Reproductive effort in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica : the effect of parental body size and condition - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 1995)
Publication Title: Zoologisk institutt, Universitetet i Trondheim ISBN: 8290896611
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; reproduksjon; zoologi

Incubation and brooding performance of the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Røv, Nils (Ibis, 1995)
Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica incubation and brooding effort was studied at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, during the austral summer of 1991-1992. The females probably left the nest site shortly after egg laying. The duration of incubation and brooding shifts as well as the daily weight loss (absolute and proportionate) were comparable with those of other similar-sized procellariform species. Males spent more time incubating and brooding than did females, suggesting higher female energy stress due to egg laying, Incubating birds which were below average weight were likely to desert the nests before their mates returned from feeding trips. Both males and females lost approximately one-fifth of their body-weight during their first incubation shifts. Nevertheless, they increased their initial weights from egg laying to hatching and had their highest initial weights when they returned to start the shift during which the egg hatched. No factors related to adult body-weight explained the duration of the incubation shifts, Both males and females gained weight at a higher rate when at sea than they lost it during incubation, and it is suggested that factors unrelated to food availability or individual feeding skills may be important in regulating the duration of the incubation shifts and the stay at sea.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Immune responses during an antarctic summer - Lugg, Desmond J.; Ursin, Holger; Donovan, Kevin; Konrad Muller, H.; Quinn, Dennis (Pathology, 1995)
The immune status of 29 members of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) was investigated before, during, and after a 56 day summer voyage to Antarctica and correlated with psychological and physiological parameters. All subjects were healthy. Expedition personnel demonstrated decreased cell mediated immune responses (CMI) assessed by the CMI Multi-test; 21% were hypoergic. The major associated observation was a significant negative correlation with anxiety in Antarctica. However, perceived anxiety was greater before and after the voyage. No significant changes were found in T and B lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin and complement components and cutaneous blood flow, nor was there any clinical evidence of illness. Of the hormones examined only cortisol was low predeparture which may reflect increased perceived anxiety at that time. Changes in immune control mechanism were apparent as shown by reduced CMI responses and lowered tetanus antibody levels. Stress factors are postulated to induce depression of the immune response in Antarctica. The association with anxiety suggests that brain peptides or associated cytokines may have a role in mediating these immune events. Such alterations in immune status have implications for health management in isolated and extreme conditions.
Keywords: Antarktis; fysiologi; immunologi; psykologi

Forskrift om vern av miljøet i Antarktis - Miljøverndepartementet (1995)
Publisher: Lovdata Place: Oslo
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Distribution and diving behaviour of crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) off Queen Maud Land - Nordøy, Erling S.; Folkow, Lars; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (Polar Biology, 1995)
Eight crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) (three females, five males), ranging in body mass between 125 and 220 kg, were captured off Queen Maud Land (70-72 degrees S, 7-16 degrees W) during the last week of February, just after moulting, and tagged with Argos satellite-linked dive recorders to provide data on location and diving depth and duration. During the first few weeks of March the seals were moving in the pack ice along the continental shelf edge, close to the coast of Queen Maud Land. In April and May, when the pack ice extended northwards, most of the seals moved north, one reaching 63 degrees S in late May. In the first half of June the two remaining seals turned south and moved back deep into the pack ice. The seals made about 150 dives per day each throughout the study period. Ninety percent of these were made to depths of less than 52 m. Individual maximum diving depths varied between 288 and 528 m. In March the seals were most active at night, when the dive depth was shallower than during the day. In April and May the seals were more active during day-time, with an absence of any diurnal change in diving depth. These results support the notion that crabeater seals predominantly feed on krill in Antarctic pack ice, even when winter returns to the waters off Queen Maud Land.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biodiversitet; marin biologi; seler; telemetri; zoologi; økologi

Formation and circulation of Ice Shelf Water in the Weddell and Ross seas - Nøst, Ole Anders (University of Bergen, 1995)
Publication Title: Geophysical Institute, Oceanography, University of Bergen
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans and Coplanar Biphenyls in Antarctic Fur Seal Blubber - Oehme, Michael; Schlabach, Martin; Boyd, Ian (Ambio, 1995)
Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) as well as of coplanar (non-ortho substituted) polychlorinated biphenyls (CB-77, CB-126 and CB-169) have been determined in 11 fur-seal blubber samples from female Antarctic fur seals. Measurable PCDD/PCDF concentrations averaging 2 ppt TEQ (Nordic model) were found. This is considerably less than in Arctic seals. In addition, the PCDD/PCDF congener patterns differed between Antarctic and Arctic seals. The levels of CB-77, CB-126 and CB-169 (8.5-41 pg g-1 for single congeners in average) in Antarctic fur seals were also much lower than in Arctic ringed and harp seals. A possible explanation of these differences is the overall lower environmental pollution of the Southern Hemisphere, though an influence of different age and sex distributions cannot be excluded. The data passed all quality assurance criteria that had been established for such low levels.
Publisher: [Springer, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]
Keywords: Antarktis; forurensning; marin biologi; miljøgifter; pinnipedier; polarområdene; seler

Åpning av Foyn-seminaret 23.januar 1995 - Olsen, Jan Henry T (Vestfoldminne, 1995)
Publisher: Vestfoldmuseene
Keywords: Den internasjonale hvalfangstkommisjonen; Norge; Svend Foyn; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangstkvotene; pelagisk

Two further bipolar lichens - Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Gremmen, Niek J M (Graphis scripta, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

The Vestfold Hills: the Norwegian connection - Patterson, D (ANARE News, 1995)
Publisher: Antarctic Division, Dept. of Science and Technology
Keywords: Antarktis; Nordmenn; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser

Variability in nutrient concentrations around Elephant Island, Antarctica, during 1991-1993 - Silva S, Nelson; Helbling, E Walter; Villafañe, Virginia; Amos, Anthony F; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Polar Research, 1995)
Keywords: Elefantøya; Sørishavet; næringsstoffer; vannmasser

Conservation status of Bouvetøya - Sømme, Lauritz (Progress in conservation of the Subantarctic islands: proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Protection, Research and Management of Subantarctic Islands, Paimpont, France, 27-29 April 1992, 1995)
Issue: 2
Keywords: Bouvetøya; forvaltning; natur

Invertebrates in Hot and Cold Arid Environments - Sømme, Lauritz (Springer-Verlag, 1995)
Keywords: Antarktis; forskning; kuldetoleranse; virvelløse dyr

Subantarctic island research: discussion and recommendations - Sømme, Lauritz (Progress in conservation of the Subantarctic islands: proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Protection, Research and Management of Subantarctic Islands, Paimpont, France, 27-29 April 1992, 1995)
Issue: 2
Keywords: Sørishavet; forskning; forvaltning; natur

Cold tolerance in Tardigrada from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Sømme, Lauritz; Meier, Terje (Polar Biology, 1995)
Survival at low temperatures was studied in three species of Tardigrada from Muhlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Both hydrated and dehydrated specimens of Echiniscus jenningsi, Macrobiotus furciger and Diphascon chilenense had high survival rates following exposure to -22 degrees C for ca. 600 days, and dehydrated specimens following 3040 days at this temperature. In hydrated E. jenningsi, mortality increased with the duration of exposure from 7 to 150 days at -80 degrees C, while mortalities of the two other species did not change. Hydrated specimens of all species were rapidly killed at -180 degrees C, but all species exhibited good survivorship in the dehydrated state after 14 days at -180 degrees C. In conclusion, hydrated tardigrades are able to survive extended periods at low temperatures, and dehydrated specimens are even better adapted to survive overwintering on Antarctic nunataks.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; biologi; biomonitorering; bjørnedyr; kuldetoleranse; virvelløse dyr

Nordic contributions to EPICA Dronning Maud Land (DML) site survey - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1995)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

Sydpolekspedisjoner (Polarboken, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Modelling of Deep-Sea Gravity Currents Using an Integrated Plume Model - Alendal, Guttorm; Drange, Helge; Haugan, Peter M (The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, 1994)
An integrated plume model is used to describe large scale gravity currents in the ocean. The model describes competing effects of (negative) buoyancy, friction, entrainment and Cariolis farce, as well as a pressure term due to variable plume thickness, on the flux, speed and flow direction of the plume. Equations for conservation of salt and internal energy (temperature) and a full equation of state far seawater is included in the model. The entrainment of ambient water is parameterized with support in empirical data, and a drag coefficient consistent with the entrainment is introduced. The model is tested against the overflow through the Denmark Strait, the flow down the Weddell Sea continental slope, and the outflow of saline water through the Gibraltar Strait and from the Spencer Gulf, Australia. The farmer gain an extra driving mechanism due to the thermobaric effect, while in the two latter cases the initial density difference is so large that this effect is not essential. Order of magnitude fit with measurements requires drag coefficient between 0.01 and 0.1. Conditions susceptible to meander behaviour and a singularity arising from the pressure dependency on the current thickness variations are briefly discussed.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; havstrømmer; klimamodeller; oseanografi

Norske offentlige samlinger med kulturhistorisk polarmateriale - Barr, Susan (Norsk polarinstitutt, 1994)
Publication Title: Meddelelser
Keywords: Antarktis; polarforskning; polarhistorie; polarområdene; polarsamlinger

Before the heroes came : Antarctica in the 1890s - Baughman, Timothy H (University of Nebraska Press, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink; Southern Cross; ekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser; polarhistorie

Teltet på Sydpolen - Dannevig, Alv (Vær & klima, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; logistikk

Detailed studies of bottom freezing under an iceshelf and mapping of accumulation by use of multi-frequency pulse-aperture radar - Erlingsson, Bjørn; Gjessing, Yngvar; Hamran, Svein Erik; Holmlund, Per (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; ekspedisjoner; georadar; isshelf; topografi

Antarktis: verdens siste villmark - Fothergill, Alastair (Cappelen, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; biologi; natur

Water mass distribution and tides along the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf: preleminary [sic] results from the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1992/93 - Gammelsrød, Tor (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1994)
Keywords: Sørishavet; oseanografi

Distribution of Water Masses on the Continental Shelf in the Southern Weddell Sea - Gammelsrød, Tor; Foldvik, Arne; Nøst, Ole Anders; Foldvik, Ø.; Anderson, Leif G.; Fogelqvist, Elisabet; Olsson, K. Anders; Tanhua, Toste; Jones, Elizabeth Peter; Østerhus, Svein (The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, 1994)
Water properties on the continental shelf in the southern Weddell Sea observed during NARP 92/93 are presented. The station distribution includes a section close to the floating ice shelf from the Filchner Depression to the Antarctic Peninsula. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, silicate, CFC-ll and CFC-12 distributions are shown. Melting under the ice shelves, circulation systems, residence times, sediment/water interactions and bottom water formation are discussed. Ice Shelf Water (ISW), which is formed by cooling and melting below the floating ice shelf, seems to be about 10 years older than its parent water mass, which indicates the residence time below the ice shelf. The average melting rate below the Filchner Ronne ice shelf, based on the volume flux of ISW in the Filchner Depression is estimated to be 0.1 m/year. Compared with earlier observations considerable changes were found in the water characteristics and distribution: The temperature of the Weddell Deep Water has increased 0.7°C since 1977. Western Shelf Water, usually dominating the bottom layers in the Filchner Depression and on the Berkner Shelf, was found only in the Ronne Depression.
Keywords: NARP 1992/93; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Chemical fractionation of sea salt in snow - Gjessing, Yngvar; Erlingsson, Bjørn (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; kjemisk; sjøvann; snø

Synedropsis gen. nov., a genus of araphid diatoms associated with sea ice - Hasle, Grethe Rytter; Medlin, Linda K.; Syvertsen, Erik E. (Phycologia, 1994)
A new araphid diatom genus, Synedropsis Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen, is described from sea ice. The generitype, Synedropsis hyperborea (Grunow) Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen from the Arctic, was first described as a species of Synedra, as was the antarctic Synedropsis fragilis (Manguin) Hasle, Syvertsen et Medlin. A second antarctic species of Synedropsis is a new combination of Cymatosira laevis Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe. In addition four new taxa, S. hyperboreoides Hasle, Syvertsen et Medlin, S. recta Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen, S. lata Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen and S. lata var. angustata Hasle, Medlin et Syvertsen are described from the Antarctic. The valve wall is laminar with uniseriate, often poorly developed striae and a wide sternum. Each valve possesses apical fields composed of slits. A labiate process is positioned near one apical slit field. The valve outline for most species exhibits considerable stadial variation. The girdle has several bands, most with one row of poroids close to the pars interior. Thus Synedropsis is closely related to the marine Fragilaria striatula Lyngbye except in the structure of the apical fields and the number of bands. Species observed in uncleaned material appeared in stellate or, more seldom, ribbon-shaped colonies. Synedropsis hyperborea is a common epiphyte on the ice-associated Melosira arctica Dickie in the Arctic. The antarctic species were found mainly in the bottom ice community, S. fragilis as an epiphyte on other diatoms.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; botanikk; diatomeer; havis; kiselalger; marin biologi; plankton

High resolution climatic information from short firn cores, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Isaksson, Elisabeth; Karlén, Wibjörn (Climatic Change, 1994)
In this paper a detailed record of major ions from a 20 m deep firn core from Amundsenisen, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is presented. The core was drilled at 75° S, 2° E (2900 m a.s.l.) during austral summer 1991/92. The following ions were measured at 3 cm resolution: Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, S04 2− and CH3SO3H (MSA). The core was dated back to 1865 using a combination of chemical records and volcanic reference horizons. The volcanic eruptions identified in this core are Mount Ngauruhoe, New Zealand (1974–75), Mount Agung, Indonesia (1963), Azul, Argentina (1932), and a broad peak that corresponds in time toTarawera, New Zealand (1886), Falcon Island, South Shetlands, Southern Ocean (1885), and Krakatau, Indonesia (1883). There are no trends in any of the ion records, but the annual to decadal changes are large. The mean concentrations of the measured ions are in agreement with those from other high-altitude cores from the Antarctic plateau. At this core site there may be a correspondence between peaks in the MSA record and major El Niño–Southern Oscillation events.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; kjemi; klima

Spatial and temporal patterns in snow accumulation, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Isaksson, Elisabeth; Karlén, Wibjörn (Journal of Glaciology, 1994)
During the Swedish Antarctic Expedition to Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, 1988–89 the net accumulation was estimated for an area from the coast to about 400 km inland. Stake measurements were used to obtain the spatial variability and firn cores were used for the temporal variability. The mean annual accumulation for the period 1976–88 is about 0.4mw.e. for Riiser-Larsenisen and about 0.3mw.e. for the area above the grounding line. The accumulation rate at higher altitudes, > 2500 m a.s.1., is about 0.1 m w.e. for 1955–88. One record from the ice shelf covers the period 1957–88, and suggests an increase in accumulation of about 12%. Between 1976 and 1988, the accumulation has decreased by about 50%, most likely due to lower temperatures as suggested by the temperature record from Halley.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

The legitimacy of the Convention on the on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities - Joyner, Christopher C (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1994)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; mineraler

Alene til Sydpolen - Kagge, Erling (Polarboken, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Antarktis - den siste villmark - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (NINA-Nytt, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; ekspedisjoner; forskning

Sex determination of Antarctic Petrels Thalassoica antarctica by discriminant analysis of morphometric characters - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Røv, Nils (Polar Biology, 1994)
We present data on sexual dimorphism in some morphological measurements (wing length, head length, bill depth and bill length) in the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica. Males were on average larger than females for all measurements. Sexual dimorphism was on average largest for bill depths whereas wing lengths discriminated least between the sexes. A discriminant function including bill depth, head length and wing length correctly sexed 92% of the sample. Due to between-measurer variation it is recommended that morphometric measurements obtained by others on sexed birds are compared with ours before proceeding with the use of the discriminant function on unsexed individuals.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; biodiversitet; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi; økologi

Digestibility of krill (Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa sp.) in minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) - Mårtensson, Per-Erik; Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (British Journal of Nutrition, 1994)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; hvaler; krill; plankton; seler; zoologi

A bibliography of terrestrial biological research in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Newton, I P; Cooper, J; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Thor, Göran (South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 1994)
A bibliography of terrestrial biological research in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, of 388 titles from 1954 to 1994 is provided as an aid to researchers working in the region.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; bibliografi; biologi

A model of ice shelf-ocean interaction with application to the Filchner-Ronne and Ross Ice Shelves - Nøst, Ole Anders; Foldvik, Arne (Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1994)
A simple analytical model has been developed to study the formation of Ice Shelf Water (ISW). ISW is assumed to flow as a buoyancy-driven layer underneath the ice shelf. A relation between potential temperature and salinity in the ISW layer is calculated from the mass and energy balance. This temperature-salinity relation is shown to depend only on the temperature and the salinity of the source water mass and to be practically independent of entrainment and melt rates. The model results are obtained without making any assumptions about entrainment and melt rates. The model is in good agreement with observations under the Ronne Ice Shelf, and it indicates that ISW in the Filchner Depression is formed from Western Shelf Water (WSW) with salinity higher than 34.75 practical salinity units. Such high-salinity water is only observed in the Ronne Depression in the western part of the continental shelf. This implies a circulation of WSW, under the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, from the Ronne Depression into the Filchner Depression. Similarly, the model shows that the ISW observed under J9 at the Ross Ice Shelf has been formed from Low Salinity Shelf Water (LSSW) from the eastern parts of the Ross Sea continental shelf. LSSW must therefore circulate under the eastern parts of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Keywords: Antarktis; geofysikk; isshelf; kontinentalsokkel; oseanografi

Hvalfangstens økonomiske betydning for Vestfold i mellomkrigstiden - Olsen, Per Erik (P.E. Olsen, 1994)
Publication Title: Universitetet i Oslo
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri

The protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty: the question of effectiveness - Orrego Vicuña, Francisco (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1994)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/1992 - Østerhus, Svein (ed.) (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1994)
Publication Title: Meddelelser
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; fugler; geologi; glasiologi; ornitologi; oseanografi

Oceanographic and glaciologic investigations through Jutulgryta, Fimbulisen in the 1991/92 season - Østerhus, Svein; Orheim, Olav (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; glasiologi; oseanografi

Occurrence of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda) in fish from the Southeastern Weddell Sea (Antarctic) - Palm, Harry; Andersen, Karin; Klöser, Heinz; Plötz, Joachim (Polar Biology, 1994)
Eleven fish species from the Weddell Sea (Antarctic) were examined for infestation with anisakid nematodes. Two species of the genus Contracaecum and the sealworm Pseudoterranova decipiens were isolated from the liver and the body cavity of fish affected. Only two specimens of P. decipiens (1.4%) partly invaded the belly flaps. The following fish species were infested by P. decipiens at the given prevalences: Cygnodraco mawsoni (74.4%), Trematomus scotti (23.2%), Pagetopsis maculatus (10.0%), Cryodraco antarcticus (7.1%), Trematomus lepidorhinus (3.0%), and Dolloidraco longedorsalis (2.7%). All of these, except Trematomus scotti, are new host records. Chaenodraco wilsoni, Chionodraco myersi, Gerlachea australis, Racovitzia glacialis and T. eulepidotus were not infested. The reasons for low prevalence and intensity of infestation are seen in the difficulties of P. decipiens in completing its benthic life cycle in the Weddell Sea environment, in the absence of shallow coastal waters due to the floating shelf-ice. Cygnodraco mawsoni is a crucial intermediate host, without which completion of the parasite life cycle might not be possible. In order to clarify the taxonomical position of Antarctic Pseudoterranova, morphological comparisons with specimens of P. decipiens from the German and Norwegian coast were made using scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed no differences; hence, all specimens studied belong to the same species P. decipiens.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biodiversitet; fisker; marin biologi; økologi

Seabird studies at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land - Røv, Nils; Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Bangjord, Georg (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; fugler; ornitologi

Rock mapping of glaciated areas by satellite image processing - Salvini, Francesco; Della Maggiore, Roberto; Fortunati, Luciano; Mazzarini, Francesco (Polar Research, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; geologi; polarområdene; satellitt bilder

Solorina Spongiosa in Antarctica: An Extremely Disjunct Bipolar Lichen - Smith, R. I. Lewis; Øvstedal, Dag Olav (The Lichenologist, 1994)
The bipolar foliose lichen Solorina spongiosa (Sm.) Anzi is reported from James Ross Island, Antarctica, where it grows on moss. This is only the third known occurrence of this lichen from the Southern Hemisphere, the other localities being in Tierra del Fuego and New Zealand. Its morphology resembles that of the New Zealand population and arctic-alpine populations from the Northern Hemisphere, although there are some differences in apothecial and spore size. As elsewhere, it occupies base-rich habitats colonized by predominantly calcicolous mosses and lichens.
Edition: 2007/03/28 Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; moser; planter

Proximal sub ice-shelf sedimentation Jutulgryta, East Antarctica - Solheim, Anders (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; NARE 1991/92; glasiologi; isshelf

Dronning Maud Land - Tollefsen, Ivar (Mortensen, 1994)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; fjellklatring; polarekspedisjoner

The Antarctic Treaty system and Antarctic tourism: towards a legal regime? - Vidas, Davor (International Challenges, 1994)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; turisme

Spectral bi-directional reflectance of snow and glacier ice measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Annals of Glaciology, 1994)
Visible and near-infrared spectral reflectances of snow and superimposed ice were measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, during the 1992-93 austral summer. Spectral-reflectance curves of both snow and superimposed ice remain high ( > 80%) in the visible region. A pronounced decrease in reflectance appears in the near-infrared, especially for superimposed ice. Superimposed ice with a 1 cm thick surface layer of ice-bound snow crystals had a considerably higher reflectance than superimposed ice containing only a few snow crystals. Furthermore, these data prove that snow and superimposed ice reflect solar radiation specularly and suggest that the anisotropy strengthens with increasing wavelengths. Integrated in-situ reflectances corresponding to Landsat TM bands 1-4 show that TM band 1 is least affected, whereas TM band 4 is most affected by anisotropy. Furthermore, the anisotropy increases with increasing off-nadir viewing angles up to an angle corresponding to 90°-θs (θs = solar elevation). For a 15° off-nadir sensor-observation angle, the average snow reflectance for TM bands 1–4 is about 10% higher than at nadir. Similarly, the apparent reflectance can be more than 50% higher than the nadir reflectance for larger observation angles. Consequently, if satellite-derived reflectances are going to be considered as absolute values, a topographic-correction model is needed to correct for the effects of anisotropy.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi

Executive summary: International Antarctic Regime Project publication series 1993 (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; litteratur; politikk

Moje życie polarnika - Amundsen, Roald; Thylwe, Halina (Iskry, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; biografi; ekspedisjoner; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Resource limitation in a long-lived seabird, the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica: a twining experiment - Andersen, Reidar; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Pedersen, Hans Christian (Fauna Norvegica. Serie C. Cinclus, Norwegian Journal of Ornithology, 1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi

Norwegian Antarctic whaling seen through the eye of the camera - Barr, Susan (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; fotografi; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; pelagisk

A century of German interests in modern whaling, 1860s-1960s - Barthelmess, Klaus (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Nordmenn; Sørishavet; Tyskland; hvalfangere; pelagisk hvalfangst; økonomi

Survival against all odds? Shore station whaling at South Georgia in the Pelagic. Era, 1925-1960 - Basberg, Bjørn L (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; pelagisk; økonomi; økonomisk historie

Norway in the Antarctic - Brekke, Annemor (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; Norge; ekspedisjoner; forskning; hvalfangst; miljø

Granulites and garnet–cordierite gneisses from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Bucher-Nurminen, Kurt; Ohta, Yoshihide (Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1993)
The central sector of Mühlig-Hofmannfjellet (3°E/71°S) in western Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctic shield) is dominated by large intrusive bodies of predominantly orthopyroxene-bearing quartz syenites (charnockites). Metasedimentary rocks are rare; however, two distinct areas with banded gneiss–marble–quartzite sequences of sedimentary origin were found during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition NARE 1989/90. Cordierite-bearing metapelitic gneisses from two different localities contain the characteristic mineral assemblage: cordierite + garnet + biotite + K-feldspar + plagioclase + quartz ± sillimanite ± spinel. Thermobarometry indicates equilibration conditions of about 650°C and 4 kbar. Associated orthopyroxene–garnet granulites, on the other hand, revealed pressures of about 8 kbar and temperatures of 750°C. The earlier granulite facies metamorphism is not well preserved in the cordierite gneisses as a result of excess K-feldspar combined with interaction with an H2O-rich fluid phase, probably released by the cooling intrusives. These two features allowed the original high-grade K-feldspar + garnet assemblages to recrystallize as cordierite–biotite–sillimanite gneisses, completely re-equilibrating them. Phase relationships indicate that the younger metamorphic event occurred in the presence of a fluid phase that varied in composition between the lithologies.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; geokjemi; geologi

The legitimacy of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources - Davis, Bruce W; Herr, Richard A (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus; miljøvern; politikk

Den farlige isen i Antarktis - Ekra, Siv Ingrid Skau (Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet SINTEF, 1993)
All is i antarktiske havområder er flerårig under den antarktiske sommeren. Slik is er særlig sterk og hard og smelter ikke. I store bølger får de farlige stykkene stor fart. Treffer de en båt, skjer det med stor kraft.
Publication Title: Gemini : forskningsnytt fra SINTEF og NTNU
Keywords: Sørishavet; båter; isforholdene; populærvitenskap

Geographical discoveries in Antarctica by the whaling industry - Headland, Robert Keith (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; Carl Anton Larsen; Lars Christensen; ekspedisjoner; geografi; hvalfangst; oppdagelsesreiser

The regulation of Antarctic tourism: a study in regime effectiveness - Herr, Richard A; Davis, Bruce W (Fridtjof Nansen institutt, 1993)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; turisme

Nature environment map: Gjelsvikfjella and Western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Høgvard, K (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1993)
Pages: Blad/Sheet 1 Publication Title: Norsk Polarinstitutt Temakart Nr. 24 Place: Oslo
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1984/85; NARE 1989/90; geografi; kartlegging

Environmental radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic - Holm, Elis (red.); Strand, Per (red.) ("International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Artic and Antarctic organized by Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Norway and Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Sweden., 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; miljøforurensing; polarområdene; radioaktivitet

Hvalfangstlæge for 40 år siden - Husby, Jakob; Kolltveit, Bård (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum. Årsberetning, 1993)
Publisher: Museet Place: Oslo
Keywords: Anglo Norse ekspedisjonene; Sørishavet; erindringer; historie; hvalfangst; hvalkokerier; pelagisk

Chilean Antarctic policy: the influence of domestic and foreign policy - Infante, Maria Teresa (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

Dager i Antarktis: om folk og forskning, og en ekspedisjon litt utenom det vanlige - Kristensen, Monica (Grøndahl Dreyer, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

The Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic expedition 1949-1952 - Liljequist, Gösta H (High latitudes : a history of Swedish polar travels and research, 1993)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Maudheimekspedisjonen; NBSAE 1949-52; NSBX 1949-52; Norsk-britisk-svenske antarktisekspedisjon; ekspedisjoner; forskning

Documentation of the demography and population monitoring systems for Antarctic Petrels at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land - Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon; Røv, Nils; Bangjord, Georg (Norsk institutt for naturforskning, 1993)
During the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1991/92, four 9 x 15 m squares for long-term demographic studies and 201 study plots for population monitoring of Antarctic Petrels Thalassatca anlarctica were established at Svarthamaren (71" 53' S, 5' 10' E), Dronning Maud Land. This report details their geographical location at Svarthamaren.
Publication Title: NINA oppdragsmelding
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1991/92; antarktispetrell; bestandsovervåking; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi

Kapittel 3 - Arbeidsløsheten. Kapittel 6 - Den lokale organisasjonen i 30-åra - Magdahl, Jørn (Framnæsarbeidernes historie, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; arbeiderbevegelse; byhistorie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; næringsliv

Digestibility of krill in crabeater seals and minke whales - Mårtensson, Per-Erik; Nordøy, Erling S; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (1993)
Pages: 73 Publication Title: 10th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals Place: Galveston, Texas, USA
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; hvaler; krill; plankton; seler; zoologi

Satellite tracking of crabeater seals off Queen Maud Land in Antarctica - Nordøy, Erling S; Folkow, Lars P; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (1993)
Pages: 81 Publication Title: 10th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals Place: Galveston, Texas, USA
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; satellitt; seler; telemetri; zoologi

The place of regulation in relation to science - Orheim, Olav (Changing trends in Antarctic research, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; miljø; miljøkonsekvensanalyser; miljøpåvirkning

Petrology of volcanic rocks in the Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya), South Atlantic - Prestvik, Tore; Goles, Gordon; Basu, Asish R (Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, 1993)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; geologi; petrologi

Notes on the ecology and physiology of the Antarctic oribatid mite Maudheimia wilsoni - Sømme, Lauritz; Strømme, Alexander; Zachariassen, Karl Erik (Polar Research, 1993)
The oribatid mite Maudheimia wilsoni Dalenius was found to be numerous on the underside of stones at Jutulsessen (72-degrees-S, 3-degrees-E) in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Daily temperature fluctuations of the microhabitat from as high as 19-degrees-C and to as low as -17-degrees-C were observed during the austral summer. Optimal activity of the mites occurred at 10-degrees-C. Even in January the mean supercooling point of adult mites was as low as - 30.8 +/- 4.7-degrees-C. Haemolymph osmolality ranged from 500 to 800 mOsmol and thermal hystersis freezing points from -4.7 to - 6.1-degrees-C. Adult mites had a mean water content of 43.6% and a water loss rate of 0.12 mug h-1 at 15-degrees-C and 10% relative humidity.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; entomologi; midder; miter; virvelløse dyr; zoologi; økofysiologi; økologi

The effectiveness of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources - Stokke, Olav Schram (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Ice algae during EPOS, leg 1: assemblages, biomass, origin and nutrients - Syvertsen, Erik E; Kristiansen, Svein (Polar Biology, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; biomasse

Regulation of parental effort in a long-lived seabird an experimental manipulation of the cost of reproduction in the antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica - Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Andersen, Reidar; Pedersen, Hans Christian (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1993)
The fitness of a parent in an altricial bird species is likely to be a function of the proportion of resources allocated to offspring production in relation to the amount spent on its own survival. Here we report an experiment on the Antarctic petrel in which we manipulated the costs of rearing an offspring by placing small lead loads on the legs of one parent. The bird could then either decrease its own body reserves or reduce the food load to the chick. The manipulated birds decreased their food load and increased the feeding interval, compared with unmanipulated birds. Consequently, the rate of chick loss increased. No significant difference was found between the body weights of experimental and control birds during the experiment.
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi; økologi

Antarctic tourism: a challenge to the legitimacy of the Antarctic treaty system? - Vidas, Davor (German yearbook of international law, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; turisme

The Antarctic Treaty System and Antarctic tourism: towards a legal regime? (background information paper) - Vidas, Davor (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk; turisme

The Antarctic Treaty System and the law of the sea: a new dimension introduced by the 1991 Madrid protocol - Vidas, Davor (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1993)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus

The Antarctic Treaty system and the law of the sea. Review of Christopher C. Joyner: Antarctica and the law of the sea - Vidas, Davor (International Challenges, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; jus; litteratur

Vel blåst! : kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum 75 år : 1917-1992 - Wexelsen, Einar (Kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum, 1993)
Publication Title: Publikasjon fra Kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum i Sandefjord
Keywords: Christen Christensen; Norge; Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; hvalindustri; museer

Working Conditions and Work-related Injuries and Illnesses on board Norwegian Floating Factories after World War II - Wexelsen, Einar (Whaling and history : perspectives on the evolution of the industry, 1993)
Keywords: Sørishavet; arbeidsforhold; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; hvalfangststasjoner; hvalkokeri; medisin

Studies of snow surface characteristics by Landsat TM in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - Winther, Jan-Gunnar (Annals of Glaciology, 1993)
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; glasiologi; satellittbilder

Den Norske Sydpol-ekspedisjonen 1990-91 (Polarboken, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner

Executive summary: November 1992 (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; litteratur; politikk

Jutulsessen: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1992)
Place: Oslo
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Troll forskningsstasjon; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Hvalfangsten : eventyret tar slutt - Bakka, Dag (Krohn Johansen, 1992)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; båter; ekspedisjoner; historie; hvalfangerselskapet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; hvalkokerier; pelagisk; skip

Søker fortiden og framtiden på Sydpolen - Bakka, Toril (Statoil magasin, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; biografi; ekspedisjoner

Phytoplankton distribution in relation to sea ice, hydrography and nutrients in the northwestern Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during EPOS - Bianchi, Franco; Boldrin, Alfredo; Cioce, F; Dieckmann, Gerhard Stephan; Kuosa, Harri; Larsson, A M; Nöthig, Eva-Maria; Sehlstedt, P I; Socal, Giorgio; Syvertsen, Erik E (Polar Biology, 1992)
Phytoplankton biomass and distribution of major phytoplankton groups were investigated in relation to sea ice conditions, hydrography and nutrients along three north-south transects in the north western Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during the EPOS Study (European Polarstern Study), Leg 1. Three different zones along the transects could be distinguished: 1) the Open Water Zone (OWZ) from 58-degrees to 60-degrees-S with high chlorophyll a concentrations up to 3.5-mu-g l-1; 2) the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) from 60-degrees to about 62.5-degrees with chlorophyll a concentrations between 0.1 and 0.3-mu-g l-1, and 3) the closed pack-ice zone (CPI) from 62.5-degrees to 63.2-degrees-S with chlorophyll a concentrations below 0.1-mu-g l-1. Nutrient concentrations increased towards the south showing winter values under the closed pack-ice. Centric diatoms such as Thalassiosira gravida and Chaetoceros neglectum forming large colonies dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in terms of biomass in open water together with large, long chain forming, pennate diatoms, whereas small pennate diatoms such as Nitzschia spp., and nanoflagellates prevailed in ice covered areas. Fairly low concentrations of phytoplankton cells were encountered at the southernmost stations and many empty diatom frustules were found in the samples. The enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the Weddell-Scotia-Confluence area is achieved through sea ice melting in the frontal zone of two different water masses, the Weddell and the Scotia Sea surface waters.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; biomasse; diatomeer; fytoplankton; havis; hydrografi; marin biologi; oseanografi

ATS decision-making and change: the role of domestic politics in Australia - Davis, Bruce W; Herr, Richard A (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: IARP publications series
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

The climate of Halley, Antarctica - Hanssen-Bauer, Inger; DNMI (Det norske meteorologiske institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: DNMI-rapport. Klima
Keywords: Antarktis; klima; meteorologi

Antarctica and non-state actors: the question of legitimacy - Herr, Richard A; Davis, Bruce W (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

Ecology of sea ice biota. 1. Habitat, terminology, and methodology - Horner, Rita; Ackley, Stephen F.; Dieckmann, Gerhard S.; Gulliksen, Bjorn; Hoshiai, Takao; Legendre, Louis; Melnikov, Igor A.; Reeburgh, William S.; Spindler, Michael; Sullivan, Cornelius W. (Polar Biology, 1992)
Polar regions are covered by extensive sea ice that is inhabited by a variety of plants and animals. The environments where the organisms live vary depending on the structure and age of the ice. Many terms have been used to describe the habitats and the organisms. We here characterize the habitats and communities and suggest some standard terms for them. We also suggest routine sampling methods and reporting units for measurements of biological and chemical variables.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; havis; marin biologi; polarområdene; økologi

Into the heart of the Antarctic - Imbert, Bertrand C (North Pole, South Pole : journeys to the ends of the earth, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; oppdagelsesreiser

Atmospheric CO₂ and global warming: a critical review - Jaworowski, Zbigniew; Segalstad, Tom Victor; Hisdal, Vidar (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1992)
Publication Title: Meddelelser
Keywords: Antarktis; atmosfæren; drivhuseffekten; isbreer; karbondioksid; klimaendringer; klimagasser; paleoatmosfæren; temperaturforhold

Do glaciers tell a true atmospheric CO2 story? - Jaworowski, Zbigniew; Segalstad, Tom Victor; Ono, Nobuo (Science of The Total Environment, 1992)
Until 1985 most studies of CO2 in gas inclusions in pre-industrial ice indicated that CO2 concentrations (up to 2450 ppm) were higher than the current atmospheric level. After 1985, lower pre-industrial CO2 values were reported, and used as evidence for a recent man-made CO2 increase. The errors in these revised values, however, are of a similar magnitude to the apparent increase in atmospheric CO2 level. The assumptions used in estimating lower CO2 values in past atmospheres have been: no liquid phase in polar ice; younger age of air than of ice due to free gas exchange between deep firn and the atmosphere; and no change in composition of air inclusions. These assumptions are shown to be invalid. Liquid saline water exists in ice at low temperatures, even below −70°C; airtight ice layers are ubiquitous in Antarctic firn; and more than 20 physico-chemical processes operating in situ and in ice cores contribute to the alteration of the chemical composition of air inclusions. The permeable ice sheet with its capillary liquid network acts as a sieve which redistributes elements, isotopes, and micro-particles. Thirty-six to 100% of air recovered from old ice is contaminated by recent atmospheric air during field and laboratory operations. The value of ∼290 ppm, widely accepted from glacier studies for the pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 level, apparently results from: invalid assumptions; processes in ice sheets; artifacts in ice cores; and arbitrary rejection of high readings. To date, glaciological studies are not able to provide a reliable reconstruction of either the CO2 level in pre-industrial and ancient atmospheres or paleoclimates. Instead these studies have led to a widely accepted false dogma of man-made climatic warming. This dogma may have enormous negative impact on our common future.
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223504148_Do_glaciers_tell_a_true_atmospheric_CO2_story
Keywords: Antarktis; drivhuseffekt; glasiologi; global oppvarming; isbreer; karbondioksid; paleoklimatologi; stabile isotoper

The role of domestic politics in making United States Antarctic policy - Joyner, Christopher C (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

Activities within the Aurora Programme field season 1991/92 - Kristensen, Monica (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; glasiologi; meteorologi

Nitrogen uptake in the Weddell Sea during late winter and spring - Kristiansen, Svein; Syvertsen, Erik E; Farbrot, Tove (Polar Biology, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; biologi

Glaciomarine turbidite and current controlled deposits in Prydz Bay, Antarctica - Kuvaas, Berit; Leitchenkov, German (Marine Geology, 1992)
A thick sequence (up to 2200 m) of presumed post late Eocene/early Oligocene glaciomarine sediments is inferred to be present on the Prydz Bay continental rise. In the absence of information from drillholes, we correlate to ODP Leg 119 drillsites on the shelf and compare with the seismic reflection pattern of glaciomarine sequences in the Weddell Sea. The inferred glaciomarine sediments in Prydz Bay appear to be deposited in a complex manner, suggesting interaction by both turbidity cur rents and strong bottom currents. Reflection seismic profiles from the lower continental slope and rise shows an abundance of current influenced deposits, such as sediment waves and large sediment ridges with similarities to contourite drifts. In addition, large channel-levee complexes are abundant, suggesting deposition by turbidity currents and other massflow processes. Large channels and sediment ridges trend oblique to the continental margin. The geometry and character of the seismic reflection pattern suggest that the ridges have been deposited under the combined influence of overflow from downslope channelized turbidity currents and strong bottom water flow. The observed sediment waves and the difference along eastern and western channel margins suggest that bottom currents are flowing towards the west. We suggest that the initiation of turbidite sedimentation occurred in the late Eocene-early Oligocene, when the Amery Ice Shelf reached the shelf edge for the first time. Onset of current controlled deposition may possibly be related to the opening of the Drake Passage at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; kontinentalmargin; marin geologi

Ecology of sea ice biota. 2. Global significance - Legendre, Louis; Ackley, Stephen F.; Dieckmann, Gerhard S.; Gulliksen, Bjørn; Horner, Rita; Hoshiai, Takao; Melnikov, Igor A.; Reeburgh, William S.; Spindler, Michael; Sullivan, Cornelius W. (Polar Biology, 1992)
The sea ice does not only determine the ecology of ice biota, but it also influences the pelagic systems under the ice cover and at ice edges. In this paper, new estimates of Arctic and Antarctic production of biogenic carbon are derived, and differences as well as similarities between the two oceans are examined. In ice-covered seas, high algal concentrations (blooms) occur in association with several types of conditions. Blooms often lead to high sedimentation of intact cells and faecal pellets. In addition to ice-related blooms, there is progressive accumulation of organic matter in Arctic multi-year ice, whose fate may potentially be similar to that of blooms. A fraction of the carbon fixed by microalgae that grow in sea ice or in relation to it is exported out of the production zone. This includes particulate material sinking out of the euphotic zone, and also material passed on to the food web. Pathways through which ice algal production does reach various components of the pelagic and benthic food webs, and through them such top predators as marine mammals and birds, are discussed. Concerning global climate change and biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, not all export pathways from the euphotic zone result in the sequestration of carbon for periods of hundreds of years or more. This is because various processes, that take place in both the ice and the water column, contribute to mineralize organic carbon into CO2 before it becomes sequestered. Processes that favour the production and accumulation of biogenic carbon as well as its export to deep waters and sequestration are discussed, together with those that influence mineralization in the upper ice-covered ocean.
Keywords: Sørishavet; biodiversitet; biogeokjemi; havis; karbondioksid; klimaendringer; marin biologi; polarområdene; økologi

Negotiating the mineral regime in the Antarctic: a review - Mørkved, Berit (International Challenges, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; mineraler; politikk

Bunnvannsstrømmer på kontinentalskråningen i Weddellhavet - Nordlund, Nina (Universitetet i Bergen, 1992)
Publication Title: Geofysisk institutt. Universitetet i Bergen
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bunnvann; geofysikk; havstrømmer; oseanografi

En modell for sirkulasjonen under isshelfene i Weddelhavet og Rosshavet - Nøst, Ole Anders (O. A. Nøst, 1992)
Publication Title: [Geophysical Institute, Oceanography, University of Bergen]
Keywords: Rosshavet; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; oseanografi

Gigantisk isfjell i Sør-Atlanteren - Orheim, Olav (Polarboken, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; glasiologi; isfjell

The protection of the Antarctic environment - Orrego Vicuña, Francisco (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern

Studies through Jutulgryta, Fimbulisen in the 1991/92 season - Østerhus, Svein; Orheim, Olav (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1992)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; glasiologi; havis; oseanografi

Pertusaria signyae (Lichenes), a new species from the Antarctic - Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Smith, Ronald I Lewis (Nova Hedwigia, 1992)
A saxicolous Pertusaria species is described as new to science: P. signyae Ovst. from South Orkney Islands. It has an isidiate thallus, subglobose fertile verrucae with poriform apothecia, and contains 2'-0-methylperlatolic acid.
Publisher: Bontraeger Science Publishers
Keywords: Antarktis; Sør-Orknøyene; botanikk; lav; planter

Determination of sulphur- and chlorine-containing compounds using capillary gas chromatography and atomic emission detection - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig; Asp, Tone Normann; Greibrokk, Tyge (Analytica Chimica Acta, 1992)
The potential of universal calibration using capillary gas chromatography combined with atomic emission detection was evaluated for several chlorine- and sulphur-containing compounds of environmental interest. The elemental responses obtained for C, H, Cl and S were found to be affected by the molecular structure. Rapid determination of several analytes was accomplished using a single calibration graph based on one randomly selected reference compound, but 10–30% errors relative to the actual concentrations were observed in several instances. The results were significantly improved by using reference compounds with structures similar to those of the analytes of interest. the practical utility of universal calibration is illustrated by the determination of pesticides in stomach oil deposits from birds living in Antarctica.
Keywords: Antarktis; biokjemi; fugler; kjemi; kromatografi; petreller

Contributions to the Caloplaca flora of the western Antarctic region - Søchting, Ulrik; Øvstedal, Dag Olav (Nordic Journal of Botany, 1992)
Fourteen species of the lichen genus Caloplaca are recorded from the western Antarctic region and described morphologically and anatomically, viz.: C. ammiospila, C. approximata, C. athallina, C. cirrochrooides, C. citrina, C. isidioclada, C. lucens, C. millegrana, C. regalis, C. sublobulata, C. tenuis, C. aff. anchon-phoeniceon. Type specimens of critical species have been studied. A key is provided to the species. Caloplaca ammiospila and C. approximata are reported as new to the Antarctic region.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

Bouvetøya: et norsk naturreservat - Sømme, Lauritz (Fauna, 1992)
Keywords: Bouvetøya; fauna; forvaltning; natur

Domestic politics and non-state actors in the Antarctic Treaty System: towards a framework - Stokke, Olav Schram (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

Protecting the frozen south - Stokke, Olav Schram (Green globe yearbook, 1992)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; miljøvern; politikk

Samtykke til ratifikasjon av Protokoll om miljøvern til Antarktistraktaten, undertegnet i Madrid 4. oktober 1991 - Utenriksdepartementet (1992)
Pages: 64 Place: Oslo
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; miljøvern; politikk

Hvalfangerkoner og barn forteller : hjemmeliv fra 1930-1967 - Vesterlid, Jorunn (Vestfold grafiske, 1992)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Vestfold; etnologi; hvalfangere; hvalfangst; kulturhistorie; kvinner

Eine neue Gyalecta-Art aus der Antarctis: G. pezizoides sp. n. (lichensierte Fungi, Gyalectaceae) - Vezda, A.; Øvstedal, Dag Olav; Smith, Ronald I Lewis (Nova Hedwigia, 1992)
A new species of the genus Gyalecta, G. pezizoides sp. n. (lichenized Fungi, Gyalectaceae), is described and illustrated. This new species is taxonomically near to the holarctic Gyalecta peziza (Mont.) Anzi.
Publisher: Borntraeger Science Publishers
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

Antarctic tourism: a challenge to the legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System? - Vidas, Davor (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1992)
Publication Title: IARP publication series
Keywords: Antarktis; turisme

Vel blåst! Kommandør Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum gjennom 75 år 1917-1992 - Wexelsen, Einar (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1992)
Publisher: Sandefjordmuseene Place: Sandefjord
Keywords: Antarktis; Christen Christensen; Nordmenn; Vestfold; historie; hvalfangere; hvalfangstindustri; pelagisk; polarekspedisjoner

H.U. Sverdrupfjella: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Pages: Blad H6S Place: [Oslo]
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Jutulgryta: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Pages: Blad/Sheet H5S Place: Oslo
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Mühlig-Hofmannfjella Nord: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Pages: Blad/Sheet J5S Place: Oslo
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

Mühlig-Hofmannfjella Sør: Fimbulheimen (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Pages: Blad/Sheet J6S Place: Oslo
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; geografi; kartlegging; satellite bilder

The ecophysiology of under-ice fauna - Aarset, Arne V (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; amfipoder; fauna; havis; polarområdene; sjøis; zoologi; økofysiologi

The role of the microbial loop in Antarctic pelagic ecosystems - Azam, Farooq; Smith, David C; Hollibaugh, James T (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; oseanografi; økosystemer

Fugle-og selundersøkelser på Bouvetøya i desember/januar 1989/90 - Bakken, Vidar (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Publication Title: Meddelelser
Keywords: Bouvetøya; biologi; fugler; fugleregistreringer; ornitologi; pingviner; seler; zoologi

Hvalbåter over og under vann - Basberg, Bjørn L; Nævestad, Dag (Norsk sjøfartsmuseum Årsberetning, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; historie; hvalfangst; skip

Whaling or Shipping? Conflicts over the Use of the Norwegian Whaling Fleet during World War II - Basberg, Bjørn Lorens (International Journal of Maritime History, 1991)
When the United Kingdom entered World War n in September 1939 the Norwegian merchant marine was immediately affected, as its ships became the targets of German submarines. Between September 1939 and April 1940 (when Norway was occupied by the Nazis), more than fifty Norwegian ships were lost, mainly in the North Sea and the north Atlantic. In November 1939 an agreement was reached between the British government and the Norwegian Shipowners Association to place almost half the Norwegian merchant fleet at Britain's disposal under the so-called "charter parties scheme." The king and the Norwegian government fled to London and established a government-inexile during the German occupation, but before their departure it was decided to establish an agency in the British capital to operate and manage Norwegian shipping. It was named the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship) and became the world's largest shipowner, controlling more than one thousand ships at the outset of the war.'
Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; andre verdenskrig; hvalbåter; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; pelagisk hvalfangst

Thermoregulatory abilities in chicks of the Antarctic Petrel (Thalassoica antarctica) - Bech, Claus; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Haftorn, Svein (Polar Biology, 1991)
We studied the thermoregulatory capacity of Antarctic Petrel chicks, Thalassoica antarctica, breeding in a large colony in Queen Maud Land (71-degrees-53'S, 5-degrees-10'E) on the Antarctic continent. Compared to newly hatched chicks of other birds, those of the Antarctic Petrel are characterized by a relatively high standard metabolic rate (SMR) and thermal conductance. Their metabolic scope is limited, however, being only 1.6 times the SMR, and they consequently depend on parental brooding to maintain T(b). At an age of 11 days the chicks become thermally independent and are left alone in the nest. The chicks keep a relatively high body temperature (> 36-degrees-C) throughout their early development and we found no indication that they normally experience hypothermia. A significant positive relationship between latitude of breeding and SMR of the hatchlings is shown to exist for procellariiform birds. It is suggested that the high SMR found in Antarctic Petrel hatchlings could be a prerequisite for achieving a high growth rate, rather than being of any thermoregulatory significance.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1984/85; fugler; ornitologi; petreller; zoologi

Den norske antarktisekspedisjonen 1989-90 : medisinsk beredskap, arbeid og forskning - Bendiksen, Fredrik S; Molvær, Otto Inge; Reitehaug, Per-Ivar (Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; ekspedisjoner; medisin; psykologi

Phytoplankton-bacteria relationship in the Antarctic marine ecosystem - Billen, Gilles; Becquevort, Sylvie (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; bakterier; biomasse; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi; økofysiologi; økosystemer

The physiology of polar marine zooplankton - Clarke, Andrew; Peck, Lloyd S (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; marin biologi; polarområdene; zooplankton

Foraging economics and performance of polar and subpolar Atlantic seabirds - Croxall, John P; Briggs, Dirk R (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; næring; ornitologi; pingviner; zoologi; økologi

Aspects of the breeding biology of the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica and the krill requirement of the chicks, at Svarthamaren in Mühlig-Hofmanfjella, Dronning Maud Land - Haftorn, Svein; Bech, Claus; Mehlum, Fridtjof (Fauna Norvegica. Serie C. Cinclus, Norwegian Journal of Ornithology, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; fugler; krill; ornitologi; zoologi

Notes on the south polar skua Catharacta Maccormicki breeding at Svarthamaren in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land - Haftorn, Svein; Bech, Claus; Mehlum, Fridtjof (Fauna Norvegica. Serie C. Cinclus, Norwegian Journal of Ornithology, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi

Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability - Harrison, W G; Cota, G F (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; fytoplankton; oseanografi

Krill Enzymes. A New Concept for Efficient Debridement of Necrotic Ulcers - Hellgren, L.; Karlstam, B.; Mohr, Viggo; Vincent, J. (International Journal of Dermatology, 1991)
The article discusses the new concept for surgery of necrotic ulcers using the krill enzymes. The krill peptide hydrolases represent a new and important alternative to mammalian or microbial enzymes for distinctive medical applications, such as debridemen.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Keywords: Sørishavet; biokjemi; krill; marin biologi; medisin; plankton

Sydpolen på tvers - Høibakk, Ralph (Gyldendal, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Den Norske Sydpolekspedisjonen 1990; Sydpolen; ekspedisjoner; reiser; reiseskildringer

Occurrence of polar seabirds at sea in relation to prey concentrations and oceanographic factors - Hunt Jr, George L (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; næring; ornitologi; oseanografi; polarområdene; sjøfugler; økosystemer

The Antarctic treaty system in world politics - Jørgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn (Red.); Østreng, Willy (Red.) (Macmillan in association with The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Antarktistraktaten; forvaltning; havrett; internasjonalt samarbeid; miljø; naturressurser; polarområdene; politikk; ressurser; rett

Crustal development: Weddel Sea - Ross Sea region. Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddel Sea area - Kristoffersen, Yngve; Hinz, Karl (Geological evolution of Antarctica : proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences, held at Robinson College, Cambridge, 23-28 August 1987, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Weddellhavet; geofysikk; geologi; seismologi; tektonikk

The Crary Fan: A trough-mouth fan on the Weddell Sea continental margin, Antarctica - Kuvaas, Berit; Kristoffersen, Yngve (Marine Geology, 1991)
Multichannel seismic investigations show the presence of a large trough-mouth fan deposit on the continental margin in the southern Weddell Sea. A characteristic feature of the fan is relatively few, but large canyons and/or channels which appear to have been stable for long periods. Levees associated with the channels may reach thicknesses of more than 1 km. Drilling during ODP Leg 113 recorded the presence of glaciers in East Antarctica since early Oligocene time, and the seismic stratigraphic evidence suggests that the submarine fan is largely composed of glacigenic sediments. The channel-levee systems and complexes indicate several growth phases, apparently controlled by glacial/interglacial climate fluctuations, with maximum fan growth during glacial periods. The present interglacial period is characterized by strong and erosive flow of Ice Shelf Water running down the western slope of the fan and carrying only minor amounts of suspended matter. The fan is essentially sediment starved during interglacial periods. The dimensions of the channel-levee complexes and the persistent loci of sediment supply suggest that turbidite sedimentation resulted from melting of wet-based glaciers at or near the shelf edge, which has consequently prograded 70-80 km seaward.
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; havbunnen; isshelf; kontinentalmargin; kontinentalsokkel; marin geologi; seismologi

Microbial communities from the sea ice and adjacent water column at the time of ice melting in the northwestern part of the Weddell Sea - Mathot, Sylvie; Becquevort, Sylvie; Lancelot, Christiane (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; alger; bakterier; diatomeer; havis; mikrobiologi; protozo; sjøis; smelting

Humoral-immunologiske endringar ved korttidsisolasjon i Antarktis - Molvær, Otto Inge; Matre, Roald; Bendiksen, Fredrik S; Reitehaug, Per-Ivar; Hjelle, John O (NUTEC, 1991)
https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2011012708090
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; ekspedisjoner; immunologi; mikrobiologi

Distribution of selenium binding proteins in liver from two species of penguins from Bouvetøya - Norheim, Gunnar; Mehlum, Fridtjof; Bech, Claus; Moksnes, Milica T. (Polar Research, 1991)
Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica and macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus were collected at Bouvettfya in the south Atlantic. The average hepatic selenium levels for the two species were 6.6 ± 2.9 and 23.6 ± 3.4 ng/g wet weight (P < 0.001), respectively. The total hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the two species was 629 ± 58 and 838 ± 88 u.kat/kg (P < 0.001), respectively. The average selenium dependent GSH-Px activity was 96 ± 3.2% of the total activity. All selenium was present in the cytosol. The selenium binding compounds were separated on Sephadex G-75 into three fractions, a high molecular weight fraction, a metallothionein fraction, and a third non-protein selenium containing fraction. There seems to be an agreement between the amount of selenium recovered in the first fraction and the GSH-Px activity. In chinstrap and macaroni penguins, the percentage of hepatic selenium recovered in the third non-protein fraction was 83 ± 2.6 and 94 ± 1.1% (P < 0.001), respectively.
Keywords: Bouvetøya; NARE 1984/85; farmakologi; miljøgifter; pingviner; zoologi

Perspektiver for norsk forskning i Antarktis : langtidsplan for norsk Antarktis-forskning, høringsutkast av kapittel 6: framtidig norsk forskning - Omholt, Anders; Nygard, Jarle (Nasjonal komite for miljøvernforskning, NAVF, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Norge; glasiologi; klima; marinøkologi; miljøforskning; polarforskning; polarområdene

The geology and age of Peter I Øy, Antarctica - Prestvik, Tore; Duncan, Robert A (Polar Research, 1991)
The island Peter I Oy is located in the Bellinghausen Sea 400 km off the coast of West Antarctica. It is situated at the transition between oceanic and contintental crust close to a former transform fault, the Tharp fracture zone. The island is completely volcanic, consisting of predominantly alkali basalt and hawaiite and some more evolved rocks. Sampling done by the Aurora expedition in 1987 has made dating and detailed petrological studies possible. The island appears to be much younger (< 0.5 Ma) than previously believed. However, the volcanic activity responsible for this oceanic island may have lasted for 10-20 Ma. Volcanic activity at the island thus took place at the same time as post-subduction rift-related volcanism took place along the Antarctic Peninsula and in Marie Byrd Land. However, the petrologic data indicate that this may be coincidental and that the Peter I Oy activity is independent and related to transtensional rifting along the Tharp fracture zone.
Keywords: Peter I. Øy; geologi; petrologi

Hvalfangernes mat til hverdag og fest - Ringstad, Jan Erik (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; ernæring; hvalfangst

The density of breeding and non-breeding Antarctic petrels at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, 1990 - Røv, Nils (Fauna Norvegica. Serie C. Cinclus, Norwegian Journal of Ornithology, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; forskning; fugler; ornitologi; zoologi

Light and productivity of phytoplankton in polar marine ecosystems: a physiological view - Sakshaug, Egil; Slagstad, Dag (Polar Research, 1991)
Publisher: Routledge
Keywords: Sørishavet; fysiologi; fytoplankton; planteplankton; polarområdene

Factors controlling the development of phytoplankton blooms in the Antarctic Ocean — a mathematical model - Sakshaug, Egil; Slagstad, Dag; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Marine Chemistry, 1991)
A mathematical model describing the development of phytoplankton blooms as a function of the depth of the wind-mixed layer, spectral distribution of light, passage of atmospheric low-pressure systems, size of the initial phytoplankton stock and loss rates is presented. Model runs represent shade-adapted, large-celled, bloom-forming diatoms. Periodic deep mixing caused by strong winds may severely retard the development of blooms and frequently abort them before macronutrients are completely exhausted. Moderate depths of mixing (40-50 m) in combination with a moderately large total loss rate (about 0.01 3 h-1) can prevent blooms from developing during the brightest time of the year. Complete exhaustion of macronutrients in the upper waters is likely only if the wind-mixed layer is less than 10 m deep, i.e. in very sheltered waters, and also in the marginal ice zone when ice is melting. We do not exclude the possibility of control of phytoplankton biomass by iron in ice-free, deep-sea parts of the Antarctic Ocean, but the implied enhancement of export production through addition of iron might be restricted because of limitation by light, i.e. vertical mixing.
Keywords: Scotiahavet; Sørishavet; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi

The Eleventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting - Scully, Richard Tucker (International Challenges, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

The lichen genus Stereocaulon in Antarctica and South Georgia - Smith, Ronald I Lewis; Øvstedal, Dag Olav (Polar Biology, 1991)
Six species of Stereocaulon and one unnamed taxon (close to S. glabrum) are reported from South Georgia, the maritime Antarctic islands and Antarctic Peninsula. S. caespitosum is new to the western sub-Antarctic. Variations in morphology and secondary chemistry are provided, and the ecology and geographical distribution in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic biomes are given for each taxon.
Keywords: Antarktis; botanikk; lav; planter

Stepwise Consolidation of Glacigenic Sediments Related to the Glacial History of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica - Solheim, Anders; Forsberg, Carl; Pittenger, Alan (Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; glasiologi; isshelf; kontinentalsokkel

Adaptations to alpine and polar environments in insects and other terrestrial arthropods - Sømme, Lauritz; Block, William (Insects at low temperature, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; insekter; kuldetoleranse; polarområdene; virvelløse dyr

Conference report: preservation or exploitation - Stokke, Olav Schram (Marine Policy, 1991)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; jus; politikk

Symposium report: "The Antarctic Treaty System in World Politics" - Stokke, Olav Schram (International Challenges, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; forvaltning; jus; politikk

Antarktispetrellen: på grensen av det mulige - Sæther, Bernt-Erik (Naturen, 1991)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; fugler; ornitologi

Psychobiological Studies of Individuals in Small, Isolated Groups in the Antarctic and in Space Analogues - Ursin, Holger; Bergan, Tom; Collet, Jérôme; Endresen, Inger M.; Lugg, Desmond; Maki, Pauline; Matre, Roald; Molvær, Otto Inge; Müller, Helmut K.; Olff, Miranda; Pettersen, Roger C.; Sandal, Gro Mjeldheim; et al. (Environment and Behavior, 1991)
Mental and physical health are both at risk under conditions of prolonged remoteness from home and removal from normal social support networks. This article examines relevant data from small groups isolated in (a) Antarctic summer stations, (b) a Transantarctic traverse expedition, and (c) a spacecraft simulator capsule.
Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc
Keywords: Antarktis; forskningsstasjoner; fysiologi; immunologi; psykobiologi; psykologi

Sandefjord - et naturlig polarforskningssenter - Wexelsen, Einar (Utkikksposten (Sandefjord) : kontaktorgan for Sandefjordmuseene, 1991)
Publisher: Museene Place: Sandefjord
Keywords: Antarktis; Norsk Polarinstitutt; ekspedisjoner; historie; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene

Vurdering av turisme i tilknytning til nordisk forskningsekspedisjon til Antarktis 1992/93 - Widmark, Eva Marie; Jørstad, Knut (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; forskning; turisme

Predatory feeding behavior of an Antarctic marine copepod, Euchaeta antarctica - Yen, Jeannette (Polar Research, 1991)
Keywords: Antarktis; fytoplankton; hoppekreps; marin biologi

Nankyoku ten - Amundsen, Roald; Nakada, Osamu (Dorufin Press, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; Fram (skip); ekspedisjoner; geografi; oppdagelsesreiser; polarområdene; sydpolen

Negtiationg a new regime: how CRAMRA came into existence - Andersen, Rolf Trolle (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; historie; mineraler; politikk

Protection of the environment in Antarctica: are present regimes sufficient? - Barnes, James N (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; miljøvern

Antarctica's cultural heritage: can ICOMOS help? - Barr, Susan (Icomos information, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; Sørishavet; historie; kulturminneforvaltning

The resource conventions implemented: the consequences for the sovereignty issue - Beck, Peter J (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

The practical implications of the eco-system approach in CCAMLR - Beddington, John R; Basson, M; Gulland, J A (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; økologi

Consultative status under the Antarctic Treaty: redefining the criteria? - Bos, Adrian (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; politikk

The design of CRAMRA: how appropriate for the protection of the environment? - Brown, Alan D (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; miljøvern; mineraler

Geological observations in Gjelsvikfjella and Mühling-Hofmannfjella - Bucher-Nurminen, Kurt; Ohta, Yoshihide; Austrheim, Håkon; Dallmann, Winfried K (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; ekspedisjoner; forskning; geologi

Geology around the Norwegian Antarctic station "Troll", Jutulsessen, Dronning Maud Land - Dallmann, Winfried K; Austrheim, Håkon; Bucher-Nurminen, Kurt; Ohta, Yoshihide (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1990)
During the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, a pennanent, unmanned research station was raised in Jutulsessen, Gjelsvikfjella, western Dronning Maud Land. The present report is a description of the geology of the area accessable from the station. Exposures of rocks in this part of Dronning Maud Land are restricted to a coastal mountain chain at c. 200-250 km distance from the ice shelf edge at elevations between 1000 and 3000 m. Quaternary deposits are particularly restricted to the inner parts of the Jutulsessen glaeier cirques. Deposits are till and talus which locally are admixing at slope angles of c. 25°. Moraines are poorly developed. Patterned ground ('stone pits') are common at slope angles below c. 15°. Recently active phenomena of special interest are ice-margin meltwater lakes with pingo-like 'blisters " the deep frost-shattering all over the mountain walls and hoIes in rock surfaces as a result of wind activity with grinding particles. The bedrock belongs to the East Antarctic craton. The area under consideration (western Miihlig-Hofmannfjella and Gjelsvikfjella) consists of high-grade metamorphic rocks and fonns one of the world's best exposed granulite terranes. Orthogneisses and minor metasediments have been intruded by a series of charnockites, partly altered to granulites (the 'Svarthamaren charnockite complex'), and a sequence of dyke rocks. Migmatization has affected large parts of the gneisses. Both gneisses and granulites/charnockites show abundant evidence of transition from granulite to amphibolite facies and vice versa, and the important role of fluid-rock interactions leading to these processes can be studied. The gneisses at Jutulsessen show a complex defonnation history. They are thought to be derived from granitic intrusions, though minor amounts of high-grade metamorphic, metapelitic gneisses may represent their original host rocks. Early tectonism (c. 1000-1200 m.y.) produced gneissosity, compositional banding and a leucosome phase under high-grade metamorphic conditions. This was followed by multiple and complex intrusive activity, partial migmatization and a tectonic overprint with abundant shear defonnation under amphibolite-facies conditions (c. 450-500 m.y.).
Publication Title: Meddelelser
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; berggrunnsgeologi; geologi

The Antarctic in world politics - Dumas, Roland (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; politikk

Geodetic measurements in Dronning Maud Land - Eiken, Trond; Luktvasslimo, Brit Åse; Lytskjold, Bjørn (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; ekspedisjoner; forskning; geodesi

Antarctica Treaty System: are there viable alternatives? - Falk, Richard (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; politikk

Observations of ice shelf water at the southern Weddel sea shelf break - Foldvik, Arne; Gammelsrød, Tor; Nordlund, Nina; Nytun, Kjell (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: NARE 1989/90; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; ekspedisjoner; forskning; isshelf; oseanografi

The tides of the southern Weddell Sea - Foldvik, Arne; Middleton, Jason H; Foster, Theodore D (Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; isshelf; kontinentalsokkel; kontinentalsokler; tidevann

Marine biological studies in the Weddel sea and north of Dronning Maud Land - Gulliksen, Bjørn; Lønne, Ole Jørgen; Hellum, Cecilie (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: NARE 1989/90; Sørishavet; Weddellhavet; marin biologi

The ability of the Antarctic Treaty System to adapt to external challenges - Haron, Mohamed (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; politikk

The influence of the United Nations on the Antarctic system: a source of erosion or cohesion? - Harris, Stuart (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; politikk

Has CCAMLR worked? management policies and ecological needs - Heap, John A (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Sørishavet; forvaltning; økologi

Microbial autotrophic and heterotrophic eucaryotes in Antarctic waters: relationships between biomass and chlorophyll, adenosine triphosphate and particulate organic carbon - Hewes, Christopher D.; Sakshaug, Egil; Reid, Freda M. H.; Holm-Hansen, Osmund (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1990)
Microscopical examination of near-surface eucaryotic microbial populations in circumcontinental waters of Antarctica indicated that nanoplankton (<20 μm diameter) dominated in regions with low chlorophyll concentrations (< 1 μg l⁻¹). About 30 % of the mean nanoplankton carbon consisted of heterotrophic flagellates. Heterotrophic microplankton carbon (> 20 μm diameter) was generally less significant. The variation in phytoplankton biomass was the result primarily of changes in cell density of pennate diatoms in the East Wind Drift, and of centric diatoms in the Weddell Sea and the Scotia Ridge region. Autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon as determined by microscopical analysis were compared with data for total particulate carbon, chlorophyll a, and adenosine triphosphate. Estimates for the C:chl ratio of autotrophs increased with decreasing concentrations of chlorophyll a, with mean values of 46 in bloom waters and 144 in 'blue water'. A C:ATP ratio for heterotrophic nanoplankton was estimated to be about 100, while that for heterotrophic microplankton may be lower. Algorithms, incorporating concentrations of chlorophyll a and ATP, are described which allow estimates of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial biomass.
Publisher: Inter-Research Science Center
Keywords: Sørishavet; alger; biomasse; fytoplankton; marin biologi; oseanografi; plankton; zooplankton

Høyest oppe, lengst borte: Mt. Vinson, 5200 m, høyeste fjell i Antarktis - Høibakk, Ralph (Polarboken, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; ekspedisjoner; fjellklatring

The pelagic distribution of marine birds in a heterogeneous environment - Hunt Jr, George L. (Polar Research, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; marin ornitologi; næring; polarområdene

The pelagic distribution of marine birds in a heterogeneous environment - Hunt Jr, George L (Polar Research, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; fugler; ornitologi; polarområdene; zoologi

I hjertet av Antarktis; Norge i Antarktis - Imbert, Bertrand C; Hem, Arne (Polarforskningens pionerer, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; Bouvetøya; Dronning Maud Land; Norge; Peter I. Øy; Roald Amundsen; Sydpolsekspedisjonen; Sørishavet; hvalfangst; oppdagelsesreiser

Antarctic science in a historical perspective: changing roles and functional development - Indreeide, Thor Vidar (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forskning; historie; vitenskap

The legitimacy of the ATS - Jørgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; jus; politikk

CRAMRA: the ugly duckling of the Antarctic Treaty System? - Joyner, Christopher C (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; miljøvern; mineraler

Radio-echo investigations in Dronning Maud Land - Kennett, Michael (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; ekspedisjoner; forskning; geofysikk; isshelf; isstrøm; klimaendringer

CRAMRA and other enviromental regimes in the ATS: how well does CRAMRA fit? - Kimball, Lee A (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; jus; miljøvern

La oss arbeide! : A/S Laboremus gjennom 80 år 1910-1990 - Kolltveit, Bård ([A/S Laboremus], 1990)
Keywords: Norge; Sørishavet; hvalfangstindustri; hvalindustri; rederier; sjøfartshistorie

Virkninger av klimaendringer i polarområdene : bidrag til den interdepartementale klimautredningen - Kverndal, Arnt-Ivar; Elvebakk, Arve; Jaworowski, Zbygniew; Hansson, Rasmus (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1990)
Publication Title: Norsk Polarinstitutt. Rapportserie
Keywords: Antarktis; biologi; drivhuseffekten; dyreliv; fiskeri; flora; havbruksnæring; havis; havnivå; isbreer; klimaendringer; klimagasser; permafrost; planter; polarområdene; vannressurser; økologi

Some Nitzschia and related diatom species from fast ice samples in the Arctic and Antarctic - Medlin, Linda K.; Hasle, Grethe Rytter (Polar Biology, 1990)
Some Nitzschia and closely related species have been examined in the light and electron microscopes from fast ice samples in the Arctic and Antarctic. Nitzschia neofrigida, forming arborescent colonies, and Nitzschia promare, forming loose ribbon colonies, are described as new species, both probably included in the distribution of other similar species. A new combination, Auricula compacta, represents the first report of this genus from ice samples. Colony formation is reported for the first time in Nitzschia arctica and Nitzschia taeniiformis. No biopolar species were found and several reports of Arctic species in Antarctic ice samples have been refuted.
Keywords: Antarktis; alger; biodiversitet; biologi; botanikk; diatomeer; fytoplankton; planteplankton; polarområdene

Towards firmer institutionalization of the ATS? Future role of the consultative meeting and the issue of a permanent secretariat - Messer, Kurt (International Challenges, 1990)
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; jus

Medical contingency and biomedical research - Molvær, Otto Inge; Bendiksen, Fredrik S; Reitehaug, Per-Ivar (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; biomedisin; medisin

Veien til CRAMRA: en studie av forhandlingene om opprettelsen av et mineralregime i Antarktis - Mørkved, Berit (Fridtjof Nansens institutt, 1990)
Publication Title: Fridtjof Nansens institutt. Studie R Volume: 1990:6
Keywords: Antarktis; forvaltning; mineraler; politikk

Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90 - Norsk, Polarinstitutt (Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1990)
Publication Title: Meddelelser
Keywords: Antarktis; Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; Troll forskningsstasjon; Weddellhavet; geologi; marin økologi; meteorologi; zoologi

Geology of Gjelsvikfjella and western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, east Antarctica - Ohta, Yoshihide; Tørudbakken, Bjørn; Shiraishi, Kazuyuki (Polar Research, 1990)
As a part of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1984/85, geological mapping was performed in Gjelsvikfjella and western Muhlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land. The northern part of Gjelsvikfjella is dominated by the Jutulsessen metasupracrustals which have been intruded by a major gabbroic body and several generations of dykes. To the south the metasupracrustals gradually transform into the Risemedet migmatites. In western Muhlig-Hofmannfjella the bedrock is dominated by the large Svarthamaren Charnockite batholith. The batholith is bordered by the Snotoa metamorphic complex outcropping to the south and west in Muhlig-Hofmannfjella and it is characterized by a high content of partly assimilated country rock inclusions. Mineral paragenesis and geothermometry/geobarometry suggest a two-stage tectonothermal-igneous history with an initial intermediate pressure, upper amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism followed by high temperature transformations related to the charnockite intrusion. The age of the initial tectonothermal event is probably about 1,100 Ma. Geochronological work in the present study (Rb/Sr whole rock) gave an age of 500 +/- 24 Ma for the Svarthamaren Charnockite, interpreted to record the age of crystallization. Late brittle faulting and undeformed dolerite dykes outcropping in Jutulsessen are believed to be related to Mesozoic crustal stretching in the Jutulstraumen-Pencksokket Rift Zone to the west.
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1984/85; geologi

Glaciologic and oceanographic studies on Fimbulisen during NARE 1989/90 - Orheim, Olav; Hagen, Jon Ove; Østerhus, Svein; Sætrang, Arne (Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme. Report, 1990)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; Sørishavet; ekspedisjoner; glasiologi; isbrem; oseanografi

Studies on, and underneath, the Ice Shelf Fimbulisen - Orheim, Olav; Hagen, Jon Ove; Østerhus, Svein; Sætrang, Arne (Report of the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition 1989/90, 1990)
Keywords: Dronning Maud Land; NARE 1989/90; ekspedisjoner; forskning; glasiologi; isshelf