthal motion in the Ross and Weddell Seas, but no clearly circumpolar motion. The QQ time series, on the other hand, clearly shows eastward propagating circumpolar waves, but with occasional retrograde motion to the west.
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havis; klimatologi; meteorologi; oseanografi

The cryosphere: an early indicator and global player - Grassl, Hartmut (Polar Research, 1999)
Ice at or below the surface of the planet Earth is an important part of the climate system. The solid phase of water has two unique characteristics which make it both an early indicator of climate change and a global player. First, if warmed to the melting point at 0°C, higher air temperatures and/or higher long-wave back radiation just increase the melting rate but not - as with all other surfaces- the temperature, which stays at 0°C. Small icecaps and mountain glaciers thus become early indicators of a changed climate. Second. If seawater is cooled to the freezing point at about- 1.8"C. the sea ice formation process ejects salt causing the denser water to sink, thereby filling the global ocean interior with very cold water. The location where most of this deep convection occurs is strongly dependent on the freshwater balance and thus on the average salinity of ocean basins. Present ocean configuration and ocean topography, as well as precipitation distribution, make the northern North Atlantic more saline than any other high latitude ocean part and thus the site with most of this deep water formation. Sea ice formation is therefore of high significance for the European climate. Since it drives the near surface warm North Atlantic current northward off the European coast in compensation for southward deep water flow in the western Atlantic, northwestern Europe is warmer by about 4°C than the same latitudes on the eastern Pacific coast of America.
Keywords: Antarktis; isbreer; klimaendringer; kryosfæren; polarområdene; sjøvann; vann

Variability in snow layering and snow chemistry in the vicinity of two drill sites in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Hansson, Margareta; Holmlund, Per; Karlöf, Lars; Stenberg, Malin (Annals of Glaciology, 1999)
As part of the pre-site survey in Dronning Maud Land for the European Project for Ice Goring in Antarctica (EPICA), the spatial variability of snow-layer thickness and snow chemistry was studied at two geographically different ice-core drill sites. The study aimed to quantify error bars on accumulation rates derived from firn and ice cores. One site is located on the polar plateau at Amundsenisen (76° S, 8° W) and the other in the coastal area at Maudheimvidda (73° S, 13° W). Medium-deep ice cores (100 m) and shallow firn cores (10-20 m) were drilled and snow pits (0.5-2 5 m) were dug at each site. At Amundsenisen a large (16 m x 6 m x 2.5 m deep) snow pit was dug. Snow structure in this large snow pit was mapped using optical surveying equipment, and photographically documented. Samples for analysis of nine ions and oxygen isotopes were collected along one depth profile. Density and in situ electrical conductivity measurements were made along three depth profiles! Snow-layer variability was studied in two different areas and at two different scales. At a regional scale, measured by snow-radar soundings, the variability was 8% on the polar plateau and 45% in the coastal area. The variability at a micro-scale in the large snow pit was 9%. The results indicate that ice cores from the polar plateau are more representative for a larger area than ice cores drilled in the coastal area There is no doubt that there are significant error bars on high-resolution accumulation data received from firn and ice cores, especially from the coastal area, but averaging over tens of years reduces the error in accumulation estimates.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fysisk geografi; geokjemi; glasiologi; iskjerner; paleoklimatologi

Scott and Amundsen - Honda, Katuiti (The Asahi-Shinbun, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Robert Falcon Scott; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; biografier; ekspedisjoner; polarforskning; polarområdene

Predicted present-day evolution patterns of ice thickness and bedrock elevation over Greenland and Antarctica - Huybrechts, Philippe; Le Meur, Emmanuel (Polar Research, 1999)
This paper discusses predicted evolution patterns of present-day changes of ice thickness, surface elevation, and bedrock elevation over the Greenland and Antarctic continents. These were obtained from calculations with dynamic 3-D ice sheet models which were coupled to a visco-elastic solid Earth model. The experiments were initialized over the last two glacial cycles and subsequently averaged over the last 200 years to obtain the current evolution. The calculations indicate that the Antarctic Ice Sheet is still adjusting to the last glacial-interglacial transition yielding a decreasing ice volume and a rising bedrock elevation of the order of several centimetres per year. The Greenland Ice Sheet was found to be close to a stationary state with a mean thickness change of only a few millimetres per year, but the calculations revealed large spatial differences. Predicted patterns over Greenland are characterized by a small thickening over the ice sheet interior and a general thinning of the ablation area. In Antarctica, almost all of the predicted changes are concentrated in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is still retreating at both the Weddell and Ross Sea margins. Over most of both ice sheets, the model indicates that the surface elevation trend is dominated by ice thickness changes rather than by bedrock elevation changes.
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi; innlandsis; polarområdene

The Antarctic contribution to Holocene global sea level rise - Ingólfsson, Ólafur; Hjort, Christian (Polar Research, 1999)
The Holocene glacial and climatic development in Antarctica differed considerably from that in the Northern Hemisphere. Initial deglaciation of inner shelf and adjacent land areas in Antarctica dates back to between 10-8 Kya, when most Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had already disappeared or diminished considerably. The continued deglaciation of currently ice-free land in Antarctica occurred gradually between ca. 8-5 Kya. A large southern portion of the marine-based Ross Ice Sheet disintegrated during this late deglaciation phase. Some currently ice-free areas were deglaciated as late as 3 Kya. Between 8-5 Kya, global glacio-eustatically driven sea level rose by 10-17m, with 4-8 m of this increase occurring after 7 Kya. Since the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had practically disappeared by 8-7 Kya, we suggest that Antarctic deglaciation caused a considerable part of the global sea level rise between 8-7 Kya, and most of it between 7-5 Kya. The global mid-Holocene sea level high stand, broadly dated to between 8-4 Kya, and the Littorina-Tapes transgressions in Scandinavia and simultaneous transgressions recorded from sites e.g. in Svalbard and Greenland, dated to 7-5 Kya, probably reflect input of meltwater from the Antarctic deglaciation.
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; glasiologi; havnivåstigning; innlandsis; paleoglasiologi; polarområdene

Accumulation and proxy-temperature variability in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, determined from shallow firn cores - Isaksson, Elisabeth; van den Broeke, Michiel R; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Karlöf, Lars; Francis Pinglot, Jean; Gundestrup, Niels (Annals of Glaciology, 1999)
During 1996-97 a European Project for Ice Goring in Antarctica (EPIGA) pre-site surveying traverse worked in the area between 70° S, 5° E and 75° S, 15° E in Dronning Maud Land. We present data obtained from 10 and 20 m deep firn cores drilled between the coast and 600 km inland (to 3450 m a.s.l.). The cores were analyzed for electrical conductivity measurements and total β activity to obtain accumulation data between known time horizons. In addition, some of the cores were analyzed for oxygen isotopes. Annual accumulation varies from 271 mm we. at Fimbulisen to 24 mm we at 2840 m a.s.l. Accumulation at core sites 2400-3000 m a.s.l. has increased by 16-48% since 1965 compared to the 1955-65 period. However, the core sites above 3250 m a.s.l. and one core location on the ice shelf show a decrease during the same period. Furthermore, no change can be detected at the most inland site for the period 1815-1996. In all the cores the last few years seem to have been some of the warmest in these records.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; iskjerner; klimatologi

Den første olje - Jenssen, Hugo Lauritz (Ambra : Sandefjordmuseene årbok, 1999)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjøfolk

EPICA Dronning Maud Land pre-site survey - Karlöf, Lars; Gjerde, Knut; Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98, 1999)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1997/98; geodesi; innlandsis; topografi

Antarktis - Killie, Barbro; Savinova, Tatiana; Kleivane, Lars; Lie, Elisabeth; Skaare, Janneche Utne; Nygård, Torgeir (Miljøgifter og radioktivitet i norsk fauna: inkludert Arktis og Antarktis, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; forurensning; zoologi

Prey of Antarctic fur seals at Bouvetøya, Southern Ocean - Klages, Norbert; Hofmeyr, Greg; Gjertz, Ian (Polar Record, 1999)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; pelsseler; pinnipedier; seler; zoologi

Miljøgifter og radioaktivitet i norsk fauna : inkludert Arktis og Antarktis - Knutzen, Jon; Fjeld, Eirik; Hylland, Ketil; Killie, Barbro; Kleivane, Lars; Lie, Elisabeth; Nygård, Torgeir; Savinova, Tatiana; Skåre, Janneche Utne; Aanes, Karl Jan (Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; dyreliv; forurensning; miljøgifter; polarområdene; radioaktivitet; toksikologi; zoologi

Akkumulering av tungmetaller i en antarktisk næringskjede - Lie, Elisabeth; Nygård, Torgeir; Røv, Nils; Steinnes, Eiliv (NINAs strategiske instituttprogrammer 1991-95. Forurensningsøkologi. Sluttrapport, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; antarktispetrell; forurensning; krill; miljøgifter; næringskjede; sjøfugler

Meltwater production in Antarctic blue-ice areas: sensitivity to changes in atmospheric forcing - Liston, Glen E.; Bruland, Oddbjørn; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Elvehøy, Hallgeir; Sand, Knut (Polar Research, 1999)
In the near coastal regions of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, below-surface ice-melt in blue-ice areas has been observed. The low scattering coefficients of the large-grained blue-ice allow penetration of solar radiation, thus providing an energy source below the ice surface. The sub-surface meltwater is significant enough to show up on remote-sensing imagery in the form of ice-covered lakes. Adjacent snow-accumulation areas have much higher scattering coefficients and consequently limit solar radiation penetration in these regions. These snow and ice surfaces are generally below freezing, and little surface melting occurs. To assess the response of these melt features to changes in atmospheric forcings such as cloudiness, air temperature, and snow accumulation, a physically-based model of the coupled atmosphere, radiation, snow, and blue-ice system has been developed. The model consists of a heat transfer equation with a spectrally-dependent solar-radiation source term. The penetration of radiation into the snow and blue-ice depends on the surface albedo, and the snow and blue-ice grain size and density. Model simulations show that ice melt occurring in this area is sensitive to potential variations in atmospheric forcing. Under certain conditions more traditional surface melting occurs and, under other conditions, the existing melt processes can be shut down completely. In light of the sensitivity of this system to variations in atmospheric forcing, and the ability to view melt-related features using remote sensing, a tool exists to efficiently monitor variations in Antarctic coastal climate.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; blåis; glasiologi; innlandsis; isshelf; smelting

Below-surface ice melt on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet - Liston, Glen E; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Bruland, Oddbjørn; Elverhøy, Hallgeir; Sand, Knut (Journal of Glaciology, 1999)
In the Jutulgryta area of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, subsurface melting of the ice sheet has been observed. The melting takes place during the summer months in blue-ice areas under conditions of below-freezing air and surface temperatures. Adjacent snow-covered regions, having the same meteorological and climatic conditions, experience little or no subsurface melting. To help explain and understand the observed melt-rate differences in the blue-ice and snow-covered areas, a physically based numerical model of the coupled atmosphere, radiation, snow and blue-ice system has been developed. The model comprises a heat-transfer equation which includes a spectrally dependent solar-radiation source term. The penetration of radiation into the snow and blue ice depends on the solar-radiation spectrum, the surface albedo and the snow and blue-ice grain-sizes and densities. In addition, the model uses a complete surface energy balance to define the surface boundary conditions. It is run over the full annual cycle, simulating temperature profiles and melting and freezing quantities throughout the summer and winter seasons. The model is driven and validated using field observations collected during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 1996–97. The simulations suggest that the observed differences between subsurface snow and blue-ice melting can be explained largely by radiative and heat-transfer interactions resulting from differences in albedo, grain-size and density between the two mediums.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; blåis; geofysikk; glasiologi; innlandsis

Ultraviolet radiation and health effects in the Antarctic - Lugg, Desmond J.; Roy, Colin R. (Polar Research, 1999)
With the recognition that global climate change may adversely affect human health, there has been an increase in relevant research worldwide. In the Antarctic medical research has been largely directed at the potential health effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. For over a decade continuous broad-band measurements of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have been made at all Australian stations. Results of UV measurements are presented and comparisons made with the “ozone hole” moving over the stations, erythemal UVR increasing by a factor of more than 2.5 over a three day period. During late spring and despite the large difference in latitude, Davis, Antarctica, and Melbourne, Australia, are very similar in erythemal UVR. Antarctic immunological and photo biological research is presented and the role of UVR discussed. Epidemiological data is reviewed for short-term links between UVR and related disease. With increased awareness of the dangers of UVR and consequent changes in sun-related behavior, the incidence of the acute effects of UVR is much lower than decades ago. As the itinerant Antarctic population spends a maximum of 12-18 months at a time in that location it is an excellent control group for studies on the health effects of UVR on permanent populations at similar latitudes in the Arctic.
Keywords: Antarktis; epidemiologi; fotobiologi; immunologi; klimaendringer; ozonlaget; ultrafiolett stråling

Impact of recent climate on glacier mass balance : studies on Kongsvegen, Svalbard and Jutulstraumen, Antarctica - Melvold, Kjetil (University of Oslo, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; akkumulasjon; geografi; glasiologi; isbreer

Photosynthetic responses of selected Antarctic plants to solar radiation in the southern maritime Antarctic - Montiel, Pedro; Smith, Andrew; Keiller, Don (Polar Research, 1999)
The effects of UV-B exclusion and enhancement of solar radiation on photosynthesis of the two phanerogams which occur in the maritime Antarctic, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis, and the moss Sanionia uncinats were investigated. Data on air temperature and solar radiation illustrate a drastic seasonal variation. Daily O3 column mean values and UV-B measured at ground level document the occurrence of the O3“hole” in the spring of 1997, with a concomitant increase in UV-B. The grass, D. antarctica, exhibited a broad temperature optimum for photosynthesis between 10–25°C while photosynthesis did not saturate even at high irradiance. The high water use efficiencies measured in the grass may be one of the features explaining the presence of this species in the maritime Antarctic. The net photosynthesis response to intercellular CO2 (A/ci) for D. antarctica was typical of a C3 plant. Exposure to a biologically effective UV-B irradiance of 0.74 W M-2 did not result in any significant change in either the maximum rate of photosynthesis at saturating CO2 and light, or in the initial carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco. (Vc,max). Furthermore while ambient (or enhanced) solar UV-B did not affect photochemical yield, measured in the field, of C. quitensis and D. antarctica, UV-B enhancement did affect negatively photochemical yield in S. uncinata. In D. antarctica plants, exposure to UV-B at low irradiances elicited increased flavonoid synthesis. The observed effects of UV-B enhancement on the moss (decreased photochemical yield) and the grass (increase in flavonoids) require further, separate investigation.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; fotosyntese; klimaendringer; moser; planter

Antarktis : norsk natur- og kulturminneforvaltning - Njåstad, Birgit (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; forvaltning; kulturminneforvaltning; miljøvern; naturforvaltning; naturvern; polarområdene

Physical oceanography - Nøst, Ole Anders; Enghum, Elisabeth; Djurfeldt, Leif; Larsson, Anne-Marie (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98, 1999)
Keywords: NARE 1997/98; Sørishavet; fysisk oseanografi

Iron enrichment with hydrocarboxylic acid and photoreduction of iron under UV and PAR: implications for phytoplankton growth in the Antarctic Ocean. Some preliminary results - Öztürk, Murat; Sakshaug, Egil (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98, 1999)
Keywords: NARE 1997/98; Sørishavet; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi

Petrogenesis of the volcanic suite of Bouvetøya (Bouvet Island), South Atlantic - Prestvik, Tore; Goldberg, Steven; Goles, Gordon G. (Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 1999)
Whole rock and mineral compositions of volcanic rocks collected during the Norwegian Polarsirkel expedition (1978/79) to the volcanic istand of Bovetøya (close to the Bouvet Triple Junction) are discussed and compared with previously published data from the island. The rock types, hawaiite, benmoreite, and peralkaline trachyte and rhyolite (comendite) are related to each other by crystal fractionation processes. The trace element and radiogenic isotope signatures displayed by the Bouvetøya rocks are those of a moderately enriched oceanic island suite. On several isotope plots Bouvetøya rocks fall on or close to mixing lines between the euriched EM-l and HIMU mantle components. Mixing between depleted morb mantle (DMM) and euriched components is not likely. Thus, Bouvetøya displays a typical plume signature.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; M/V Polarsirkel; NARE 1978/79; geokjemi; geologi; petrologi

Global change and the polar regions - Rapley, Chris (Polar Research, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; klimaendringer; polarområdene

A study of the ice dynamics of Jutulstraumen drainage area, by means of remote sensing - Rolstad, Cecilie; Hagen, Jon Ove; Østen, Kristoffer; Tonning, Tore; Semb, Svein Ingar (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1997/98; akkumulasjon; glasiologi; innlandsis; klimaendringer

A global model tool for three-dimensional multiyear stratospheric chemistry simulations: Model description and first results - Rummukainen, Markku; Isaksen, Ivar S A; Rognerud, Bjørg; Stordal, Frode (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1999)
The paper presents a new global modeling tool, Stratospheric Chemical Transport Model 2. It has been developed for effective three-dimensional multiyear stratospheric chemistry studies, featuring an extensive chemistry scheme, heterogeneous processing on sulfate aerosols, and some polar stratospheric cloud processes. The transport algorithm maintains sub-grid-scale distributions and connects vertically the stratospheric layers, even in a coarse vertical grid. The model has been integrated for 49 months, recycling 1 year of precalculated transport from a middle atmosphere general circulation model. One year of daily National Centers for Environmental Prediction global analyses are used as temperatures. Diurnal cycles of photolysis rates are recalculated every 7 days to give interaction with ozone changes. The model is able to describe most of the geographical and seasonal ozone variability and the meridional distributions of ozone, reactive nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine. Stratospheric diurnal cycles for nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and bromine species are captured in detail. The upper stratosphere ozone deficiency, typical to models, is large. Its sensitivity to different ways of tuning are explored. Midlatitude, rather than polar, wintertime processes have so far been the focus in this model tool. The present transport and grid resolution are not suited for realistic simulations at high latitudes. As there is only a limited inclusion of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) microphysics, chemical processing in the cold polar lower stratosphere also cannot be well simulated. For example, the Antarctic ozone hole is not simulated, but the modeled chemistry should be suitable for warm Arctic winters when type II PSCs and particle sedimentation do not occur.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; meteorologi; ozonlaget; polarområdene; stratosfæren; stratosfærisk kjemi

Residue determinants and sequence analysis of cold-adapted trypsins - Schrøder Leiros, Hanna-Kirsti; Willassen, Nils Peder; Smalås, Arne O. (Extremophiles, 1999)
The digestive enzyme trypsin is among the most extensively studied proteins, and its structure has been reported from a large number of organisms. This article focuses on the trypsins from vertebrates adapted to life at low temperatures. Cold-adapted organisms seem to have compensated for the reduced reaction rates at low temperatures by evolving more active and less temperature-stable enzymes. We have analyzed 27 trypsin sequences from a variety of organisms to find unique attributes for the cold-adapted trypsins, comparing trypsins from salmon, Antarctic fish, cod, and pufferfish to other vertebrate trypsins. Both the "cold" and the "warm" active trypsins have about 50 amino acids that are unique and conserved within each class. The main unique features of the cold-adapted trypsins attributable to low-temperature adaptation seem to be (1) reduced hydrophobicity and packing density of the core, mainly because of a lower (Ile + Leu)/(Ile + Leu + Val) ratio, (2) reduced stability of the C-terminal, (3) lack of one warm trypsin conserved proline residue and one proline tyrosine stacking, (4) difference in charge and flexibility of loops extending the binding pocket, and (5) different conformation of the "autolysis" loop that is likely to be involved in substrate binding.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; fisker; marin biologi; mikrobiologi; polarområdene

Climatic trend and the retreat and disintegration of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula: an overview - Skvarca, Pedro; Rack, Wolfgang; Rott, Helmut; Ibarzábal Donángelo, Teresa (Polar Research, 1999)
Observation of the retreat and disintegration of ice shelves around the Antarctic Peninsula during the last three decades and associated changes in air temperature, measured at various meteorological stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, are reviewed. The climatically induced retreat of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf on the east coast and of the Wordie, George VI, and Wilkins ice shelves on the west coast amounted to about 10 000 km2 since the mid-1960s. A summary is presented on the recession history of the Larsen Ice Shelf and on the collapse of those sections north of Robertson Island in early 1995. The area changes were derived from images of various satellites, dating back to a late 1963 image from the recently declassified US Argon space missions. This photograph reveals a previously unknown, minor advance of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf before 1975. During the period of retreat a consistent and pronounced warming trend was observed at the stations on both east and west coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula, but a major cause of the fast retreat and final collapse of the northernmost sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf were several unusually warm summers. Temperature records from the nearby station Marambio show that a positive mean summer temperature was reached for the first time in 1992-93. Recent observations indicate that the process of ice shelf disintegration is proceeding further south on both sides of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Keywords: Antarktis; brehylle; glasiologi; isbrem; isshelf; klimaendringer; meteorologi; satellittbilder

Foothold on Antarctica : the first international expedition (1949-1952) : through the eyes of its youngest member - Swithinbank, Charles (Book Guild, 1999)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Maudheim (Antarktis); Maudheimekspedisjonen; NBSAE 1949-52; NSBX 1949-52; Norsk-britisk-svenske antarktisekspedisjon; glasiologi

Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98 - Tveraa, Torkild (ed.); Winther, Jan-Gunnar (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1999)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1997/98; biologi; geodesi; glasiologi; oseanografi

Studies of seabirds at Svarthamaren - Tveraa, Torkild; Andreassen, Cecilie; Christensen, Guttorm N (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1997/98, 1999)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1997/98; fugler; ornitologi; petreller

Climate variables along a traverse line in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica - van den Broeke, Michiel R; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Pinglot, Jean Francis; Karlöf, Lars; Eiken, Trond; Louk, Conrads (Journal of Glaciology, 1999)
Temperature, density and accumulation data were obtained from shallow firn cores, drilled during an overland traverse through a previously unknown part of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The traverse area is characterised by high mountains that obstruct the ice flow, resulting in a sudden transition from the polar plateau to the coastal region. The spatial variations of potential temperature, near-surface firn density and accumulation suggest that katabatic winds are active in this region. Proxy wind data derived from firn-density profiles confirm that annual mean wind speed is strongly related to the magnitude of the surface slope. The high elevation of the ice sheet south of the mountains makes for a dry, cold climate, in which mass loss owing to sublimation is small and erosion of snow by the wind has a potentially large impact on the surface mass balance. A simple katabatic-wind model is used to explain the variations of accumulation along the traverse line in terms of divergence/convergence of the local transport of drifting snow. The resulting wind- and snowdrift patterns are closely connected to the topography of the ice sheet: ridges are especially sensitive to erosion, while ice streams and other depressions act as collectors of drifting snow.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; fysisk geografi; glasiologi; klimatologi; meteorologi

Distribution and Abundance of the Antarctic Petrel - van Franeker, J. A.; Gavrilo, M.; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Veit, R. R.; Woehler, E. J. (Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology, 1999)
Published and unpublished information on the distribution and abundance of the Antarctic Petrel (Thalassoica antarctica) is reviewed. Currently 35 colonies with approximately half a million breeding pairs are known. All but one of these known colonies are situated in East Antarctica. However, an estimate derived from at sea studies in three of four apparent centers of oceanic occurrence suggests a population as high as four to seven million breeding pairs (10 to 20 million individuals). In spite of the tentative nature of such an estimate, the difference with the colony-derived figure strongly suggests the existence of large, currently undiscovered colonies, particularly in western Antarctica and Victoria Land, where a complete mismatch exists between bird observations at sea and known colonies. In eastern Antarctica, in addition to undiscovered colonies, some known ones could be considerably larger than currently documented.
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

The Southern Ocean seabed: arena for conflicting regimes? - Vidas, Davor (Order for the oceans at the turn of the century, 1999)
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus

The interplay of global and polar regimes - Young, Oran R. (Polar Research, 1999)
The growing salience of interactions between the functionally broad but geographically narrow regimes for the polar regions and the geographically broad but functionally specific regimes emerging to deal with global environmental changes directs attention to the issue of institutional interplay. Interplay among regimes can cause mutual interference or foster synergy. Adopting a pragmatic stance that assumes no fundamental changes in international society, this essay suggests ways to: (1) adapt global regimes dealing with ozone depletion, climate change and biodiversity to the conditions prevailing in the polar regions; and (2) ensure that concerns arising in the polar regions receive serious consideration in global forums. Specific suggestions range from modest initiatives involving monitoring and assessment to more ambitious initiatives, such as the establishment of a chamber of regions in global regimes.
Keywords: Antarktis; biodiversitet; internasjonal samarbeid; klimaendringer; klimapolitikk; ozonlaget; polarområdene

Sixty year 10Be record from Greenland and Antarctica - Aldahan, A.; Possnert, G.; Johnsen, S. J.; Clausen, H. B.; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Karlen, W.; Hansson, M. (Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1998)
We report in this study the distribution of 10Be in the top 40 m of the Renland ice core (East Greenland) and in a 30 m long core from DML (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica) for the period 1931–1988. The two sites show differences in10Be content, the Antarctica site showing smaller variance and a lower average 10Be annual flux. Similarly, the average accumulation rate (cm water equivalent year−1) is higher in the Renland relative to DML. The variability in accumulation (precipitation) rates seems to explain part of the difference in10Be flux between the two polar sites. Cyclic fluctuations of 10Be flux correlate with the 11-year sunspot number and cosmic ray intensity than with the aa index (perturbation of the geomagnetic activity by the solar wind). Our data corroborate 10Be cyclic fluctuation pattern from the Dye 3 ice core and confirm a promising potential for correlation of global and local events.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; iskjerner; klimatologi; meteorologi; polarområdene

Dagboken fra Belgica-ekspedisjonen 1897-99 : Roald Amundsens første ferd til Antarktis - Amundsen, Roald (Vågemot miniforl., 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica (skip); Roald Amundsen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; overvintring; polarekspedisjoner; vitenskap

Ice sheet history from Antarctic Continental Margin sediments: The ANTOSTRAT approach - Barker, Peter; Barrett, Peter; Camerlenghi, Angelo; Cooper, Alan; Davey, Frederick; Domack, Eugene; Escutia, Carlota; Kristoffersen, Yngve; O'Brien, Philip (Terra Antarctica, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi; innlandsis; sedimentologi

Polare jubileer i 1997 og 1998 - Barr, Susan (Polarboken, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; historie

“Convergence or National Styles? The Japanese Challenge to the British-Norwegian Hegemony in the Twentieth-Century Whaling Industry” - Basberg, Bjørn L (Global Markets: The Internationalization of the Sea Transport Industries since 1850, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Svend Foyn; fiskeindustri; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstnæring; hvalindustri; pelagisk; økonomi

The Floating Factory: Dominant Designs and Technological Development of Twentieth-CenturyWhaling Factory Ships - Basberg, Bjørn L (The Northern Mariner/Le Marin du nord, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalkokeri

Roald Amundsen : en biografi - Bomann-Larsen, Tor (Cappelen, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolen; biografi; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser

On the cost of reproduction in long-lived birds: the influence of environmental variability - Erikstad, Kjell Einar; Fauchald, Per; Tveraa, Torkild; Steen, Harald (Ecology, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Forskrift om regulering av fiske med norske fartøyer i Antarktis (CCAMLR-området) - fiskeridepartementet, Nærings- og (Lovdata, 1998)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fiskeri; jus

Research cruise of the Scandinavian South African Antarctic expedition, December 1997 to February 1998 - Froneman, P.W.; Pakhomov, Evgeny; Turner, D.; Abrahamson, K.; Karlsson, B.; Godhe, Anna; Bertilsson, Stefan; Graneli, Wilhelm; Carlsson, Per; Wängberg, Sten-Åke; Wulff, Angela; Croot, Peter; et al. (South African Journal of Science, 1998)
Focuses on the Scandinavian/South African Antarctic expedition conducted between December 4, 1997 to February 6, 1998 which determined the role of Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle in physical and biological oceanographic studies. Aims of the expedition; Underway sampling conducted; Biological results of the expedition; Conclusions.
Keywords: NARE ekspedisjoner; Sørishavet; fytoplankton; krill; marin biologi; oseanografi

Estimate of the subglacier dielectric constant of an ice shelf using a ground-penetrating step-frequency radar - Hamran, Svein Erik; Erlingsson, Bjørn; Gjessing, Yngvar; Mo, Per (IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1998)
The mass balance of the Antarctic ice cap, its stability, and the role of the surrounding ice shelf in bottomwater mass formation is, to a large extent, dictated by processes associated with subsurface freezing and melting, where the submerged ice meets the surrounding ocean. It is demonstrated how multifrequency ground-penetrating radar data collected at the Riiser-Larsenisen can be used to examine the physical conditions of the ice-shelf subsurface. The received radar signal from three different frequency intervals, 10-30, 155-170, and 330-360 MHz (range of wavelengths from 15 to 0.5 m in the ice), was analyzed by using a plane reflector model. It is demonstrated that the data can be successfully used to distinguish between types of ice at the ice-ocean interface, such as for freezing marine ice, melting marine ice, melting meteoric ice from the ice cap, and melting firn/ice. The data analysis shows that the subsurface can be regarded as rough on length scales in the order of 1 m.
Keywords: Antarktis; brehylle; fjernanalyse; geofysikk; georadar; glasiologi; isbreer; isbrem; isshelf; oseanografi

Noruega y las regiones polares - Hansson, Rasmus (Real Ministerio Noruego de Asuntos Exteriores, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Norvegija i poljarnye rajony - Hansson, Rasmus (Izdano Ministerstvom inostrannych del Norvegii, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Norway and the polar regions - Hansson, Rasmus (The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Norwegen und die Polargebiete - Hansson, Rasmus (Kgl. Norwegisches Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Nordmenn; Norge; Norsk Polarinstitutt; Peter I. Øy; Sørishavet; geografi; historie; norske ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; polarpolitikk

Norge og polarområdene - Hansson, Rasmus (ed.) (Utenriksdepartementet, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; geografi; historie; miljøvern; polarforskning; polarområdene; politikk

Den norske antarktisekspedisjonen (NARE) 1996/97 - Haugland, Jan Erling (Polarboken, 1998)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; logistikk

Ambient air levels and atmospheric long-range transport of persistent organochlorines to Signy Island, Antarctica - Kallenborn, Roland; Oehme, Michael; Wynn-Williams, David D; Schlabach, Martin; Harris, Joyce (Science of The Total Environment, 1998)
Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides have been determined in ambient air at Signy Island, Antarctica, over a period of 17 weeks. Mean concentrations for single polychlorinated biphenyls (0.02–17 pg/m3), for chlordanes (0.04–0.9 pg/m3), DDT compounds (0.07–0.40 pg/m3) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH, 22 pg/m3) were comparable to those in Arctic air. However, α-HCH levels were approximately one order of magnitude lower. Compared to the Arctic, differences were also observed in the concentration ratios of α-/γ-HCH and chlordane compounds. Two possible atmospheric long-range transport episodes from South America were found by comparing 10-day back trajectories with observed concentration changes. The lower limits of determination (LOD) were mainly governed by the field blanks. They were satisfactory for the most volatile PCBs. However, many concentrations for DDT and chlordane compounds were below the LODs (range 0.1–1 pg/m3) or even the instrumental detection limit (0.01–0.03 pg/m3).
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; forurensning; langtransport; luftforurensning; meteorologi; miljøgifter; polarområdene

Nitrogen uptake in the infiltration community, an ice algal community in Antarctic pack-ice - Kristiansen, Svein; Farbrot, Tove; Kuosa, Harri; Myklestad, Sverre M; Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum (Polar Biology, 1998)
An infiltration community was the dominating ice algal community in pack-ice off Queen Maud Land, Southern Ocean, in January 1993. The community was dominated by autotrophic processes, and the most common species were the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica and the diatoms Chaetoceros neglectus and Fragilariopsis cylindrus. The concentration of chlorophyll a was 1.3–47.9 μg l−1, and the inner part of the community was nitrate depleted. Uptake rates of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea and amino acids were measured using 15N. Nitrate was the major nitrogen source for ice algal growth (67 ± 6% nitrate uptake). It is suggested that % nitrate uptake in the infiltration community decreases during the growth season, from 92% during spring (literature data) to 67% during summer. Scalar irradiance in the infiltration community was high and variable. It reached ca. 2000 μmol m−2 s−1 at some locations, and nitrate uptake rate was potentially photoinhibited at irradiances >500 μmol m−2 s−1. Nitrate uptake rate in an average infiltration community (0.6 m of snow cover) was lowered by 13% over a 2-week period due to photoinhibition.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; marin biologi

Establishing chronologies from acid-insoluble organic 14C dates on Antarctic (Ross Sea) and Arctic (North Atlantic) marine sediments - Licht, Kathy J; Cunningham, Wendy L; Andrews, John T; Domack, Eugene W; Jennings, Anne E (Polar Research, 1998)
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; paleoseanografi; polarområdene; sedimentologi

Diet and prey consumption of Antarctic petrels Thalassoica antarctica at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, and at sea outside the colony - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Klages, Norbert; Røv, Nils (Polar Biology, 1998)
The diet of the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica was studied during two seasons at Svarthamaren, an inland colony in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, and in the pack ice off the coast of Svarthamaren. The most important food (wet mass) at Svarthamaren was crustaceans (67%), fish (29%) and squid (5%); however, individuals collected in the pack ice took mostly fish (87%). The prey composition and lengths of prey are comparable to what has been documented in other studies on this species. Estimates of food consumption by birds breeding at Svarthamaren (ca. 250,000 pairs) suggest that approximately 6500 tonnes of crustaceans, 2800 tonnes of fish and 435 tonnes of squid are consumed during the breeding season. The annual consumptions of these birds are estimated to be 34,100 tonnes of crustaceans, 14,700 tonnes of fish, and 2300 tonnes of squid. Satellite telemetry data indicate that Antarctic petrels from Svarthamaren may fly more than 3000 km during one foraging trip, and thus may cover a huge ocean area to obtain their prey.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; NARE 1993/94; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Gut length, food transit time and diving habit in phocid seals - Mårtensson, Per-Erik; Nordøy, Erling; Messelt, Edward; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Polar Biology, 1998)
Keywords: Sørishavet; seler; zoologi

Large spatial variation in accumulation rate in Jutulstraumen ice stream, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Melvold, Kjetil; Hagen, Jon Ove; Pinglot, Jean Francis; Gunuestrup, Niels (Annals of Glaciology, 1998)
A mass-balance programme was initiated on Jutulstraumen ice stream, western Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica, during the austral summer 1992-93. As a part of the mass-balance programme, accumulation rate was measured along the centre line of Jutulstraumen from the shelf edge up to the plateau at about 2500 m a.s.l. Accumulation distribution obtained from seven shallow firn cores and 48 slake readings is presented. The overall net accumulation trend displays a decreasing accumulation with increasing elevation and distance to coast, but on both the mesoscale and microscale there are significant variations. This is due to complex patterns of precipitation controlled by orography and redistribution by katabatic winds. The local accumulation distribution (few km scale) was found to be dependent on downslope surface gradient (aspect north, northwest), and variations up to 100% were found over distances of less than 3 km. The large variation in accumulation is important when selecting new core sites and for interpretation of temporal and spatial variations in accumulation derived from firn cores.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geofysikk; geografi; glasiologi; isstrøm

I helters spor : Sydpolsekspedisjonens kulturelle organisasjon - Murvold, Hilde Karin (Universitetet i Bergen, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjoner; ekspedisjoner; etnologi; kultur

Antarctic Protected Areas Workshop : workshop report - Njåstad, Birgit (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; kongress; miljøvern; naturvern

Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts - Norman, Frederick Ian; Gibson, John A E; Burgess, J S (Polar Record, 1998)
Exploratory activities of Norwegians, particularly those directed by Lars Christensen, off eastern Antarctica are discussed briefly in relation to contemporary Antarctic investigations and politics. The interests of Norway there and Christensen's role in establishing an understanding of the local coastline are indicated. Particular attention is paid to the landing made by Klarius Mikkelsen in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, on 20 February 1935. Note is taken of the site's recent re-discovery, and the symbolic role of the landing in the national aspirations of Norway, Britain, and Australia is discussed. Mikkelsen operated under commercial and scientific interests promoted by Christensen, and his landing was, at least in published material, seen as an extension of them. However, there is a suggestion that not only had a new Norwegian land been discovered, and a landing made, but that a claim to it was at least considered. Such a claim was not appropriate given previous agreements between Norway and Britain. The site's location and environs are discussed, as are subsequent flights over it and visits made there by Australian expeditioners. The ambiguity associated with claims that Caroline Mikkelsen was the first woman to land on the Antarctic mainland is also examined. Since Mikkelsen's site was on an island within the Tryne Group, to the north of Davis station, if a mainland location is required to establish such an event, then an alternative (Scullin Monolith) is proposed; however, on this occasion four women were involved, but who was first ashore remains uncertain.
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; Thorshavn ekspedisjon; første landgang; kvinner; oppdagelsesreiser

Bouvetøya, Subantarktiko - Næstvold, Alf (Polarboken, 1998)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; ekspedisjoner; logistikk

Snipp snapp snute... : beretning om livet om bord i hvalbåtene fra Vestfold på fangstfeltene i Sydishavet - Østevik, Tore (Færder forlag, 1998)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk; sjøfolk

Tvers over Antarktis alene - Ousland, Børge (Polarboken, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

A new species of Parmelia (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Antarctic - Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Elix, John A.; Smith, Ronald I. Lewis (Mycotaxon, 1998)
A new species of Parmelia (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Antarctic. Parmelia lindsayana Ovstedal & Elix from Signy Island (South Orkney Islands) is described as new. This species resembles P. protosulcata Hale and P. cunninghamii Crombie, but differs in morphological details and in containing usnic, alpha-collatolic and alectoronic acids.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sør-Orknøyene; botanikk; lav; planter

A Comparison of the CCM3 Model Climate Using Diagnosed and Predicted Condensate Parameterizations - Rasch, Philip J.; Kristjánsson, Jón Egill (Journal of Climate, 1998)
A parameterization is introduced for the prediction of cloud water in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). The new parameterization makes a much closer connection between the meteorological processes that determine condensate formation and the condensate amount. The parameterization removes some constraints from the simulation by allowing a substantially wider range of variation in condensate amount than in the standard CCM3 and tying the condensate amount to local physical processes. The parameterization also allows cloud drops to form prior to the onset of grid-box saturation and can require a significant length of time to convert condensate to a precipitable form, or to remove the condensate. The free parameters of the scheme were adjusted to provide reasonable agreement with top of atmosphere and surface fluxes of energy. The parameterization was evaluated by a comparison with satellite and in situ measures of liquid and ice cloud amounts. The effect of the parameterization on the model simulation was then examined by comparing long model simulations to a similar run with the standard CCM and through comparison with climatologies based upon meteorological observations. Global ice and liquid water burdens are higher in the revised model than in the control simulation, with an accompanying increase in height of the center of mass of cloud water. Zonal averages of cloud water contents were 20%–50% lower near the surface and much higher above. The range of variation of cloud water contents is much broader in the new parameterization but was still not as large as measurements suggest. Differences in the simulation were generally small. The largest significant changes found to the simulation were seen in polar regions (winter in the Arctic and all seasons in the Antarctic). The new parameterization significantly changes the Northern Hemisphere winter distribution of cloud water and improves the simulation of temperature and cloud amount there. Small changes were introduced in the cloud fraction to improve consistency of the meteorological parameterizations and to attempt to alleviate problems in the model (in particular, in the marine stratocumulus regime). The small changes did not make any appreciable improvement to the model simulation. The new parameterization adds significantly to the flexibility in the model and the scope of problems that can be addressed. Such a scheme is needed for a reasonable treatment of scavenging of atmospheric trace constituents, and cloud aqueous or surface chemistry. The addition of a more realistic condensate parameterization provides opportunities for a closer connection between radiative properties of the clouds, and their formation and dissipation. These processes must be treated for many problems of interest today (e.g., anthropogenic aerosol–climate interactions).
Keywords: Antarktis; klimamodeller; klimatologi; meteorologi; polarområdene

The effects of personality and interpersonal relations on crew performance during space simulation studies - Sandal, Gro Mjeldheim (Life Support & Biosphere Science, 1998)
There has been a substantial increase in the number of people living and operating in isolated, confined, and artificially engineered environments, such as spacecraft, deep diving, weather stations, submarines, and polar outposts. This article gives an overview of research undertaken in a variety of extreme environments in an effort to better understand how semiautonomous, task-oriented groups operating within these environments develop over time, as well as identification of the individual characteristics that promote performance under such circumstances. Research reviewed includes space simulation studies for the European Space Agency (ESA) where groups were isolated in hyperbaric chambers, as well as findings from polar expeditions, space missions, submarine missions, and other military settings. Findings from the space simulation studies in hyperbaric chambers provided empirical evidence for interpersonal issues anecdotally reported in Antarctica and in other isolated, operational team environments, such as "scapegoating" of deviant crew members, displacement of aggression to outside personnel, and time patterns in psychological reactions. No indications of a "psychological limit" for how long people can tolerate remaining in isolation and confinement were found. Certain personality characteristics were consistently associated with coping, and individuals characterized by strong achievement motivation combined with interpersonal sensitivity seemed to adapt better than others. Together, these results have implications for selection and training of people operating within extreme environments.
Keywords: Antarktis; polarekspedisjoner; polarforskere; polarområdene; psykologi

Stability of the Thermohaline Circulation to Noisy Surface Buoyancy Forcing for the Present and a Warm Climate in an Ocean General Circulation Model - Skagseth, Øystein; Mork, Kjell Arne (Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1998)
The stabilities of two different circulation regimes in the North Atlantic, 1) the present thermohaline circulation and 2) a weaker thermohaline circulation, are compared using the Hamburg Large Scale Geostrophic (LSG) ocean circulation model. The latter circulation regime is obtained by restoring the LSG model toward an on average 48C warmer air surface temperature corresponding to a doubled atmospheric content of CO 2 . The stabilities of these stationary states are investigated by imposing various amounts of stochastic noise on the surface freshwater flux. The simulations show more variability on secular timescales for the present than for the warm climate. Since the modeled static stabilities for the two climates are relatively similar, the different rates of variability are probably connected to other mechanisms. In the present climate at high latitudes the two buoyancy fluxes due to heat and freshwater are of similar magnitudes but with opposite signs; thus switches between convective and nonconvective periods at secular timescales are possible. In the warm climate the buoyancy flux due to heat dominates. This compensates the effect of the noisy freshwater forcing and thus reduces the potential for secular oscillations. The stronger coupling between the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean for the present relative to the warm climate could also contribute to this difference. Furthermore, the simulations show that the variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport for the present climate exceeds that of the warm climate. For increasing stochastic noise the present circulation approaches that of the warm circulation. The authors apply a mixture of heat flux and temperature restoring for the surface boundary condition. Comparison with similar works, which apply a pure restoring for surface temperature, shows that the ocean circulation is much less sensitive to forced stochastic freshwater anomalies with the type of boundary condition used herein. A box model is used to illustrate the effects of the surface temperature parameterizations and the different buoyancy forcing for the present and warm climate.
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; Sørishavsstrømmen; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi; polarområdene; vannmasser

Sydpolen - Skattum, Ole Jacob (Roald Amundsen som geografisk oppdager, 1998)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser

Caloplaca Lewis-Smithii, a new lichen species from continental Antarctica - Søchting, Ulrik; Øvstedal, Dag Olav (Mycotaxon, 1998)
A new muscicolous lichen species, Caloplaca lewis-smithii Søchting & Øvst., is described from Victoria Land, continental Antarctica. It is characterized by a grey to blackish brown microlobate thallus and a blackish apothecial disk with a white pruinose thalline margin.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter; sopper

Spatial variability of snow chemistry in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Stenberg, Malin; Isaksson, Elisabeth; Hansson, Margareta; Karlen, Wibjörn; Mayewski, Paul A.; Twickler, Mark S.; Whitlow, Sallie I.; Gundestrup, Niels (Annals of Glaciology, 1998)
During the austral summer of 1993-94 a number of 1-2 m deep snow pits were sampled in connection with firn-coring in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The traverse went from 800 to about 3000 m a.s.l. upon the high-altitude plateau. Profiles of cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), anions (Cl−, NO3-, SO42- , CH3SO3−) and stable oxygen isotopes (δ18O) from 11 snow pils are presented here. Close to the coast 2 m of snow accumulates in about 2-3 years, whilst at sites on the high-altitude plateau 2 m of snow accumulates in 10—14 years. The spatial variation in ion concentrations shows that the ions can be divided into two groups, one with sea-salt elements and methane sulfonate and the other with nitrate and sulfate. For the sca-salt elements and methane sulfonate the concentrations decrease with increasing altitude and increasing distance from the coast, as well as with decreasing temperature and decreasing accumulation rate. For nitrate and sulfate the concentrations are constant or increase with respect to these parameters. This pattern suggests that the sources for sca-salt elements and methane sulfonate are local, whereas the sources for nitrate and sulfate are a mixture of local and long-range transport.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geofysikk; geokjemi; glasiologi; iskjerner; meteorologi

Regulation of food provisioning in the Antarctic petrel; the importance of parental body condition and chick body mass - Tveraa, Torkild; Sether, Bernt-Erik; Aanes, Ronny; Erikstad, Kjell Einar (Journal of Animal Ecology, 1998)
1. Two hypotheses may explain how long-lived seabirds regulate the food provisioning to their chick. The fixed level of investment hypothesis states that the parents provide food for their chick according to an intrinsic rhythm, independent of their chick's need. The flexible investment hypothesis states that the parents adjust their food provisioning both according to their chick's and their own need. 2. We tested how the Antarctic petrels adjust the food-provisioning according to their own body condition or to their chick's need. First, we selected parents in poor and good body condition. Then we gave all parents randomly a chick of different body mass, but of the same age. We then measured the chicks daily until they were fed for the first time after swapping. 3. Parents in good body condition at hatching were more likely to produce a chick that was still alive 9 days after hatching than parents in poor body condition. Chick body mass at day 9 and at the end of the guarding period was positively related to the mean body condition of the parents at hatching. 4. The meal size provided by parents in good body condition was larger than that provided by parents in poor body condition. Parents in good body condition delivered more food to small than to large chicks, whereas no such relationship was found among parents in poor body condition. 5. Our results suggest that the Antarctic petrel parents adjust the amount of food delivered to their chick according to both the chick's need and their own body condition, and that the ability to respond to the chick's need is dependent upon their own body condition.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Body mass and parental decisions in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica : how long should the parents guard the chick? - Tveraa, Torkild; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Aanes, Ronny; Erikstad, Kjell Einar (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1998)
In Procellariiformes, the parents guard the chick after it has attained homeothermy. This strategy may reduce the probability that a small chick is taken by predators, but is costly as only one parent can forage at a time. The decision to leave the chick may therefore be a compromise between the chick's vulnerability to predators, the body condition of the parent on the nest and whether the foraging parent returns in time. We studied how the number of days that parents guarded the chick was related to the body mass of the parent at the nest and the time the foraging parent spent at sea in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica. We also examined how the body mass of the parent on the nest and the duration of the foraging trips influenced the chicks' body condition at the end of the guarding period. When the foraging parent did not return to the nest in time to relieve its mate, the number of days the parent on the nest kept guarding the chick was positively related to its body mass on arrival in the colony. The number of days the foraging parent spent at sea was positively related to the body mass of its mate, but those that returned in time had a shorter stay at sea relative to their mate's body mass than those that did not return before their mate had left. Apparently, both the body mass of the parent at the nest and the ability of the foraging parent to adjust its stay at sea to the mate's body mass is important for the number of days the parents guard the chick and also the chick's body condition at this point. The inability to return to the nest before the mate has left may be the result of needing a minimum amount of time at sea to find food, or because some parents having low foraging success and therefore prolong their stay at sea.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

The semi-annual oscillation and Antarctic climate. Part 1: influence on near surface temperatures (1957–79) - Van Den Broeke, Michiel R. (Antarctic Science, 1998)
We studied the influence of the semi-annual oscillation (SAO) on near-surface temperatures in Antarctica, using observations of 27 stations that were operational during (part of) the period 1957–79. For the annual cycle of surface pressure, the second harmonic explains 17–36% of the total variance on the Antarctic Plateau, 36–68% along the East Antarctic coast and almost 80% on the west coast of the Peninsula, and decreases further to the north. As a result of the amplification of the wave-3 structure of the circulation around Antarctica, a significant modification of the seasonal cooling is observed at many stations. The magnitude of this modification is largely determined by the strength of the temperature inversion at the surface: the percentage of the variance explained by the second harmonic of the annual temperature cycle is then largest on the Antarctic Plateau (11–18%), followed by the large ice shelves and coastal East Antarctica (6–12%) and stations at or close to the Peninsula (0–5%). A significant coupling between the half-yearly wave in surface pressure and that in surface temperature is found for coastal East Antarctica, which can be directly explained by the changes in meridional circulation brought about by the SAO. We show that the coupling of Antarctic temperatures to the meridional circulation is not only valid on the seasonal time scale of the SAO, but probably also on daily and interannual time scales. This has important implications for the interpretation of time series of Antarctic temperatures, a problem that will be addressed in part 2 of this paper.
Keywords: Antarktis; fysisk geografi; klimatologi; meteorologi

The semi-annual oscillation and Antarctic climate. Part 2: recent changes - Van Den Broeke, Michiel R. (Antarctic Science, 1998)
Following a weakening of the semi-annual oscillation (SAO) since the mid-1970s, the half-yearly pressure wave in the Southern Hemisphere has become less significant. As a result, May/June temperatures have decreased in East Antarctica, which has moderated Antarctic warming. Spectral analysis of 87 years of pressure data at Orcadas suggest that the recent weakening of the SAO is part of the natural variability of the Southern Hemisphere circulation on decadal timescales. We interpret the time series of composite Antarctic temperature in terms of the historical strengthening and weakening of the SAO. If the dominant oscillations that occurred in the past prove to be persistent, an accelerated East Antarctic warming trend is expected for the coming decades. There are indications that the strength of the SAO is linked to the Southern Oscillation, in the sense that warm phases of the Southern Oscillation coincide with strong westerlies, a weakly developed SAO and below-average temperatures in East Antarctica. Temperatures on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula show strongly deviant patterns, which can not be explained by the same mechanism that applies to East Antarctica.
Keywords: Antarktis; fysisk geografi; klimatologi; meteorologi

Validation of Ground-Based Visible Measurements of Total Ozone by Comparison with Dobson and Brewer Spectrophotometers - Van Roozendael, Michel; Peeters, P.; Roscoe, H. K.; De Backer, H.; Jones, A. E.; Bartlett, L.; Vaughan, G.; Goutail, Florence; Pommereau, Jean-Pierre; Kyro, E.; Wahlstrom, C.; Braathen, Geir; et al. (Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 1998)
Comparisons of total column ozone measurements from Dobson, Brewer and SAOZ instruments are presented for the period 1990 to 1995 at seven stations covering the mid- and the high northern latitudes, as well as the Antarctic region. The main purpose of these comparisons is to assess, by reference to the well established Dobson network, the accuracy of the zenith-sky visible spectroscopy for the measurement of total ozone. The strengths and present limitations of this latter technique are investigated. As a general result, the different instruments are found to agree within a few percent at all stations, the best agreement being obtained at mid-latitudes. On average, for the mid-latitudes, SAOZ O3 measurements are approximately 2% higher than Dobson ones, with a scatter of about 5%. At higher latitudes, both scatter and systematic deviation tend to increase. In all cases, the relative differences between SAOZ and Dobson or Brewer column ozone are characterised by a significant seasonal signal, the amplitude of which increases from about 2.5% at mid-latitude to a maximum of 7.5% at Faraday, Antarctica. Although it introduces a significant contribution to the seasonality at high latitude, the temperature sensitivity of the O3 absorption coefficients of the Dobson and Brewer instruments is shown to be too small to account for the observed SAOZ/Dobson differences. Except for Faraday, these differences can however be largely reduced if SAOZ AMFs are calculated with realistic climatological profiles of ozone, pressure and temperature. Other sources of uncertainties that might affect the comparison are investigated. Evidence is found that the differences in the air masses sampled by the SAOZ and the other instruments contribute significantly to the scatter, and the impact of the tropospheric clouds on SAOZ measurements is displayed.
Keywords: Antarktis; klimatologi; ozon; polarområdene; spektrofotometri; stratosfæren

Experimental formation of sea ice: importance of water circulation and wave action for incorporation of phytoplankton and bacteria - Weissenberger, Jürgen; Grossmann, Sönnke (Polar Biology, 1998)
The efficiency of physical concentration mechanisms for enrichment of algae and bacteria in newly formed sea-ice was investigated under defined conditions in the laboratory. Sea-ice formation was simulated in a 3,000 l tank under different patterns of water movement. When ice formed in an artificially generated current pattern, algal cells were substantially enriched within the ice matrix. Enrichment factors for chlorophyll a calculated from the ratio between the concentrations in ice and underlying water reached values of up to 53. Repeated mixing of ice crystals into the water column, as well as flow of water through the new ice layer, contributed to the enrichment of algae in the ice. Wave action during ice formation revealed lower phytoplankton enrichment factors of up to 9. Mixing of floating ice crystals with underlying water and pumping of water into the ice matrix by periodical expansion and compression of the slush ice layer were responsible for the wave-induced enrichment of algal cells. Physical enrichment of bacteria within the ice was negligible. Bacterial biomass within new ice was enhanced only when the concentration of algae was high. At low algal biomass, bacteria experienced substantial losses in the ice, most likely due to brine drainage, which were not observed for the microalgae. Bacterial cells are therefore not scavenged by ice crystals and the observed enrichment and sustainment of bacterial biomass within newly formed ice depend on their attachment to cells or aggregates of algae. Division rates of bacteria changed only slightly during ice formation.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; bakterier; fytoplankton; havis; marin biologi; polarområdene

Døde menn vender tilbake: Shackletons høyst private Whitbread-seilas - Winge, Jon (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årbok, 1998)
Keywords: Endurance (skip); Ernest Henry Shackleton; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; skipsfart

Den norske antarktisekspedisjonen 1996/97: forskningsaktiviteter - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Polarboken, 1998)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forsking; klima

Moorings from the Filchner Trough and the Ronne Ice Shelf front: preliminary results - Woodgate, Rebecca A; Schröder, Michael; Østerhus, Svein (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1998)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Kvitkuven: Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Strategy for Norwegian research in Antarctica (The Research Council of Norway, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; polarforskning

Vestfjella Aust: Maudheimvidda (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Vestfjella Vest: Maudheimvidda (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Chemical composition in water masses and interactions with the sediment in the southern Weddel sea - Anderson, Leif G; Fogelqvist, Elisabet; Hulth, Stefan; Olsson, Kristina; Tanhua, Toste; Tengberg, Anders; Zemlyak, Frank (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; analyser; kjemisk; sedimenter; vannmasser

Geological observations in Gjelsvikfjella, Mühlig-Hogmanfjella and western Orvinfjella during NARE 96/97 - Austrheim, Håkon; Elvevold, Synnøve; Engvik, Ane K; Paulsson, Oskar (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; geologi

Miljøovervåking på Bouvetøya - Bakken, Vidar; Isaksen, Kjell; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Gjertz, Ian (Natur, 1997)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; biologi

Expedition photography in polar areas - Barr, Susan (Photoresearcher, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; fotografi; historie; polarekspedisjoner; polarområdene

Scott und Amundsen - Barr, Susan (Arktis Antarktis, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; historie

Geodetic measurements in Dronning Maud Land - Barstad, Bjørn; Eiken, Trond; Finnes, Randi; Øvstedal, Ola (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; geodesi; målinger

Geodetic and topographic work - Barstad, Bjørn; Eiken, Trond; Lytskjold, Bjørn (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; geodesi; topografi

Productivity in the 20th century Antarctic pelagic shore station whaling: growth and stagnation in two technological regimes. - Basberg, Bjørn L (The Great Circle, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalindustri; pelagisk

To hvalfangstentreprenøren - to strategier? - Basberg, Bjørn L (I det lange løp : essays i økonomisk historie tilegnet Fritz Hodne, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Christen Christensen; Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangstindustri; hvalfangstselskaper; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokerier; næringsliv; pelagisk; økonomi

Kulturhistorisk forskning i Antarktis - Basberg, Bjørn Lorens (HIFO-nytt : medlemsblad for Norsk historikerforening, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; hvalfangst; kulturhistorie; kulturminner

Analysis of merged SMMR-SSMI time series of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice parameters 1978–1995 - Bjørgo, Einar; Johannessen, Ola M.; Miles, Martin W. (Geophysical Research Letters, 1997)
The most consistent means of investigating the global sea ice cover is by satellite passive microwave sensors, as these are independent of illumination and cloud cover. The Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI) provide information on the global sea ice cover from 1978 to present. The two instruments flew simultaneously during a 6-week overlap period in July and August 1987, thus enabling intercomparison of the two sensors. Brightness temperatures are corrected for instrument drift and calibration differences in order to produce continuous time series of monthly averaged Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent and sea ice area through the use of the NOrwegian Remote Sensing EXperiment (NORSEX) algorithm, which relates brightness temperatures to ice concentration. Statistical analysis on the time series estimates the decreases in Arctic ice extent and ice area to be 4.5% and 5.7%, respectively, during the 16.8-year observation period. The overall trends established here serve to better define and strengthen earlier assertions of a reduced ice cover, based on analysis of SMMR and SSMI data taken separately. These results are consistent with GCM simulations that suggest retreat of the sea ice cover under global warming scenarios.
Keywords: Antarktis; global oppvarming; havis; klimaendringer; meteorologi; polarområdene; satellite mikrobølgesensorer

Representation of Antarctic Katabatic Winds in a High-Resolution GCM and a Note on Their Climate Sensitivity - Broeke, Michiel R. van den; Wal, Roderik S. W. van de; Wild, Martin (Journal of Climate, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; klimatologi; meteorologi

Responses of terrestrial plants and invertebrates to environmental change at high latitudes - Callaghan, Terry V.; Sonesson, Mats; Sømme, Lauritz; Walton, D. W. H.; Christensen, T.; Block, W. C.; Drewry, D. J.; Laws, Richard Maitland; Pyle, John Adrian (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 1997)
Many invertebrates show flexibility in their life cycles and are likely to respond to changes in climate as they have in the past. However, changes in temperature and photoperiod may disturb the life cycles of some existing polar invertebrates while continuing to constrain the polewards migration of more temperate species. Higher plants are likely to have higher productivity as temperatures and atmospheric CO2 levels increase but this productivity will be reduced by exposure to increasing UV-B radiation. Higher plants migrate more slowly than the rate at which climate is predicted to change and many species will be trapped in supra-optimal climates. Both mosses and lichens can migrate faster than higher plants, propagules of non-polar species already reaching the Antarctic, but they have fewer mechanisms of responding to changing environments. Polar vegetation and ecosystems provide feedback to the climate system: positive feedbacks are associated with decreases in reflectivity and increased carbon emissions from warm ing soils. In the Antarctic, feedback and responses to environmental change will be smaller than in the Arctic because of the less responsive cryptogams which dominate the Antarctic, the paucity of Antarctic soils, and geographical barriers to plant and invertebrate migrations.
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; botanikk; klimaendringer; lav; moser; virvelløse dyr

Et større Norge 1949-65 - Eriksen, Knut Einar (Kald krig og internasjonalisering, 1949-1965, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; historie; internasjonal; polarområdene; politikk; utenrikspolitikk

Zooplankton in the marginal ice zone off Dronning Maud Land - population structure and trophic relationship - Falk-Petersen, Stig; Lønne, Ole Jørgen (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; alger; fytoplankton; krill; zooplankton

In To the South Pacific and On To Antarctica - Feeney, Robert E (Polar journeys : the role of food and nutrition in early exploration, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica ekspedisjon; Frederick Cook; Roald Amundsen; ernæring; mat; oppdagelsesreiser

The Quest for the South Pole: Successes and Deaths - Feeney, Robert E (Polar journeys : the role of food and nutrition in early exploration, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; ernæring; mat; oppdagelsesreiser

Shallow seismic investigations and sediment sampling in the Weddell Sea amd Dronning Maud Land - Forsberg, Carl Fredrik; Austin, W E N; Häkkinen, Väinö Ami Juhani; Andersen, Espen Sletten (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; marin geologi; sedimenter; seismologi

Strategi for norsk forskning i Antarktis - forskningsråd, Norges (Norges forskningsråd, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; Norge; forskning; forvaltningsansvar; miljøendringer; polarområdene

Water masses in the southern Weddell Sea - Gammelsrød, Tor; Myking, Steinar; Nøst, Anders; Skagseth, Øystein; Østerhus, Svein (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; innlandsis; oseanografi; vannmasser

Indentation testing on ice from the Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica: preliminary results - Gerland, Sebastian (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis

Mass balance and dynamics on Jutulstraumen ice stream - Hagen, Jon Ove; Melvold, Kjetil (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; akkumulasjon; glasiologi; isshelf; isstrøm; klimaendringer; snø

Dagboksnotater fra Sydpolen - Hassel, Sverre (Vågemot miniforl., 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Productivity in the southern Weddell Sea in the Austral summer - Hegseth, Else Nøst; Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum; Seim, Bjørnar (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; alger; fytoplankton; krill

Study of velocity, mass flow and deformation in Jutulstraumen - Høydal, Øyvind Armand (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; akkumulasjon; glasiologi; isstrøm

Breeding biology and diet of pintado petrels Daption capense at Bouvetøya during the summer of 1996/97 - Huyser, Onno; Dyer, Bruce M; Isaksen, Kjell; Ryan, P; Cooper, J (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 1997)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; ornitologi; petreller; reproduksjon; zoologi

Establishment of a CEMP-monitoring program at Bouvetøya - Isaksen, Kjell; Bakken, Vidar; Gjertz, Ian; Mehlum, Fridtjof (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 1997)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; forskningsstasjoner; overvåking; pingviner; seler; zoologi

Preliminary results from CEMP monitoring of Antarctic fur seals, chinstrap penguins and macaroni penguins at Bouvetøya 1996/97 - Isaksen, Kjell; Hofmeyr, Greg J G; Dyer, Bruce M; Næstvold, Alf; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Gjertz, Ian; Bakken, Vidar; Huyser, Onno (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 1997)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; forskningsstasjoner; overvåking; pingviner; seler; zoologi

Studies of seabirds and seals at Bouvetøya 1996/97 - Isaksen, Kjell; Hofmeyr, Greg; Dyer, Bruce M; Huyser, Onno; Næstvold, Alf (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1996/97; fugler; ornitologi; seler; zoologi

Antarctic waste management handbook - Kankaanpää, Paula; Njåstad, Birgit; Eriksson, Cecilia (Norwegian Polar Institute, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; avfallshåndtering; forskningsstasjoner; miljø

Timing of glacial events in Antarctica - diamond drilling into the glaciomarine sequence of the Weddell Sea continental shelf - Koç, Nalân; Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve; Hansen, Erik; Persson, Allan (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; glasiologi; kontinentalsokkel; sedimenter; sedimentologi; seismologi

Ice algae and phytoplankton composition in the Weddell Sea: interactions, production and nitrogen uptake - Kristiansen, Svein; Syvertsen, Erik E.; Farbrot, Tove (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; fytoplankton

Den tredje mann : beretningen om Hjalmar Johansen - Kvam, Ragnar (Gyldendal, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; biografier; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner; polarhistorie

Belgica-ekspedisjonen : et hundreårsminne - Lie, Svein B (Norvegiana Nytt, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Belgica ekspedisjon; forskning; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner

Sea ice projects during NARE 1992/93 - Løyning, Terje Brinck; Vinje, Torgny (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havis; sjøis

Hval og hvalfangst : temahefte - [Lunde, Stig-Tore] (Sandefjordmuseene, 1997)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk

Mass balance and dynamics on Jutulstraumen ice stream, NARE 1996/97 - Melvold, Kjetil; Hagen, Jon Ove; Laumann, Tron; Rolstad, Cecilie (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; fysisk geografi; glasiologi; isstrøm

Airborne radar soundings of ice depth, GPS measurements of ice velocity and studies of landform evolution in central Dronning Maud Land East Antarctica - Näslund, Jens Ove (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; glasiologi; isstrøm; topografi

Environmental aspects - NARE 96/97 - Njåstad, Birgit (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; NARE 1996/97; miljøvern

Distribution and food consumption of crabeater seals off Dronning Maud Land - Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; seler; zoologi

Studies of seals in the Weddel sea and King Haakon VII sea - Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; seler; zoologi

The Antarctic coastal current - physical oceanographic results from NARE 1996/97 - Nøst, Ole Anders; Lothe, Torleif (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1996/97; Sørishavet; oseanografi

Anatomy and microbiology of the digestive tract of the Adelie penguin - Olsen, Monica Alterskjær; Mathiesen, Svein Disch (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1996/97; biologi; pingviner; zoologi

Sandefjords historie - Olstad, Finn (Sandefjord kommune, 1997)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Norge; Sørishavet; Vestfold; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri

Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93 - Orheim, Olav (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1992/93; ekspedisjoner; geofysikk; geologi; glasiologi; marin biologi; marin geologi; ornitologi; oseanografi; topografi