Hot water drilling near Filchner station, Ronne ice shelf - Orheim, Olav; Østerhus, Svein; Melvold, Kjetil; Eiken, Trond; Thomsen, Henrik Højmark; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Bævre, Halvor (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1992/93; glasiologi; havstrømmer; isshelf; oseanografi; vannmasser

Alene over Antarktis - Ousland, Børge ([B. Ousland], 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer; skiekspedisjoner

Ice algae and phytoplankton composition in the Weddell Sea: interactions with different environmental factors - Quillfeldt von, Cecilie Hellum (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: NARE 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; fytoplankton

Spatial distribution of snow in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, mapped by a ground-based snow radar - Richardson, Cecilia; Aarholt, Eldar; Hamran, Svein-Erik; Holmlund, Per; Isaksson, Elisabeth (Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 1997)
During the austral summer 1993/1994, the spatial distribution of snow was mapped by a ground-based snow radar (800–2300 MHz) in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Snow radar soundings were performed along continuous profiles extending from the ice shelf up to the polar plateau, a total distance of 1040 km. The high-resolution radar registrations revealed subsurface layering in the uppermost 12 m of the snowpack. The travel time record was translated into snow accumulation expressed in water equivalents, based on an empirical relationship between wave speed and firn density. A good knowledge on snow density variations with depth is essential for the variability studies. Generally, the snow layering was well developed in the coastal area and less well developed on the polar plateau. High spatial variability in snow accumulation was observed on a regional as well as on a local scale. The variability was very high in areas with large surface slopes, such as the grounding zone and around nunataks. The highest variability was recorded in the nunatak area, where the standard deviation reached 59% of the spatial average accumulation. On the smooth high-altitude plateau, variations in accumulation were less pronounced. However, here the standard deviation exceeded 22% of the average accumulation rate. Provided that the snow radar soundings are supported by dating of reference horizons along the travel route, this is a good method to obtain the accumulation rate and pattern for large areas with a high spatial resolution.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fysisk geografi; geofysikk; geokjemi; glasiologi; iskjerner

Hvalfangstbase og kulturminne, Hektor Hvalfangststasjon : den sørligste av de norske landstasjonene i Antarktis - Rossnes, Gustav (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årsberetning, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Deceptionøya; Norge; fangststasjoner; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner

Convergent flow of ice within the Astrolabe subglacial basin, Terre Adélie, East Antarctica: an hypothesis derived from numerical modelling experiments - Siegert, Martin J; Glasser, Neil F (Polar Research, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; geomorfologi; glasiologi; innlandsis; subglasial innsjø

Changing mass balance of the Filchner ice shelf due to climate variations - Solås, Monica Kristensen; Eggenfellner, Heinrich (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; glasiologi; isshelf; klimaendringer

Characteristics of Weddell Sea Shelf sediments obtained by diamond core drilling, Antarctica - Strand, Kari; Kristoffersen, Yngve (FINNARP -95/96: Weddel Sea Joint Nordic Expedition, 1997)
Keywords: Sørishavet; geokjemi; sedimenter

Size-Dependent Variation in Reproductive Success of a Long-Lived Seabird, the Antarctic Petrel (Thalassoica Antarctica) - Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Tveraa, Torkild; Andersen, Reidar; Pedersen, Hans Christian (The Auk, 1997)
We examined how variation in parental quality influences the reproductive success of a long-lived seabird, the Antarctic Petrel (Thalassoica antarctica). In particular, we focused on how quality of parents can interact with and influence the effects of stochastic variation in the environment due to varying climatic conditions. Large annual variation was found in reproductive success. However, body mass of individual chicks at the end and be ginning of the nestling period was strongly correlated in two of the study years, suggesting consistent variation among parents in their ability to feed offspring. Furthermore, chick mass was related both to overall body size and to body mass of their parents. Short brooding-shift intervals also were important for growth and survival of chicks. The probability of chick survival to the age of 30 days (ca. two weeks before fledging) was strongly correlated with chick mass when the chick was left unattended. However, the relative importance of different parental characteristics differed between years. These results show that reproductive success of the Antarctic Petrel is influenced by stochastic variation in the environment, probably re lated to climatic conditions. Effects of this stochastic variation may depend on body mass and/ or body condition of the parents.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; NARE 1991/92; NARE 1992/93; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Selvhevdelse og altruisme i Antarktis - Tamnes, Rolf (Oljealder : 1965-1995, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; utenrikspolitikk

A stable isotope pilot study from blue ice areas at Jutulsessen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Thomsen, Henrik Højmark; Hagen, Jon Ove (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; glasiologi; innlandsis; isbre; klimaendringer

Rondespiret - Tollefsen, Ivar; Sand, Vebjørn (Orion forl., 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; fjellklatring; klatreekspedisjoner; malerkunst

Regulation of foraging trips and costs of incubation shifts in the Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica antarctica) - Tveraa, Torkild; Lorensten, Svein-Håkon; Sæther, Bernt-Erik (Behavioral Ecology, 1997)
In species where incubation is shared by both parents, the mate's ability to fast on the nest may constrain the time available for foraging. The decision to return to the nest should therefore be a compromise between an animal's own foraging success and its mate's ability to fast on the nest. To examine how the body conditions of incubating Antarctic petrels, Thalassoica antarctica, influence both the length of foraging trips and incubation shifts, we experimentally handicapped females by increasing their flight costs during a foraging trip by adding lead weights to their legs. Handicapped females spent more time at sea and had lower body conditions at arrival to the colony than controls, and, moreover, females in poor body condition at arrival to the colony spent generally more time at sea than those with higher body condition. The prolonged time period spent at sea by handicapped females was associated with higher desertion rates than among controls. The time the incubating mates fasted increased with their body condition at arrival to the colony, suggesting that a high body condition of the incubating bird may reduce the probability of nest desertion. Accordingly, our results suggest that the time spent foraging is adjusted to the body conditions of both the foraging and incubating mate.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi; økologi

Seabird research at Svarthamaren during NARE 1996-1997 - Tveraa, Torkild; Røv, Nils; Aanes, Ronny; Jensen, Henrik (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; fugler; ornitologi; petreller

Spatial and temporal variation of sublimation on Antarctica: Results of a high-resolution general circulation model - van den Broeke, Michiel R. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1997)
In this paper we use output of a high-resolution general circulation model (ECHAM-3 T106, resolution 1.1°?1.1°) to study the spatial and temporal variation of sublimation on Antarctica. First, we compare model results with available observations of sublimation rates. The yearly cycle, with small latent heat fluxes during the winter, is well reproduced, and the agreement with sparsely available spot observations is fair. The model results suggest that a significant 10?15% of the annual precipitation over Antarctica is lost through sublimation and that sublimation plays an important role in the formation of blue ice areas. A preliminary analysis of the atmospheric boundary layer moisture budget shows that the spatial variation of sublimation in the coastal zone of East Antarctica can be explained by variations of horizontal advection of dry air. Dry air advection, and thus surface sublimation, is enhanced in areas where katabatic winds are strong and have a large downslope component and where the Antarctic topography drops suddenly from the plateau to the coastal zone. In areas where horizontal advection is small, like the plateau and the large ice shelves, special conditions must be met to make significant sublimation at the surface possible.
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; geofysikk; meteorologi

Marine geology of the continental shelf off the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica - Winterhalter, Boris; Kotilainen, Aarno; Cato, Ingemar; Kjellin, Bernt; Jakobsson, Martin; Kristoffersen, Yngve (FINNARP -95/96: Weddell Sea Joint Nordic Expedition, 1997)
Keywords: Sørishavet; geologi; maringeologi

Spectral reflectance of snow and glacier ice as measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1992/93, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1992/93; glasiologi; isbre

Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97 - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1997)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1996/97; biologi; geodesi; geologi; glasiologi; oseanografi

Epica Dronning Maud Land pre site survey 1996/97 - Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Broeke van den, Michiel R.; Conrads, Louk; Eiken, Trond; Hurlen, Robert; Johnsrud, Georg; Karlöf, Lars; Onarheim, Stig; Richardson, Cecilia; Schorno, Raymond (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; akkumulasjon; innlandsis; is radar; meteorologi; snø radar; topografi

Studies and monitoring of climate-sensitive melt areas in Jutulgryta - Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Liston, Glen E; Bruland, Oddbjørn; Elvehøy, Hallgeir; Sand, Knut (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1996/97, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1996/97; hydrologi; klima; meteorologi

Nordic EPICA Dronning Maud Land pre site survey 1996/97: preliminary results from shallow ice core analysis - Winther, Jan-Gunnar; van den Broeke, Michiel R; Karlöf, Lars (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1997)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; iskjerner

Cold resistance and metabolic activity of lichens below 0°C - Kappen, Ludger; Schroeter, Burkhard; Scheidegger, Christoph; Sommerkorn, Martin; Hestmark, Geir (Proceedings of the F3.1, F3.4, F2.4 and F3.8 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission F, 1996)
Laboratory measurements show that lichens are extremely tolerant of freezing stress and of low-temperature exposure. Metabolic activity recovered quickly after severe and extended cold treatment. Experimental results demonstrate also that CO2 exchange is already active at around −20°C. The psychrophilic character of polar lichen species is demonstrated by optimum temperatures for net photosynthesis between 0 and 15°C. In situ measurements show that lichens begin photosynthesizing below 0°C if the dry thalli receive fresh snow. The lowest temperature measured in active lichens was −17°C at a continental Antarctic site. The fine structure and the hydration state of photobiont and mycobiont cells were studied by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) of frozen hydrated specimens. Water potentials of the frozen system are in the range of or even higher than those allowing dry lichens to start photosynthesis by water vapor uptake at +10°C. The great success of lichens in polar and high alpine regions gives evidence of their physiological adaptation to low temperatures. In general lichens are able to persist through glacial periods, but extended snow cover and glaciation are limiting factors.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; frostresistens; lav; planter; polarområdene

Ahlmannryggen: Maudheimvidda (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Jutulstraumen: Maudheimvidda (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Effects of Egg Size and Parental Quality on Early Nestling Growth: An Experiment with the Antarctic Petrel - Amundsen, Trond; Lorentsen, Svein-Hakon; Tveraa, Torkild (Journal of Animal Ecology, 1996)
A large number of studies have reported a positive relationship between the egg size of birds and the subsequent growth and/or survival of nestlings, but such effects may partly be due to confounding variables, e.g. parental quality. In order to evaluate the potential effects of egg size, and of parental quality, on early nestling growth in the Antarctic petrel, we performed an experiment in which eggs of different size were swapped between nests. 2. From a sample of 300 nests with eggs of known size, we selected eggs belonging to the lower quartile (small eggs), and those belonging to the upper quartile (large eggs), with respect to volume. Half of the small eggs were exchanged with small eggs from other nests, and the other half with large eggs. A similar procedure was used for large eggs. Growth and survival of the nestlings were recorded until 12 days old. 3. Hatching success was positively related to egg size. 4. Egg size influenced nestling body mass until the age of 3 days, and tarsus length was affected until 12 days old. However, these effects were not due to an effect of egg size on growth rates, but reflected instead the influence of egg size on hatchling size. 5. In contrast to most previous studies, we found no effect of parental quality (as reflected in the size of own eggs) on foster nestling size or growth until 12 days old. This could be because egg size does not reliably reflect parental quality in the species, or because parental effects become evident only at later nestling stages. 6. We discuss why egg size variation is maintained in this and other species where egg size influences parental fitness through the survival of eggs or nestlings.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi; økologi

Sydpolen, fra drøm til virkelighet - Arnesen, Liv (Polarboken, 1996)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Lack of population subdivision among the minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from Icelandic and Norwegian waters based on mitochondrial DNA sequences - Bakke, Ingrid; Johansen, Steinar; Bakke, [Øyvind]; El-Gewely, Mohamed Raafat (Marine Biology, 1996)
The minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) is subject to commercial whaling, but stock identification and assessment are still uncertain. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were determined to examine the population structure of minke whales from the central and northeastern parts of the North Atlantic, as well as the Antarctic regions IV and V. The analyses include 345 nucleotide positions of the control region of 110 individuals, and 250 nucleotide positions of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene for a representative selection of North Atlantic minke whales. Maximum parsimony analyses and sequence divergence calculations did not reveal any genetic differentiation between individuals from the central and northeastern parts of the North Atlantic. These results do not support the International Whaling Commission's separation of minke whales in this area into different management units, and they are in conflict with previously reported results from allozyme analyses. Comparison of minke whale control region sequences showed that the sequence diversity of North Atlantic minke whales is substantially lower (0.0065) than that of Antarctic minke whales (0.0166), and clearly demonstrated that individuals from these two areas represent genetically distinct populations.
Keywords: Sørishavet; bioteknologi; genetikk; hvaler; marin biologi; polarområdene

Geodetic measurements at Vestfjella and Heimefrontfjella - Barstad, Bjørn; Luktvasslimo, Brit Åse (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1993/94, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1993/94; ekspedisjoner; geodesi; satellittbilder; topografi

Territoriell ekspansjonspolitikk - Fure, Odd-Bjørn (Mellomkrigstid : 1920-1940, 1996)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; historie; internasjonal; norske ekspedisjoner; polarområdene; politikk; utenrikspolitikk

A force-balance study of ice flow and basal conditions of Jutulstraumen, Antarctica - Høydal, Øyvind Armand (Journal of Glaciology, 1996)
Stresses and velocities at depth are calculated across Jutulstraumen, an ice stream in Dronning Maud Land, draining about 1% of the Antarctic ice sheet. The force-balance study is based on data from kinematic GPS measurements on three strain nets, each consisting of 3 × 3 stakes. The maximum measured velocity is 443 m a−1 and the velocity variation over short distances is large compared with studied ice streams in West Antarctica. The surface topography together with the measured velocities across the profile indicate that the bottom topography has a great influence on the flow direction, even where the ice thickness is more than 2000 m. The basal shear stresses are calculated as 180, 227 and 146 kPa in the three Strain nets, while the corresponding driving stresses are 180, 122 and 111 kPa (±5%). The heat produced by sliding and internal deformation is sufficient to keep the base at the pressure-melting point. The annual basal melting is estimated to be about 60 mm. Investigations on the effect of temperature softening show that the flow parameter’s influence on the effective strain rate is more important than the flow parameter’s direct softening in the flow low alone. The mass flow calculated by the force-balance method is between 87 and 96% of pure plug flow and total discharge is calculated to be 13.3 ± 10 km3a-1.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; innlandsis; isstrøm

A century of accumulation and temperature changes in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Isaksson, Elisabeth; Karlén, Wibjörn; Gundestrup, Niels; Mayewski, Paul; Whitlow, Sallie; Twickler, Mark (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; akkumulasjon; klima; målinger; snø; temperatur

Dagbok fra Sydpolen - Johansen, Hjalmar (Vågemot forl., 1996)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); Sydpolen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; dagbøker; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Antarctic krill Thysanoessa macrura fills a major gap in marine lipogenic pathways - Kattner, Gerhard; Hagen, Wilhelm; Falk-Petersen, Stig; Sargent, John R.; Henderson R. James (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1996)
The unique predominance of oleyl alcohols (18:1) is the striking characteristic of the lipids of the Antarctic euphausiid Thysanoessa macrura. The 2 isomers 18:1(n-9) and 18:1(n-7) occurred in similar proportions in the wax esters of T. macrura and comprised up to 80% of the total fatty alcohols. The remainder consisted mostly of the 20:1(n-9) alcohol along with small amounts of the 22:1(n-11) alcohol. No marine zooplankton species has previously been reported which produces wax esters with significant amounts of 18 carbon fatty alcohols. T. macrura specimens were collected in the high Antarctic Weddell Sea during autumn 1992 and summer 1993. Their lipid levels were high, about 40 to 50% of the dry mass with up to 70% of the total lipid as wax esters. The wax ester fatty acids were dominated by the saturates 14:0 and 16:0, which, along with the monounsaturate 18:1(n-9), accounted for more than 80% of the total fatty acids. Phospholipids contained high levels of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:5 and 22:6) typical of membrane lipids from marine zooplankton. The precise significance of the unique wax ester composition in T. macrura is not clear but this discovery underscores the biochemical adaptability of Antarctic zooplankton species to a constantly cold and highly seasonal polar environment.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biokjemi; dyreplankton; hoppekreps; krill; marin biologi; zooplankton; økologi

Den nordiske Antarktisekspedisjonen 1995/1996: Rapport om grunn kjerneboring på kontinentalsokkelen i Weddelhavet, Antarktis - Kristoffersen, Yngve (Inst. for den faste jords fysikk, UiB, 1996)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; geologi

Regulation of Food Provisioning in the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (Journal of Animal Ecology, 1996)
1. Life-history theory predicts that individual birds should invest in reproduction according to their current body condition and the future prospects for survival and reproduction. Thus, it could be expected that current adult body condition should significantly influence food provisioning rates, food loads and concurrent chick growth in the Antarctic petrel. 2. In order to study the significance of parental body condition I correlated meal sizes, feeding frequencies and chick growth with the body condition of the parents. 3. There was a strong correlation between the average meal size delivered to a chick and its growth rate. Adult body condition at the time of hatching was strongly correlated with the average size of meals delivered to individual chicks. Male and female body condition at the time of hatching and average body condition of the pair at the first incubation shift and at hatching significantly influenced the body mass of the chick on day 30. Male body condition and the average body condition of the pair correlated significantly with the growth rate of the chick. 4. The difference in body mass at the age of 30 days of chicks from parents with good body condition compared with chicks from parents with poorer body condition was nearly double that expected. 5. The results strongly suggest that the effort spent during the chick-rearing period, and thus reproductive success, is regulated by the body condition of the parents.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Seabird research at Svarthamaren during NARE 1993/94 - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Amundsen, Trond; Røv, Nils; Tveraa, Torkild (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1993/94, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1993/94; fugler; ornitologi

Mass balance and dynamics on Jutulstraumen ice stream during NARE 1993/94 - Melvold, Kjetil; Hagen, Jon Ove; Laumann, Tron; Tonning, Tore (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1993/94, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1993/94; glasiologi; isstrøm

Modelling the ocean response to secular surface temperature transitions - Mork, K. A.; Skagseth, Øystein (Climate Dynamics, 1996)
The ocean response to surface temperature transients is simulated with the use of the Hamburg large-scale geostrophic (LSG) ocean general circulation model (OGCM). The transition, from the present to a climate corresponding to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 content, is compared with the reversed transition. For the Atlantic, the time scale for the deep ocean to adjust to the temperature changes was similar for both transitions. In the Pacific, the time scale is shorter for the present to warm transition than for the reverse case, a result of increased production of Antarctic bottom water (AABW) during the warm climate. While the transition from cold to warm climate shows no secular variability, the reversed transition generates considerable variability on time scales of 300–400 years. For the warm climate, oscillations with periods of 45 years are found in the Southern Ocean. Results of principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis indicate that these oscillations are due to interaction between convection in the Southern Ocean and advected salinity anomalies in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the Southern Pacific Ocean.
Keywords: AABW; Sørishavet; Sørishavsstrømmen; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi; vannmasser

Et eksperiment i egenmestring - Pedersen, Cato Zahl (Polarboken, 1996)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Anhydrobiosis and cold tolerance in tardigrades - Sømme, Lauritz (European Journal of Entomology, 1996)
A review of the literature regarding anhydrobiosis and cold tolerance in tardigrades is presented. During increasing desiccation, invertebrates like tardigrades, rotifers, nematodes and some collembolans are able to shut down metabolism to undetectable levels. When tardigrades are entering anhydrobiosis, a tun-like structure is formed, facilitated by structural adaptations of the cuticle. Slow dehydration is essential for tun formation, and the accumulation of trehalose during this process may help to stabilize phospholipids and proteins. Wax extrusion on the cuticle surface reduces transpiration. A fraction of 5-15% of the initial body water is retained during anhydrobiosis. Tardigrades are principally aquatic organisms, but anhydrobiosis makes it possible for some species to live in habitats with changing moisture conditions. Tardigrades in anhydrobiosis may tolerate exposure to freezing temperatures of liquid gases, and some species also survive such temperatures in their hydrated state. Few investigations are available on the relation of tardigrades to temperatures more representative to their natural environments. Experimental studies, however, from Greenland and the Antarctic Continent suggest that some species overwinter both in a hydrated frozen state and in anhydrobiosis. During the summer, a number of tardigrade species have been recorded from cryoconite holes, formed on the surface of glaciers. These species are freeze tolerant since their habitats are permanently frozen during the winter.
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; biomonitorering; bjørnedyr; entomologi; kuldetoleranse; polarområdene; virvelløse dyr

Governing the Antarctic : the effectiveness and legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System - Støkke, Olav Schram (ed.); Vidas, Davor (ed.) (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten 1959; internasjonal politikk; polarområdene; politikk

Mites collected in Heimefrontfjella and Vestfjella (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica) - Thor, Göran (Fauna norvegica. Serie B, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; dyr; midder; zoologi

Effects of UV radiation on post-bloom phytoplankton populations in Kvalsund, North Norway - Walter Helbling, E.; Eilertsen, Hans Chr.; Villafañe, Virginia E.; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 1996)
Our studies in the coastal waters in North Norway show that rates of photosynthesis of natural phytoplankton assemblages are strongly inhibited by solar UV radiation. When exposed to high irradiances of direct solar radiation, photosynthetic rates were increased by approximately 150% when all UV radiation was excluded from samples, with UVB radiation being responsible for approximately 50% of the total inhibition. There was no discernible threshold value for inhibition of photosynthesis by UV radiation, even at UV (280–400 nm) irradiances as low as 0.1 W m−2. When natural assemblages were incubated in situ, inhibition of photosynthetic rates were detectable down to 10 m, where solar irradiance was about 3% of the radiation incident on the sea surface. Based on the inhibition of photosynthetic rates at very low fluences of UV radiation, post-bloom assemblages of phytoplankton in North Norway and possibly also in the Arctic ocean appear to be more sensitive to solar UV radiation than phytoplankton from the Southern Ocean.
Keywords: Sørishavet; fotosyntese; fytoplankton; marin biologi; polarområdene; ultrafiolett stråling

Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1993/94 - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1996)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1993/94; geodesi; glasiologi; ornitologi

Melting, runoff and the formation of frozen lakes in a mixed snow and blue-ice field in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Elvehøy, Hallgeir; Bøggild, Carl Egede; Sand, Knut; Liston, Glen (Journal of Glaciology, 1996)
Large-scale melting phenomena such as meltwater drainage channels and meltwater accumulation basins of frozen lakes were surveyed on the land ice mass in Jutulgryta, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition in 1989–90 (NARE 1989–90). The largest frozen lake that was observed was close to 1 km in width. These melting features were also detected in a Landsat Thematic Mapper image recorded on 12 February 1990. Then, during NARE 1993–94, a 5year glaciological programme was started in this area. In spite of negative air temperatures and the presence of a frozen ice surface, sub-surface melting and runoff were found within the uppermost metre in blue-ice fields. The sub-surface melting is a consequence of solar radiative penetration and absorption within the ice, i.e. the “solid-state-greenhouse effect”. Temperatures in blue ice were about 6°C higher than for snow. Internal melt and meltwater transport were observed throughout the 1 month of measurements. The conditions for active melting in Jutulgryta are probably marginal. A slight increase of air temperatures can result in more “classical” surface melting, whereas a cooling may disable sub-surface melting. Studies of how the extent and characteristics of the melting features change with time can be particularly valuable as indicators of climate change. This ongoing programme clearly identifies the importance of analyzing how these melting features originate, of mapping their present areal distribution, of determining how sensitive they are to climate change and of Studying changes in the past and possible changes in the future.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; NARE 1993/94; blåis; fjernanalyse; glasiologi; klimaendringer; satellitteknologi

Glaciological measurements at Jutulgryta - Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Sand, Knut; Elvehøy, Hallgeir; Bøggild, Carl Egede (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1993/94, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1993/94; glasiologi

Plans for the EPICA DML pre site survey 96/97 - Winther, Jan-Gunnar; van den Broeke, Michiel (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1996)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

The final report of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute on the International Antarctic Regime Project (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; forskning

Egg Size and Early Nestling Growth in the Snow Petrel - Amundsen, Trond (The Condor, 1995)
I studied egg size variation, and the influence of egg size on early nestling growth, in Snow Petrels Pagodroma nivea breeding at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (71 degrees 53'S, 5 degrees 10'E). Egg sizes ranged from 36.4 to 52.1 cm(3), with a mean of 44.9 cm(3). Hatching occurred during 16-24 January, with a median hatching date of 20 January. Egg size had a significant effect on the body mass of hatchlings, explaining 30% of the variation in body mass of nestlings hatched within the last 24 hr, and 58% of the body mass variation of nestlings weighed while still slightly wet. An experiment, which included swapping of eggs between nests, together with analyses of non-manipulated nests, revealed an effect of egg size on nestling body masses at ages of two and four days. From the experiment, no effect of maternal quality as expressed by her egg size could be found. At an age of four days, 40% of the nestlings were left alone in the nest by their parents. Nestlings not attended by a parent at this age were significantly lighter than were those with parental company. Parents that had left their young by the time these were four days old may have been poor quality birds, as indicated by the tendency for such birds to have laid smaller eggs than had those still tending their young at the same nestling age.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi; økologi

Regulation of parental investment in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica: an exchange experiment - Andersen, Reidar; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Pedersen, Hans Christian (Polar Biology, 1995)
An experiment was conducted on the Antarctic petrel to test whether the parents were able to respond to changes in food demand of their offspring. Two experimental groups were formed by replacing eight 20-day-old chicks with 10-day-old chicks, and vice versa. The growth rate of chicks in the experimental groups was compared with that in two control groups with chicks of known age. The growth rate of 10-day-old chicks in the nests of parents which initially had 20-day-old chicks did not differ significantly from that in their respective control groups. This indicates that those parents were able to raise a new young nestling, despite having already raised another chick from hatching to 20 days. However, the 20-day-old chicks placed in nests with 10-day-old chicks had a significantly lower growth rate than their control group. Feeding rate per day and nest did not differ significantly among any of the groups. This suggests that the observed difference in growth rate between 20-day-old chicks is related to a lower amount of food delivered per visit to experimental chicks. Thus, in the Antarctic petrel, the feeding rate apparently is not regulated by the status of the chick, but by the parents' ability to gather food or willingness to provide food for the chicks.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Snille piker går ikke til Sydpolen - Arnesen, Liv (Damm, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; polarekspedisjoner; reiseskildringer

Norges polare interesser - Berg, Roald (Norge på egen hånd, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; historie; polarområdene; utenrikspolitikk

Sub-surface melting in blue-ice fields in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: observations and modelling - Bøggild, Carl Egede; Winther, Jan-Gunnar; Sand, Knut; Elvehøy, Hallgeir (Annals of Glaciology, 1995)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1993/94; glasiologi; observasjoner

Hvalen – ressurs og politikk – Historisk overblikk - Fløistad, Brit (Vestfoldminne, 1995)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; pelagisk

Using multiple data sources to enhance photogrammetry for mapping Antarctic terrain - Fox, Adrian J (Polar Research, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; flyfoto; geografi; kartlegging; luftfoto; satellittbilder

Background to the establishment of Norsk Polarinstitutt : postwar scientific and political agendas - Friedman, Robert Marc (Umeå university, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norsk Polarinstitutt; historie; internasjonal; polarområdene; politikk

Cato mot Sydpolen - Hauge, Odd Harald; Bry, Knut; Ebbesen, Lars (Pax, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; fotokunst; funksjonshemmede; oppdagelsesreiser; polarekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer

Akkumulering av tungmetaller i en antarktisk næringskjede : hovedoppgave i naturmiljøkjemi - Lie, Elisabeth (Universitetet i Trondheim, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; antarktispetrell; forurensning; krill; miljøgifter; næringskjede; sjøfugler

Accumulation of heavy metals in an Antarctic food-chain - Lie, Elisabeth; Steinnes, Eiliv ([Heavy Metals Secretariat], 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; miljøgifter; næringskjede

Antarktispetrellen: Sydishavets miljøbarometer - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (Natur, 1995)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; zoologi

Reproductive effort in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica : the effect of parental body size and condition - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; reproduksjon; zoologi

Incubation and brooding performance of the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Røv, Nils (Ibis, 1995)
Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica incubation and brooding effort was studied at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, during the austral summer of 1991-1992. The females probably left the nest site shortly after egg laying. The duration of incubation and brooding shifts as well as the daily weight loss (absolute and proportionate) were comparable with those of other similar-sized procellariform species. Males spent more time incubating and brooding than did females, suggesting higher female energy stress due to egg laying, Incubating birds which were below average weight were likely to desert the nests before their mates returned from feeding trips. Both males and females lost approximately one-fifth of their body-weight during their first incubation shifts. Nevertheless, they increased their initial weights from egg laying to hatching and had their highest initial weights when they returned to start the shift during which the egg hatched. No factors related to adult body-weight explained the duration of the incubation shifts, Both males and females gained weight at a higher rate when at sea than they lost it during incubation, and it is suggested that factors unrelated to food availability or individual feeding skills may be important in regulating the duration of the incubation shifts and the stay at sea.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Immune responses during an antarctic summer - Lugg, Desmond J.; Ursin, Holger; Donovan, Kevin; Konrad Muller, H.; Quinn, Dennis (Pathology, 1995)
The immune status of 29 members of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) was investigated before, during, and after a 56 day summer voyage to Antarctica and correlated with psychological and physiological parameters. All subjects were healthy. Expedition personnel demonstrated decreased cell mediated immune responses (CMI) assessed by the CMI Multi-test; 21% were hypoergic. The major associated observation was a significant negative correlation with anxiety in Antarctica. However, perceived anxiety was greater before and after the voyage. No significant changes were found in T and B lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin and complement components and cutaneous blood flow, nor was there any clinical evidence of illness. Of the hormones examined only cortisol was low predeparture which may reflect increased perceived anxiety at that time. Changes in immune control mechanism were apparent as shown by reduced CMI responses and lowered tetanus antibody levels. Stress factors are postulated to induce depression of the immune response in Antarctica. The association with anxiety suggests that brain peptides or associated cytokines may have a role in mediating these immune events. Such alterations in immune status have implications for health management in isolated and extreme conditions.
Keywords: Antarktis; fysiologi; immunologi; psykologi

Forskrift om vern av miljøet i Antarktis - Miljøverndepartementet (1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Distribution and diving behaviour of crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) off Queen Maud Land - Nordøy, Erling S.; Folkow, Lars; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Polar Biology, 1995)
Eight crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) (three females, five males), ranging in body mass between 125 and 220 kg, were captured off Queen Maud Land (70-72 degrees S, 7-16 degrees W) during the last week of February, just after moulting, and tagged with Argos satellite-linked dive recorders to provide data on location and diving depth and duration. During the first few weeks of March the seals were moving in the pack ice along the continental shelf edge, close to the coast of Queen Maud Land. In April and May, when the pack ice extended northwards, most of the seals moved north, one reaching 63 degrees S in late May. In the first half of June the two remaining seals turned south and moved back deep into the pack ice. The seals made about 150 dives per day each throughout the study period. Ninety percent of these were made to depths of less than 52 m. Individual maximum diving depths varied between 288 and 528 m. In March the seals were most active at night, when the dive depth was shallower than during the day. In April and May the seals were more active during day-time, with an absence of any diurnal change in diving depth. These results support the notion that crabeater seals predominantly feed on krill in Antarctic pack ice, even when winter returns to the waters off Queen Maud Land.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biodiversitet; marin biologi; seler; telemetri; zoologi; økologi

Formation and circulation of Ice Shelf Water in the Weddell and Ross seas - Nøst, Ole Anders (University of Bergen, 1995)
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans and Coplanar Biphenyls in Antarctic Fur Seal Blubber - Oehme, Michael; Schlabach, Martin; Boyd, Ian (Ambio, 1995)
Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) as well as of coplanar (non-ortho substituted) polychlorinated biphenyls (CB-77, CB-126 and CB-169) have been determined in 11 fur-seal blubber samples from female Antarctic fur seals. Measurable PCDD/PCDF concentrations averaging 2 ppt TEQ (Nordic model) were found. This is considerably less than in Arctic seals. In addition, the PCDD/PCDF congener patterns differed between Antarctic and Arctic seals. The levels of CB-77, CB-126 and CB-169 (8.5-41 pg g-1 for single congeners in average) in Antarctic fur seals were also much lower than in Arctic ringed and harp seals. A possible explanation of these differences is the overall lower environmental pollution of the Southern Hemisphere, though an influence of different age and sex distributions cannot be excluded. The data passed all quality assurance criteria that had been established for such low levels.
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; marin biologi; miljøgifter; pinnipedier; polarområdene; seler

Åpning av Foyn-seminaret 23.januar 1995 - Olsen, Jan Henry T (Vestfoldminne, 1995)
Keywords: Den internasjonale hvalfangstkommisjonen; Norge; Svend Foyn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstkvotene; pelagisk

Two further bipolar lichens - Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Gremmen, Niek J M (Graphis scripta, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

The Vestfold Hills: the Norwegian connection - Patterson, D (ANARE News, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser

Variability in nutrient concentrations around Elephant Island, Antarctica, during 1991-1993 - Silva S, Nelson; Helbling, E Walter; Villafañe, Virginia; Amos, Anthony F; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Polar Research, 1995)
Keywords: Elefantøya; Sørishavet; næringsstoffer; vannmasser

Conservation status of Bouvetøya - Sømme, Lauritz (Progress in conservation of the Subantarctic islands: proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Protection, Research and Management of Subantarctic Islands, Paimpont, France, 27-29 April 1992, 1995)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; forvaltning; natur

Invertebrates in Hot and Cold Arid Environments - Sømme, Lauritz (Springer-Verlag, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; forskning; kuldetoleranse; virvelløse dyr

Subantarctic island research: discussion and recommendations - Sømme, Lauritz (Progress in conservation of the Subantarctic islands: proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Protection, Research and Management of Subantarctic Islands, Paimpont, France, 27-29 April 1992, 1995)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; forvaltning; natur

Cold tolerance in Tardigrada from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Sømme, Lauritz; Meier, Terje (Polar Biology, 1995)
Survival at low temperatures was studied in three species of Tardigrada from Muhlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Both hydrated and dehydrated specimens of Echiniscus jenningsi, Macrobiotus furciger and Diphascon chilenense had high survival rates following exposure to -22 degrees C for ca. 600 days, and dehydrated specimens following 3040 days at this temperature. In hydrated E. jenningsi, mortality increased with the duration of exposure from 7 to 150 days at -80 degrees C, while mortalities of the two other species did not change. Hydrated specimens of all species were rapidly killed at -180 degrees C, but all species exhibited good survivorship in the dehydrated state after 14 days at -180 degrees C. In conclusion, hydrated tardigrades are able to survive extended periods at low temperatures, and dehydrated specimens are even better adapted to survive overwintering on Antarctic nunataks.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; biologi; biomonitorering; bjørnedyr; kuldetoleranse; virvelløse dyr

Nordic contributions to EPICA Dronning Maud Land (DML) site survey - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1995)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

Sydpolekspedisjoner (Polarboken, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Modelling of Deep-Sea Gravity Currents Using an Integrated Plume Model - Alendal, Guttorm; Drange, Helge; Haugan, Peter M (The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, 1994)
An integrated plume model is used to describe large scale gravity currents in the ocean. The model describes competing effects of (negative) buoyancy, friction, entrainment and Cariolis farce, as well as a pressure term due to variable plume thickness, on the flux, speed and flow direction of the plume. Equations for conservation of salt and internal energy (temperature) and a full equation of state far seawater is included in the model. The entrainment of ambient water is parameterized with support in empirical data, and a drag coefficient consistent with the entrainment is introduced. The model is tested against the overflow through the Denmark Strait, the flow down the Weddell Sea continental slope, and the outflow of saline water through the Gibraltar Strait and from the Spencer Gulf, Australia. The farmer gain an extra driving mechanism due to the thermobaric effect, while in the two latter cases the initial density difference is so large that this effect is not essential. Order of magnitude fit with measurements requires drag coefficient between 0.01 and 0.1. Conditions susceptible to meander behaviour and a singularity arising from the pressure dependency on the current thickness variations are briefly discussed.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; havstrømmer; klimamodeller; oseanografi

Norske offentlige samlinger med kulturhistorisk polarmateriale - Barr, Susan (Norsk polarinstitutt, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; polarforskning; polarhistorie; polarområdene; polarsamlinger

Before the heroes came : Antarctica in the 1890s - Baughman, Timothy H (University of Nebraska Press, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink; Southern Cross; ekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; polarhistorie

Teltet på Sydpolen - Dannevig, Alv (Vær & klima, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; logistikk

Detailed studies of bottom freezing under an iceshelf and mapping of accumulation by use of multi-frequency pulse-aperture radar - Erlingsson, Bjørn; Gjessing, Yngvar; Hamran, Svein Erik; Holmlund, Per (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; ekspedisjoner; georadar; isshelf; topografi

Antarktis: verdens siste villmark - Fothergill, Alastair (Cappelen, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; biologi; natur

Water mass distribution and tides along the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf: preleminary [sic] results from the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1992/93 - Gammelsrød, Tor (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1994)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Distribution of Water Masses on the Continental Shelf in the Southern Weddell Sea - Gammelsrød, Tor; Foldvik, Arne; Nøst, Ole Anders; Foldvik, Ø.; Anderson, Leif G.; Fogelqvist, Elisabet; Olsson, K. Anders; Tanhua, Toste; Jones, Elizabeth Peter; Østerhus, Svein (The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, 1994)
Water properties on the continental shelf in the southern Weddell Sea observed during NARP 92/93 are presented. The station distribution includes a section close to the floating ice shelf from the Filchner Depression to the Antarctic Peninsula. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, silicate, CFC-ll and CFC-12 distributions are shown. Melting under the ice shelves, circulation systems, residence times, sediment/water interactions and bottom water formation are discussed. Ice Shelf Water (ISW), which is formed by cooling and melting below the floating ice shelf, seems to be about 10 years older than its parent water mass, which indicates the residence time below the ice shelf. The average melting rate below the Filchner Ronne ice shelf, based on the volume flux of ISW in the Filchner Depression is estimated to be 0.1 m/year. Compared with earlier observations considerable changes were found in the water characteristics and distribution: The temperature of the Weddell Deep Water has increased 0.7°C since 1977. Western Shelf Water, usually dominating the bottom layers in the Filchner Depression and on the Berkner Shelf, was found only in the Ronne Depression.
Keywords: NARP 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Chemical fractionation of sea salt in snow - Gjessing, Yngvar; Erlingsson, Bjørn (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; kjemisk; sjøvann; snø

Synedropsis gen. nov., a genus of araphid diatoms associated with sea ice - Hasle, Grethe Rytter; Medlin, Linda K.; Syvertsen, Erik E. (Phycologia, 1994)
A new araphid diatom genus, Synedropsis Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen, is described from sea ice. The generitype, Synedropsis hyperborea (Grunow) Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen from the Arctic, was first described as a species of Synedra, as was the antarctic Synedropsis fragilis (Manguin) Hasle, Syvertsen et Medlin. A second antarctic species of Synedropsis is a new combination of Cymatosira laevis Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe. In addition four new taxa, S. hyperboreoides Hasle, Syvertsen et Medlin, S. recta Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen, S. lata Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen and S. lata var. angustata Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen are described from the Antarctic. The valve wall is laminar with uniseriate, often poorly developed striae and a wide sternum. Each valve possesses apical fields composed of slits. A labiate process is positioned near one apical slit field. The valve outline for most species exhibits considerable stadial variation. The girdle has several bands, most with one row of poroids close to the pars interior. Thus Synedropsis is closely related to the marine Fragilaria striatula Lyngbye except in the structure of the apical fields and the number of bands. Species observed in uncleaned material appeared in stellate or, more seldom, ribbon-shaped colonies. Synedropsis hyperborea is a common epiphyte on the ice-associated Melosira arctica Dickie in the Arctic. The antarctic species were found mainly in the bottom ice community, S. fragilis as an epiphyte on other diatoms.
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; botanikk; diatomeer; havis; kiselalger; marin biologi; plankton

High resolution climatic information from short firn cores, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Isaksson, Elisabeth; Karlén, Wibjörn (Climatic Change, 1994)
In this paper a detailed record of major ions from a 20 m deep firn core from Amundsenisen, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is presented. The core was drilled at 75° S, 2° E (2900 m a.s.l.) during austral summer 1991/92. The following ions were measured at 3 cm resolution: Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, S04 2− and CH3SO3H (MSA). The core was dated back to 1865 using a combination of chemical records and volcanic reference horizons. The volcanic eruptions identified in this core are Mount Ngauruhoe, New Zealand (1974–75), Mount Agung, Indonesia (1963), Azul, Argentina (1932), and a broad peak that corresponds in time toTarawera, New Zealand (1886), Falcon Island, South Shetlands, Southern Ocean (1885), and Krakatau, Indonesia (1883). There are no trends in any of the ion records, but the annual to decadal changes are large. The mean concentrations of the measured ions are in agreement with those from other high-altitude cores from the Antarctic plateau. At this core site there may be a correspondence between peaks in the MSA record and major El Niño–Southern Oscillation events.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; kjemi; klima

Spatial and temporal patterns in snow accumulation, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Isaksson, Elisabeth; Karlén, Wibjörn (Journal of Glaciology, 1994)
During the Swedish Antarctic Expedition to Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, 1988–89 the net accumulation was estimated for an area from the coast to about 400 km inland. Stake measurements were used to obtain the spatial variability and firn cores were used for the temporal variability. The mean annual accumulation for the period 1976–88 is about 0.4mw.e. for Riiser-Larsenisen and about 0.3mw.e. for the area above the grounding line. The accumulation rate at higher altitudes, > 2500 m a.s.1., is about 0.1 m w.e. for 1955–88. One record from the ice shelf covers the period 1957–88, and suggests an increase in accumulation of about 12%. Between 1976 and 1988, the accumulation has decreased by about 50%, most likely due to lower temperatures as suggested by the temperature record from Halley.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

The legitimacy of the Convention on the on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities - Joyner, Christopher C (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; mineraler

Alene til Sydpolen - Kagge, Erling (Polarboken, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Antarktis - den siste villmark - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (NINA-Nytt, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; ekspedisjoner; forskning

Sex determination of Antarctic Petrels Thalassoica antarctica by discriminant analysis of morphometric characters - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Røv, Nils (Polar Biology, 1994)
We present data on sexual dimorphism in some morphological measurements (wing length, head length, bill depth and bill length) in the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica. Males were on average larger than females for all measurements. Sexual dimorphism was on average largest for bill depths whereas wing lengths discriminated least between the sexes. A discriminant function including bill depth, head length and wing length correctly sexed 92% of the sample. Due to between-measurer variation it is recommended that morphometric measurements obtained by others on sexed birds are compared with ours before proceeding with the use of the discriminant function on unsexed individuals.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; biodiversitet; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi; økologi

Digestibility of krill (Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa sp.) in minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) - Mårtensson, Per-Erik; Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (British Journal of Nutrition, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; hvaler; krill; plankton; seler; zoologi

A bibliography of terrestrial biological research in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Newton, I P; Cooper, J; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Thor, Göran (South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 1994)
A bibliography of terrestrial biological research in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, of 388 titles from 1954 to 1994 is provided as an aid to researchers working in the region.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; bibliografi; biologi

A model of ice shelf-ocean interaction with application to the Filchner-Ronne and Ross Ice Shelves - Nøst, Ole Anders; Foldvik, Arne (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1994)
A simple analytical model has been developed to study the formation of Ice Shelf Water (ISW). ISW is assumed to flow as a buoyancy-driven layer underneath the ice shelf. A relation between potential temperature and salinity in the ISW layer is calculated from the mass and energy balance. This temperature-salinity relation is shown to depend only on the temperature and the salinity of the source water mass and to be practically independent of entrainment and melt rates. The model results are obtained without making any assumptions about entrainment and melt rates. The model is in good agreement with observations under the Ronne Ice Shelf, and it indicates that ISW in the Filchner Depression is formed from Western Shelf Water (WSW) with salinity higher than 34.75 practical salinity units. Such high-salinity water is only observed in the Ronne Depression in the western part of the continental shelf. This implies a circulation of WSW, under the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, from the Ronne Depression into the Filchner Depression. Similarly, the model shows that the ISW observed under J9 at the Ross Ice Shelf has been formed from Low Salinity Shelf Water (LSSW) from the eastern parts of the Ross Sea continental shelf. LSSW must therefore circulate under the eastern parts of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; isshelf; kontinentalsokkel; oseanografi

Hvalfangstens økonomiske betydning for Vestfold i mellomkrigstiden - Olsen, Per Erik (P.E. Olsen, 1994)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri

The protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty: the question of effectiveness - Orrego Vicuña, Francisco (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/1992 - Østerhus, Svein (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; fugler; geologi; glasiologi; ornitologi; oseanografi

Oceanographic and glaciologic investigations through Jutulgryta, Fimbulisen in the 1991/92 season - Østerhus, Svein; Orheim, Olav (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; glasiologi; oseanografi

Occurrence of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda) in fish from the Southeastern Weddell Sea (Antarctic) - Palm, Harry; Andersen, Karin; Klöser, Heinz; Plötz, Joachim (Polar Biology, 1994)
Eleven fish species from the Weddell Sea (Antarctic) were examined for infestation with anisakid nematodes. Two species of the genus Contracaecum and the sealworm Pseudoterranova decipiens were isolated from the liver and the body cavity of fish affected. Only two specimens of P. decipiens (1.4%) partly invaded the belly flaps. The following fish species were infested by P. decipiens at the given prevalences: Cygnodraco mawsoni (74.4%), Trematomus scotti (23.2%), Pagetopsis maculatus (10.0%), Cryodraco antarcticus (7.1%), Trematomus lepidorhinus (3.0%), and Dolloidraco longedorsalis (2.7%). All of these, except Trematomus scotti, are new host records. Chaenodraco wilsoni, Chionodraco myersi, Gerlachea australis, Racovitzia glacialis and T. eulepidotus were not infested. The reasons for low prevalence and intensity of infestation are seen in the difficulties of P. decipiens in completing its benthic life cycle in the Weddell Sea environment, in the absence of shallow coastal waters due to the floating shelf-ice. Cygnodraco mawsoni is a crucial intermediate host, without which completion of the parasite life cycle might not be possible. In order to clarify the taxonomical position of Antarctic Pseudoterranova, morphological comparisons with specimens of P. decipiens from the German and Norwegian coast were made using scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed no differences; hence, all specimens studied belong to the same species P. decipiens.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biodiversitet; fisker; marin biologi; økologi

Seabird studies at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land - Røv, Nils; Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Bangjord, Georg (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; fugler; ornitologi

Rock mapping of glaciated areas by satellite image processing - Salvini, Francesco; Della Maggiore, Roberto; Fortunati, Luciano; Mazzarini, Francesco (Polar Research, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; polarområdene; satellitt bilder

Solorina Spongiosa in Antarctica: An Extremely Disjunct Bipolar Lichen - Smith, R. I. Lewis; Øvstedal, Dag Olav (The Lichenologist, 1994)
The bipolar foliose lichen Solorina spongiosa (Sm.) Anzi is reported from James Ross Island, Antarctica, where it grows on moss. This is only the third known occurrence of this lichen from the Southern Hemisphere, the other localities being in Tierra del Fuego and New Zealand. Its morphology resembles that of the New Zealand population and arctic-alpine populations from the Northern Hemisphere, although there are some differences in apothecial and spore size. As elsewhere, it occupies base-rich habitats colonized by predominantly calcicolous mosses and lichens.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; moser; planter

Proximal sub ice-shelf sedimentation Jutulgryta, East Antarctica - Solheim, Anders (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; glasiologi; isshelf

Dronning Maud Land - Tollefsen, Ivar (Mortensen, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; fjellklatring; polarekspedisjoner

The Antarctic Treaty system and Antarctic tourism: towards a legal regime? - Vidas, Davor (International Challenges, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; turisme

Spectral bi-directional reflectance of snow and glacier ice measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Annals of Glaciology, 1994)
Visible and near-infrared spectral reflectances of snow and superimposed ice were measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, during the 1992-93 austral summer. Spectral-reflectance curves of both snow and superimposed ice remain high ( > 80%) in the visible region. A pronounced decrease in reflectance appears in the near-infrared, especially for superimposed ice. Superimposed ice with a 1 cm thick surface layer of ice-bound snow crystals had a considerably higher reflectance than superimposed ice containing only a few snow crystals. Furthermore, these data prove that snow and superimposed ice reflect solar radiation specularly and suggest that the anisotropy strengthens with increasing wavelengths. Integrated in-situ reflectances corresponding to Landsat TM bands 1-4 show that TM band 1 is least affected, whereas TM band 4 is most affected by anisotropy. Furthermore, the anisotropy increases with increasing off-nadir viewing angles up to an angle corresponding to 90°-θs (θs = solar elevation). For a 15° off-nadir sensor-observation angle, the average snow reflectance for TM bands 1--4 is about 10% higher than at nadir. Similarly, the apparent reflectance can be more than 50% higher than the nadir reflectance for larger observation angles. Consequently, if satellite-derived reflectances are going to be considered as absolute values, a topographic-correction model is needed to correct for the effects of anisotropy.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

Executive summary: International Antarctic Regime Project publication series 1993 (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; litteratur; politikk

Moje życie polarnika - Amundsen, Roald; Thylwe, Halina (Iskry, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; biografi; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Resource limitation in a long-lived seabird, the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica: a twining experiment - Andersen, Reidar; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Pedersen, Hans Christian (Fauna Norvegica. Serie C. Cinclus, Norwegian Journal of Ornithology, 1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi

Norwegian Antarctic whaling seen through the eye of the camera - Barr, Susan (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; fotografi; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; pelagisk

A century of German interests in modern whaling, 1860s-1960s - Barthelmess, Klaus (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; Tyskland; hvalfangere; pelagisk hvalfangst; økonomi

Survival against all odds? Shore station whaling at South Georgia in the Pelagic. Era, 1925-1960 - Basberg, Bjørn L (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; pelagisk; økonomi; økonomisk historie

Norway in the Antarctic - Brekke, Annemor (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; Norge; ekspedisjoner; forskning; hvalfangst; miljø

Granulites and garnet–cordierite gneisses from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Bucher-Nurminen, Kurt; Ohta, Yoshihide (Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1993)
The central sector of Mühlig-Hofmannfjellet (3°E/71°S) in western Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctic shield) is dominated by large intrusive bodies of predominantly orthopyroxene-bearing quartz syenites (charnockites). Metasedimentary rocks are rare; however, two distinct areas with banded gneiss–marble–quartzite sequences of sedimentary origin were found during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition NARE 1989/90. Cordierite-bearing metapelitic gneisses from two different localities contain the characteristic mineral assemblage: cordierite + garnet + biotite + K-feldspar + plagioclase + quartz ± sillimanite ± spinel. Thermobarometry indicates equilibration conditions of about 650°C and 4 kbar. Associated orthopyroxene–garnet granulites, on the other hand, revealed pressures of about 8 kbar and temperatures of 750°C. The earlier granulite facies metamorphism is not well preserved in the cordierite gneisses as a result of excess K-feldspar combined with interaction with an H2O-rich fluid phase, probably released by the cooling intrusives. These two features allowed the original high-grade K-feldspar + garnet assemblages to recrystallize as cordierite–biotite–sillimanite gneisses, completely re-equilibrating them. Phase relationships indicate that the younger metamorphic event occurred in the presence of a fluid phase that varied in composition between the lithologies.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; geokjemi; geologi

The legitimacy of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources - Davis, Bruce W; Herr, Richard A (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus; miljøvern; politikk

Den farlige isen i Antarktis - Ekra, Siv Ingrid Skau (Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet SINTEF, 1993)
All is i antarktiske havområder er flerårig under den antarktiske sommeren. Slik is er særlig sterk og hard og smelter ikke. I store bølger får de farlige stykkene stor fart. Treffer de en båt, skjer det med stor kraft.
Keywords: Sørishavet; båter; isforholdene; populærvitenskap

Geographical discoveries in Antarctica by the whaling industry - Headland, Robert Keith (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Lars Christensen; ekspedisjoner; geografi; hvalfangst; oppdagelsesreiser

The regulation of Antarctic tourism: a study in regime effectiveness - Herr, Richard A; Davis, Bruce W (Fridtjof Nansen institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; turisme

Nature environment map: Gjelsvikfjella and Western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Høgvard, K (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1984/85; NARE 1989/90; geografi; kartlegging

Environmental radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic - Holm, Elis (red.); Strand, Per (red.) (Scientific Committee of the International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; miljøforurensing; polarområdene; radioaktivitet

Hvalfangstlæge for 40 år siden - Husby, Jakob; Kolltveit, Bård (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årsberetning, 1993)
Keywords: Anglo Norse ekspedisjonene; Sørishavet; erindringer; historie; hvalfangst; hvalkokerier; pelagisk

Chilean Antarctic policy: the influence of domestic and foreign policy - Infante, Maria Teresa (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

Dager i Antarktis: om folk og forskning, og en ekspedisjon litt utenom det vanlige - Kristensen, Monica (Grøndahl Dreyer, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

The Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic expedition 1949-1952 - Liljequist, Gösta H (High latitudes : a history of Swedish polar travels and research, 1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Maudheimekspedisjonen; NBSAE 1949-52; NSBX 1949-52; Norsk-britisk-svenske antarktisekspedisjon; ekspedisjoner; forskning

Documentation of the demography and population monitoring systems for Antarctic Petrels at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Røv, Nils; Bangjord, Georg (Norsk institutt for naturforskning, 1993)
During the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, four 9 x 15 m squares for long-term demographic studies and 201 study plots for population monitoring of Antarctic Petrels Thalassatca anlarctica were established at Svarthamaren (71" 53' S, 5' 10' E), Dronning Maud Land. This report details their geographical location at Svarthamaren.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; antarktispetrell; bestandsovervåking; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi

Kapittel 3 - Arbeidsløsheten. Kapittel 6 - Den lokale organisasjonen i 30-åra - Magdahl, Jørn (Framnæsarbeidernes historie, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; arbeiderbevegelse; byhistorie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; næringsliv

Digestibility of krill in crabeater seals and minke whales - Mårtensson, Per-Erik; Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; hvaler; krill; plankton; seler; zoologi

Satellite tracking of crabeater seals off Queen Maud Land in Antarctica - Nordøy, Erling S; Folkow, Lars P; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; satellitt; seler; telemetri; zoologi

The place of regulation in relation to science - Orheim, Olav (Changing trends in Antarctic research, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; miljø; miljøkonsekvensanalyser; miljøpåvirkning

Petrology of volcanic rocks in the Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya), South Atlantic - Prestvik, Tore; Goles, Gordon; Basu, Asish R (1993)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; geologi; petrologi

Notes on the ecology and physiology of the Antarctic oribatid mite Maudheimia wilsoni - Sømme, Lauritz; Strømme, Alexander; Zachariassen, Karl Erik (Polar Research, 1993)
The oribatid mite Maudheimia wilsoni Dalenius was found to be numerous on the underside of stones at Jutulsessen (72-degrees-S, 3-degrees-E) in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Daily temperature fluctuations of the microhabitat from as high as 19-degrees-C and to as low as -17-degrees-C were observed during the austral summer. Optimal activity of the mites occurred at 10-degrees-C. Even in January the mean supercooling point of adult mites was as low as - 30.8 +/- 4.7-degrees-C. Haemolymph osmolality ranged from 500 to 800 mOsmol and thermal hystersis freezing points from -4.7 to - 6.1-degrees-C. Adult mites had a mean water content of 43.6% and a water loss rate of 0.12 mug h-1 at 15-degrees-C and 10% relative humidity.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; entomologi; midder; miter; virvelløse dyr; zoologi; økofysiologi; økologi

The effectiveness of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources - Stokke, Olav Schram (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Ice algae during EPOS, leg 1: assemblages, biomass, origin and nutrients - Syvertsen, Erik E; Kristiansen, Svein (Polar Biology, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; biomasse

Regulation of parental effort in a long-lived seabird an experimental manipulation of the cost of reproduction in the antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica - Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Andersen, Reidar; Pedersen, Hans Christian (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1993)
The fitness of a parent in an altricial bird species is likely to be a function of the proportion of resources allocated to offspring production in relation to the amount spent on its own survival. Here we report an experiment on the Antarctic petrel in which we manipulated the costs of rearing an offspring by placing small lead loads on the legs of one parent. The bird could then either decrease its own body reserves or reduce the food load to the chick. The manipulated birds decreased their food load and increased the feeding interval, compared with unmanipulated birds. Consequently, the rate of chick loss increased. No significant difference was found between the body weights of experimental and control birds during the experiment.
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi; økologi

Antarctic tourism: a challenge to the legitimacy of the Antarctic treaty system? - Vidas, Davor (German yearbook of international law, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; turisme

The Antarctic Treaty System and Antarctic tourism: towards a legal regime? (background information paper) - Vidas, Davor (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk; turisme

The Antarctic Treaty System and the law of the sea: a new dimension introduced by the 1991 Madrid protocol - Vidas, Davor (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus

The Antarctic Treaty system and the law of the sea. Review of Christopher C. Joyner: Antarctica and the law of the sea - Vidas, Davor (International Challenges, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus; litteratur

Vel blåst! : kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum 75 år : 1917-1992 - Wexelsen, Einar (Kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum, 1993)
Keywords: Christen Christensen; Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalindustri; museer

Working Conditions and Work-related Injuries and Illnesses on board Norwegian Floating Factories after World War II - Wexelsen, Einar (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; medisin

Studies of snow surface characteristics by Landsat TM in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Annals of Glaciology, 1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; satellittbilder

Den Norske Sydpol-ekspedisjonen 1990-91 (Polarboken, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Executive summary: November 1992 (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; litteratur; politikk

Jutulsessen: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1992)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Troll forskningsstasjon; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Hvalfangsten : eventyret tar slutt - Bakka, Dag (Krohn Johansen, 1992)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; båter; ekspedisjoner; historie; hvalfangerselskapet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; hvalkokerier; pelagisk; skip

Søker fortiden og framtiden på Sydpolen - Bakka, Toril (Statoil magasin, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; biografi; ekspedisjoner

Phytoplankton distribution in relation to sea ice, hydrography and nutrients in the northwestern Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during EPOS - Bianchi, Franco; Boldrin, Alfredo; Cioce, F; Dieckmann, Gerhard Stephan; Kuosa, Harri; Larsson, A M; Nöthig, Eva-Maria; Sehlstedt, P I; Socal, Giorgio; Syvertsen, Erik E (Polar Biology, 1992)
Phytoplankton biomass and distribution of major phytoplankton groups were investigated in relation to sea ice conditions, hydrography and nutrients along three north-south transects in the north western Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during the EPOS Study (European Polarstern Study), Leg 1. Three different zones along the transects could be distinguished: 1) the Open Water Zone (OWZ) from 58-degrees to 60-degrees-S with high chlorophyll a concentrations up to 3.5-mu-g l-1; 2) the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) from 60-degrees to about 62.5-degrees with chlorophyll a concentrations between 0.1 and 0.3-mu-g l-1, and 3) the closed pack-ice zone (CPI) from 62.5-degrees to 63.2-degrees-S with chlorophyll a concentrations below 0.1-mu-g l-1. Nutrient concentrations increased towards the south showing winter values under the closed pack-ice. Centric diatoms such as Thalassiosira gravida and Chaetoceros neglectum forming large colonies dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in terms of biomass in open water together with large, long chain forming, pennate diatoms, whereas small pennate diatoms such as Nitzschia spp., and nanoflagellates prevailed in ice covered areas. Fairly low concentrations of phytoplankton cells were encountered at the southernmost stations and many empty diatom frustules were found in the samples. The enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the Weddell-Scotia-Confluence area is achieved through sea ice melting in the frontal zone of two different water masses, the Weddell and the Scotia Sea surface waters.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biomasse; diatomeer; fytoplankton; havis; hydrografi; marin biologi; oseanografi

ATS decision-making and change: the role of domestic politics in Australia - Davis, Bruce W; Herr, Richard A (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

The climate of Halley, Antarctica - Hanssen-Bauer, Inger; DNMI (Det norske meteorologiske institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; klima; meteorologi

Antarctica and non-state actors: the question of legitimacy - Herr, Richard A; Davis, Bruce W (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

Ecology of sea ice biota. 1. Habitat, terminology, and methodology - Horner, Rita; Ackley, Stephen F.; Dieckmann, Gerhard S.; Gulliksen, Bjorn; Hoshiai, Takao; Legendre, Louis; Melnikov, Igor A.; Reeburgh, William S.; Spindler, Michael; Sullivan, Cornelius W. (Polar Biology, 1992)
Polar regions are covered by extensive sea ice that is inhabited by a variety of plants and animals. The environments where the organisms live vary depending on the structure and age of the ice. Many terms have been used to describe the habitats and the organisms. We here characterize the habitats and communities and suggest some standard terms for them. We also suggest routine sampling methods and reporting units for measurements of biological and chemical variables.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; havis; marin biologi; polarområdene; økologi

Into the heart of the Antarctic - Imbert, Bertrand C (North Pole, South Pole : journeys to the ends of the earth, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser

Atmospheric CO₂ and global warming: a critical review - Jaworowski, Zbigniew; Segalstad, Tom Victor; Hisdal, Vidar (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; drivhuseffekten; isbreer; karbondioksid; klimaendringer; klimagasser; paleoatmosfæren; temperaturforhold

Do glaciers tell a true atmospheric CO2 story? - Jaworowski, Zbigniew; Segalstad, Tom Victor; Ono, Nobuo (Science of The Total Environment, 1992)
Until 1985 most studies of CO2 in gas inclusions in pre-industrial ice indicated that CO2 concentrations (up to 2450 ppm) were higher than the current atmospheric level. After 1985, lower pre-industrial CO2 values were reported, and used as evidence for a recent man-made CO2 increase. The errors in these revised values, however, are of a similar magnitude to the apparent increase in atmospheric CO2 level. The assumptions used in estimating lower CO2 values in past atmospheres have been: no liquid phase in polar ice; younger age of air than of ice due to free gas exchange between deep firn and the atmosphere; and no change in composition of air inclusions. These assumptions are shown to be invalid. Liquid saline water exists in ice at low temperatures, even below −70°C; airtight ice layers are ubiquitous in Antarctic firn; and more than 20 physico-chemical processes operating in situ and in ice cores contribute to the alteration of the chemical composition of air inclusions. The permeable ice sheet with its capillary liquid network acts as a sieve which redistributes elements, isotopes, and micro-particles. Thirty-six to 100% of air recovered from old ice is contaminated by recent atmospheric air during field and laboratory operations. The value of ∼290 ppm, widely accepted from glacier studies for the pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 level, apparently results from: invalid assumptions; processes in ice sheets; artifacts in ice cores; and arbitrary rejection of high readings. To date, glaciological studies are not able to provide a reliable reconstruction of either the CO2 level in pre-industrial and ancient atmospheres or paleoclimates. Instead these studies have led to a widely accepted false dogma of man-made climatic warming. This dogma may have enormous negative impact on our common future.
Keywords: Antarktis; drivhuseffekt; glasiologi; global oppvarming; isbreer; karbondioksid; paleoklimatologi; stabile isotoper

The role of domestic politics in making United States Antarctic policy - Joyner, Christopher C (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

Activities within the Aurora Programme field season 1991/92 - Kristensen, Monica (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; glasiologi; meteorologi

Nitrogen uptake in the Weddell Sea during late winter and spring - Kristiansen, Svein; Syvertsen, Erik E; Farbrot, Tove (Polar Biology, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; biologi

Glaciomarine turbidite and current controlled deposits in Prydz Bay, Antarctica - Kuvaas, Berit; Leitchenkov, German (Marine Geology, 1992)
A thick sequence (up to 2200 m) of presumed post late Eocene/early Oligocene glaciomarine sediments is inferred to be present on the Prydz Bay continental rise. In the absence of information from drillholes, we correlate to ODP Leg 119 drillsites on the shelf and compare with the seismic reflection pattern of glaciomarine sequences in the Weddell Sea. The inferred glaciomarine sediments in Prydz Bay appear to be deposited in a complex manner, suggesting interaction by both turbidity cur rents and strong bottom currents. Reflection seismic profiles from the lower continental slope and rise shows an abundance of current influenced deposits, such as sediment waves and large sediment ridges with similarities to contourite drifts. In addition, large channel-levee complexes are abundant, suggesting deposition by turbidity currents and other massflow processes. Large channels and sediment ridges trend oblique to the continental margin. The geometry and character of the seismic reflection pattern suggest that the ridges have been deposited under the combined influence of overflow from downslope channelized turbidity currents and strong bottom water flow. The observed sediment waves and the difference along eastern and western channel margins suggest that bottom currents are flowing towards the west. We suggest that the initiation of turbidite sedimentation occurred in the late Eocene-early Oligocene, when the Amery Ice Shelf reached the shelf edge for the first time. Onset of current controlled deposition may possibly be related to the opening of the Drake Passage at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; kontinentalmargin; marin geologi

Ecology of sea ice biota. 2. Global significance - Legendre, Louis; Ackley, Stephen F.; Dieckmann, Gerhard S.; Gulliksen, Bjørn; Horner, Rita; Hoshiai, Takao; Melnikov, Igor A.; Reeburgh, William S.; Spindler, Michael; Sullivan, Cornelius W. (Polar Biology, 1992)
The sea ice does not only determine the ecology of ice biota, but it also influences the pelagic systems under the ice cover and at ice edges. In this paper, new estimates of Arctic and Antarctic production of biogenic carbon are derived, and differences as well as similarities between the two oceans are examined. In ice-covered seas, high algal concentrations (blooms) occur in association with several types of conditions. Blooms often lead to high sedimentation of intact cells and faecal pellets. In addition to ice-related blooms, there is progressive accumulation of organic matter in Arctic multi-year ice, whose fate may potentially be similar to that of blooms. A fraction of the carbon fixed by microalgae that grow in sea ice or in relation to it is exported out of the production zone. This includes particulate material sinking out of the euphotic zone, and also material passed on to the food web. Pathways through which ice algal production does reach various components of the pelagic and benthic food webs, and through them such top predators as marine mammals and birds, are discussed. Concerning global climate change and biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, not all export pathways from the euphotic zone result in the sequestration of carbon for periods of hundreds of years or more. This is because various processes, that take place in both the ice and the water column, contribute to mineralize organic carbon into CO2 before it becomes sequestered. Processes that favour the production and accumulation of biogenic carbon as well as its export to deep waters and sequestration are discussed, together with those that influence mineralization in the upper ice-covered ocean.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; biogeokjemi; havis; karbondioksid; klimaendringer; marin biologi; polarområdene; økologi

Negotiating the mineral regime in the Antarctic: a review - Mørkved, Berit (International Challenges, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; mineraler; politikk

Bunnvannsstrømmer på kontinentalskråningen i Weddellhavet - Nordlund, Nina (Universitetet i Bergen, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bunnvann; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi

En modell for sirkulasjonen under isshelfene i Weddelhavet og Rosshavet - Nøst, Ole Anders (O. A. Nøst, 1992)
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Gigantisk isfjell i Sør-Atlanteren - Orheim, Olav (Polarboken, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; isfjell

The protection of the Antarctic environment - Orrego Vicuña, Francisco (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Studies through Jutulgryta, Fimbulisen in the 1991/92 season - Østerhus, Svein; Orheim, Olav (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1992)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; oseanografi

Pertusaria signyae (Lichenes), a new species from the Antarctic - Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Smith, Ronald I Lewis (Nova Hedwigia, 1992)
A saxicolous Pertusaria species is described as new to science: P. signyae Ovst. from South Orkney Islands. It has an isidiate thallus, subglobose fertile verrucae with poriform apothecia, and contains 2'-0-methylperlatolic acid.
Keywords: Antarktis; Sør-Orknøyene; botanikk; lav; planter

Determination of sulphur- and chlorine-containing compounds using capillary gas chromatography and atomic emission detection - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig; Asp, Tone Normann; Greibrokk, Tyge (Analytica Chimica Acta, 1992)
The potential of universal calibration using capillary gas chromatography combined with atomic emission detection was evaluated for several chlorine- and sulphur-containing compounds of environmental interest. The elemental responses obtained for C, H, Cl and S were found to be affected by the molecular structure. Rapid determination of several analytes was accomplished using a single calibration graph based on one randomly selected reference compound, but 10–30% errors relative to the actual concentrations were observed in several instances. The results were significantly improved by using reference compounds with structures similar to those of the analytes of interest. the practical utility of universal calibration is illustrated by the determination of pesticides in stomach oil deposits from birds living in Antarctica.
Keywords: Antarktis; biokjemi; fugler; kjemi; kromatografi; petreller

Contributions to the Caloplaca flora of the western Antarctic region - Søchting, Ulrik; Øvstedal, Dag Olav (Nordic Journal of Botany, 1992)
Fourteen species of the lichen genus Caloplaca are recorded from the western Antarctic region and described morphologically and anatomically, viz.: C. ammiospila, C. approximata, C. athallina, C. cirrochrooides, C. citrina, C. isidioclada, C. lucens, C. millegrana, C. regalis, C. sublobulata, C. tenuis, C. aff. anchon-phoeniceon. Type specimens of critical species have been studied. A key is provided to the species. Caloplaca ammiospila and C. approximata are reported as new to the Antarctic region.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

Bouvetøya: et norsk naturreservat - Sømme, Lauritz (Fauna, 1992)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; fauna; forvaltning; natur

Domestic politics and non-state actors in the Antarctic Treaty System: towards a framework - Stokke, Olav Schram (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

Protecting the frozen south - Stokke, Olav Schram (Green globe yearbook, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern; politikk

Samtykke til ratifikasjon av Protokoll om miljøvern til Antarktistraktaten, undertegnet i Madrid 4. oktober 1991 - Utenriksdepartementet (1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; miljøvern; politikk

Hvalfangerkoner og barn forteller : hjemmeliv fra 1930-1967 - Vesterlid, Jorunn (Vestfold grafiske, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; etnologi; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; kulturhistorie; kvinner

Eine neue Gyalecta-Art aus der Antarctis: G. pezizoides sp. n. (lichensierte Fungi, Gyalectaceae) - Vezda, A.; Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Smith, Ronald I Lewis (Nova Hedwigia, 1992)
A new species of the genus Gyalecta, G. pezizoides sp. n. (lichenized Fungi, Gyalectaceae), is described and illustrated. This new species is taxonomically near to the holarctic Gyalecta peziza (Mont.) Anzi.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

Antarctic tourism: a challenge to the legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System? - Vidas, Davor (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; turisme

Vel blåst! Kommandør Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum gjennom 75 år 1917-1992 - Wexelsen, Einar (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; Christen Christensen; Nordmenn; Vestfold; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; pelagisk; polarekspedisjoner

H.U. Sverdrupfjella: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Jutulgryta: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Mühlig-Hofmannfjella Nord: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Mühlig-Hofmannfjella Sør: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

The ecophysiology of under-ice fauna - Aarset, Arne V (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; amfipoder; fauna; havis; polarområdene; sjøis; zoologi; økofysiologi

The role of the microbial loop in Antarctic pelagic ecosystems - Azam, Farooq; Smith, David C; Hollibaugh, James T (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; oseanografi; økosystemer

Fugle-og selundersøkelser på Bouvetøya i desember/januar 1989/90 - Bakken, Vidar (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; biologi; fugler; fugleregistreringer; ornitologi; pingviner; seler; zoologi

Hvalbåter over og under vann - Basberg, Bjørn L; Nævestad, Dag (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum Årsberetning, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; skip

Whaling or Shipping? Conflicts over the Use of the Norwegian Whaling Fleet during World War II - Basberg, Bjørn Lorens (International Journal of Maritime History, 1991)
When the United Kingdom entered World War n in September 1939 the Norwegian merchant marine was immediately affected, as its ships became the targets of German submarines. Between September 1939 and April 1940 (when Norway was occupied by the Nazis), more than fifty Norwegian ships were lost, mainly in the North Sea and the north Atlantic. In November 1939 an agreement was reached between the British government and the Norwegian Shipowners Association to place almost half the Norwegian merchant fleet at Britain's disposal under the so-called "charter parties scheme." The king and the Norwegian government fled to London and established a government-inexile during the German occupation, but before their departure it was decided to establish an agency in the British capital to operate and manage Norwegian shipping. It was named the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship) and became the world's largest shipowner, controlling more than one thousand ships at the outset of the war.'
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; andre verdenskrig; hvalbåter; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk hvalfangst

Thermoregulatory abilities in chicks of the Antarctic Petrel (Thalassoica antarctica) - Bech, Claus; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Haftorn, Svein (Polar Biology, 1991)
We studied the thermoregulatory capacity of Antarctic Petrel chicks, Thalassoica antarctica, breeding in a large colony in Queen Maud Land (71-degrees-53'S, 5-degrees-10'E) on the Antarctic continent. Compared to newly hatched chicks of other birds, those of the Antarctic Petrel are characterized by a relatively high standard metabolic rate (SMR) and thermal conductance. Their metabolic scope is limited, however, being only 1.6 times the SMR, and they consequently depend on parental brooding to maintain T(b). At an age of 11 days the chicks become thermally independent and are left alone in the nest. The chicks keep a relatively high body temperature (> 36-degrees-C) throughout their early development and we found no indication that they normally experience hypothermia. A significant positive relationship between latitude of breeding and SMR of the hatchlings is shown to exist for procellariiform birds. It is suggested that the high SMR found in Antarctic Petrel hatchlings could be a prerequisite for achieving a high growth rate, rather than being of any thermoregulatory significance.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1984/85; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Den norske antarktisekspedisjonen 1989-90 : medisinsk beredskap, arbeid og forskning - Bendiksen, Fredrik S; Molvær, Otto Inge; Reitehaug, Per-Ivar (Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; ekspedisjoner; medisin; psykologi

Phytoplankton-bacteria relationship in the Antarctic marine ecosystem - Billen, Gilles; Becquevort, Sylvie (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bakterier; biomasse; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi; økofysiologi; økosystemer

The physiology of polar marine zooplankton - Clarke, Andrew; Peck, Lloyd S (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; marin biologi; polarområdene; zooplankton

Foraging economics and performance of polar and subpolar Atlantic seabirds - Croxall, John P; Briggs, Dirk R (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; næring; ornitologi; pingviner; zoologi; økologi

Aspects of the breeding biology of the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica and the krill requirement of the chicks, at Svarthamaren in Mühlig-Hofmanfjella, Dronning Maud Land - Haftorn, Svein; Bech, Claus; Mehlum, Fridtjof (Fauna Norvegica. Serie C. Cinclus, Norwegian Journal of Ornithology, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; fugler; krill; ornitologi; zoologi

Notes on the south polar skua Catharacta Maccormicki breeding at Svarthamaren in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land - Haftorn, Svein; Bech, Claus; Mehlum, Fridtjof (Fauna Norvegica. Serie C. Cinclus, Norwegian Journal of Ornithology, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi

Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability - Harrison, W G; Cota, G F (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; oseanografi

Krill Enzymes. A New Concept for Efficient Debridement of Necrotic Ulcers - Hellgren, L.; Karlstam, B.; Mohr, Viggo; Vincent, J. (International Journal of Dermatology, 1991)
The article discusses the new concept for surgery of necrotic ulcers using the krill enzymes. The krill peptide hydrolases represent a new and important alternative to mammalian or microbial enzymes for distinctive medical applications, such as debridemen.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; medisin; plankton

Sydpolen på tvers - Høibakk, Ralph (Gyldendal, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Den Norske Sydpolekspedisjonen 1990; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer

Occurrence of polar seabirds at sea in relation to prey concentrations and oceanographic factors - Hunt Jr, George L (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; næring; ornitologi; oseanografi; polarområdene; sjøfugler; økosystemer

The Antarctic treaty system in world politics - Jørgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn (Red.); Østreng, Willy (Red.) (Macmillan in association with The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; forvaltning; havrett; internasjonalt samarbeid; miljø; naturressurser; polarområdene; politikk; ressurser; rett

Crustal development: Weddel Sea - Ross Sea region. Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddel Sea area - Kristoffersen, Yngve; Hinz, Karl (Geological evolution of Antarctica : proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences, held at Robinson College, Cambridge, 23-28 August 1987, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; geologi; seismologi; tektonikk